Biology 1030 test 3

The carcinogen known to cause the most cases and types of cancer is plutonium. ultraviolet light. alcohol. tobacco.

tobacco

Natural selection acts on genetic variation. The ultimate source of genetic variation is mutation in the DNA (or RNA is some organisms). However in sexually reproducing organisms with long generation time what process(es) account(s) for individual variation? random fertilization crossing over independent assortment all of the above

all of the above

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by a mutation in the smn1 gene that is required to maintain the health of spinal motor neurons. A closely related protein, smn2, has the ability to rescue a person; however, it is often expressed in too little quantity to be beneficial. Choose the best predicted outcome if you treated an SMA patient with an miRNA complementary to the coding sequence of the smn2 gene (i.e., minus the introns). The miRNA would bind to the template strand of the gene and keep the DNA strand open, allowing for more copies of the gene to be made. The miRNA would bind to the smn2 mRNA, causing it to be broken down and fewer copies of the protein to be made. The miRNA would bind to the finished protein product, preventing it from doing its job and targeting it for degradation. The miRNA would bind to the coding strand of the smn2 gene, preventing it from being transcribed at all.

The miRNA would bind to the smn2 mRNA, causing it to be broken down and fewer copies of the protein to be made.

Which of the following alters Hardy-weinberg equilibrium? inbreeding non-random mating genetic drift mutation migration all of the above

all of the above

Proteins that bind to DNA and turn on operons by making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter are called regulators. operators. activators. repressors.

activators.

Your body is composed of a dazzling array of different cell types. Each cell type develops its own unique properties. How does this happen? Each cell type is provided with its own specialized set of genes during cell division All cells (with very few exceptions) contain the same set of genes, but the process of gene expression determines which genes are active in each cell. The zygote contains one of each of the different cell types. These ancestor cells then divide to produce the diversity of cell types in the adult. none of the above

all cells

Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution based on three observations about nature. Which of the following were part of Darwin's observations? Populations have the potential to produce more individuals than the environment can support. Individuals in some populations have varied characteristics. Variation in individuals appears to be inherited. All of the above.

all of the above

Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures? the wing of a bat and the scales of a fish the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale the antennae of an insect and the eyes of a bird the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly

wing of bat and flipper of whale

If the frequency of W (p) = 0.5. What is the expected frequency of WW? 0.2 0.25 0.4 0.5

0.25

The table shows the frequency of foot phenotypes in a population of blue-footed boobies. What is the frequency of the W allele in this population? Genotype WW Ww ww # of animals 200 100 200 Genotype frequencey 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.25

0.5

After 20 cycles of PCR in which you started with 2 copies, about how many copies do you have of the gene of interest? 10 20 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

1,000,000

After 10 cycles of PCR in which you started with 2 copies, about how many copies do you have of the gene of interest? 10 20 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000

1000

We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence ending with a stop codon will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of 2 amino acids. 3 amino acids. 4 amino acids. 5 amino acids.

4 amino acids

In a population of 100 individuals 49% are of the NN blood type. What percentage is expected to be MN assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions? a. 9% b. 21% c. 42% d. 51% e. insufficient info. to answer this question 9% 21% 42% 51% I need more information to accurate determine the answer?

42%

When one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecules, the new DNA contains none of the parent DNA. 50% of the parent DNA. 75% of the parent DNA. 100% of the parent DNA

50% of the parent DNA

What is reverse transcriptase An enzyme that makes DNA from RNA An enzyme that makes RNA from protein An enzyme that makes RNA from DNA

An enzyme that makes DNA from RNA

DNA moves through a gel toward the positive electrode when an electric charge is applied. What property of DNA allows this to occur? Hints DNA is separated on the basis of size. DNA has a negative charge. Small DNA fragments run faster. Large DNA fragments run slowly.

DNA has a negative charge

After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base-pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme DNA ligase. DNA polymerase. DNA helicase. covalentase.

DNA ligase

Which of the following statements regarding DNA packing is false? A nucleosome consists of DNA wound around a protein core of eight histone molecules. DNA packing tends to promote gene expression. Highly compacted chromatin is generally not expressed at all. Prokaryotes have proteins analogous to histones.

DNA packing tends to promote gene expression.

The Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies target DNA fragments. This technique takes place outside of a cell and uses heat to separate the double-stranded DNA along with which of the following? Restriction enzymes from E. coli bacteria DNA polymerase isolated from bacteria from hot springs Radioactive probes Plasmids from E. coli or other bacteria

DNA polymerase isolated from bacteria from hot springs

To identify an individual involved in a crime, criminologists analyze DNA from a suspect's blood and compare the _____ to samples found at the crime scene. Hints recombinant molecules DNA molecules produced by the polymerase chain reaction DNA profile DNA probes

DNA profile

If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding strand would be GCCTAG. GCCAUC. TAACGT. GCCATG

GCCATG

Multiple components make up the replisome of DNA replication. Each component is responsible for a very specific task in the process. A mutation in number 2 would cause? Double-stranded DNA would become tangled. No RNA-primer would be made. No new DNA nucleotides would be added to the growing strand. The double-stranded DNA would not unwind. Gaps between lagging strand segments are never closed.

Gaps between lagging strand segments are never closed

Scientists have recently discovered a protein that seems to block HIV infection. It is called a chemokine. If expressed throughout the body, it is a possible promising treatment for HIV infection. Normal human cells contain a gene for chemokine. This single copy, however, does not get expressed enough to guard effectively against HIV infection. How could you increase the expression of the chemokine gene? Methylate the DNA that encodes for the chemokine gene. Inject a plasmid containing the chemokine gene directly into a skin cell with a needle. Inhibit the enzyme that removes acetyl groups from histones in the area of the DNA that encodes the chemokine gene. Accelerate the cell cycle in cells that contain the chemokine gene.

Inhibit the enzyme that removes acetyl groups from histones in the area of the DNA that encodes the chemokine gene.

A method for increasing the amount of DNA Southern blot Northern blot Western blot Eastern blot Polymerase Chain Reaction

PCR

Taq polymerase used in PCR is what type of enzyme? topoisomerase restriction enzyme DNA polymerase RNA polymerase none of the above

dna polymerase

Testosterone enters human cells and binds to a specific protein inside the cell. This testosterone-protein complex is then transported into the nucleus, where it binds to the cell's DNA. What is the function of the testosterone-protein complex? Hints It helps RNA polymerase transcribe certain genes. It alters the pattern of RNA splicing. It unwinds the DNA so that its genes can be transcribed. It inhibits transcription.

it helps RNA polymerase transcribe certain genes

Use the following information about codons to answer questions AUG Met UAC Tyr AAA Lys CAU His GAU Asp UAA Stop 3'CTAAAAATGGAA GAA Glu CUU Leu UUU Phe CUC Leu UUC Phe CAA Gln CAC His If base 7 is changed to G (base substitution), what effect will this have on the polypeptide? no change translation will stop one amino acid will be changed a frameshift mutation will result

one amino acid will be changed

RNA splicing involves the addition of a nucleotide "cap" to the molecule. addition of a nucleotide "tail" to the molecule. removal of introns from the molecule. removal of exons from the molecule.

removal of introns from the molecule

A gene operon consists of a transcribed gene only. a promoter only. a regulatory gene only. transcribed genes, an operator, and a promoter.

transcribed genes, an operator, and a promoter.

In a population that meets the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions, 36 percent of the individuals are homozygous for a recessive gene. What percentage of the individuals would be expected to be heterozygous for this gene in the next generation given Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 48% 24% 16% Not enough information to answer question

48%

Multiple components make up the replisome of DNA replication. Each component is responsible for a very specific task in the process. A mutation in #5 (topoisomerase) would cause? Double-stranded DNA would become tangled. No RNA-primer would be made. No new DNA nucleotides would be added to the growing strand. The double-stranded DNA would not unwind. Gaps between lagging strand segments are never closed.

Double stranded DNA would become tangled

An organism's genetic information is stored within the sequence of ___________. This information is transcribed into a sequence of ____________, which are then translated into a sequence of ___________. DNA bases, amino acids,RNA bases RNA bases, DNA bases, amino acids amino acids, DNA bases, RNA bases DNA bases, RNA bases, amino acids

DNA bases, RNA bases, amino acids

All of the following mechanisms are used to regulate protein production except protein activation. protein breakdown. DNA editing. the breakdown of mRNA.

DNA editing

"Sticky ends" are produced by the action of DNA ligase. produced by PCR. always long sequences of a single nucleotide. DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.

DNA fragments with single-stranded ends

Enhancers are adjacent to the gene that they regulate. required to turn on gene expression when transcription factors are in short supply. DNA sequences to which activator proteins bind. required to facilitate the binding of DNA polymerases.

DNA sequences to which activator proteins bind

Nuclear transplantation experiments provide strong evidence for which of the following? Differentiated vertebrate cells still maintain their full complement of DNA. Differentiated vertebrate cells do not maintain their full complement of DNA. Vertebrate cloning is not feasible. Cell differentiation is an irreversible proces

Differentiated vertebrate cells still maintain their full complement of DNA

Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism? a bacterium found with a plasmid that provides protection against an antibiotic Dolly, the cloned sheep a "test-tube" baby produced via in vitro fertilization a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

A genomic library is _____. Hints a location in which to discover how to make recombinant DNA a listing of the known nucleotide sequences for a particular species a collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism's genome all the genes contained in one kind of organism

a collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism's genome

Microevolution, or evolution at its smallest scale, occurs when an individual's traits change in response to environmental factors. a community of organisms changes due to the extinction of several dominant species. a new species arises from an existing species. a population's allele frequencies change over a span of generations.

a population's allele frequencies change over a span of generations

Scientists who wish to clone genes of interest into bacterial plasmids utilize _____, which cuts the target and vector DNA at specific sites. Then _____ is used to form covalent bonds between the resulting fragments to complete the recombinant DNA molecule. Hints a transposon ... a restriction enzyme DNA ligase ... a restriction enzyme a plasmid ... DNA ligase a restriction enzyme ... DNA ligase

a restriction enzyme....DNA ligase

Which of the following is evidence for evolution? Fossil Record Comparative Anatomy Comparative Embryology Biogeography Biochemical and Molecular Evidence All of the above

all of the above

Adult stem cells have limited therapeutic potential because they are fully differentiated. because they lack a complete set of genes. due to their excessive numbers in tissues. because their developmental potential is limited to certain tissues.

because of their developmental potential is limited to certain tissues

Golden rice has been genetically engineered. Golden rice differs from other rice varieties because it contains genes that will produce _____. Hints vitamin D pesticide resistance beta-carotene herbicide resistance

beta-carotene

The lac operon controls expression of three genes that produce lactose-digesting enzymes. What role does lactose play in regulating the lac operon? It is not directly involved in gene regulation in this system. It turns off the gene that produces the repressor protein, thereby allowing production of the three enzymes. It binds to and disables the repressor protein, thereby allowing production of the three enzymes. It binds to the promoter region of the operon, thereby allowing RNA polymerase to attach and begin transcription of the three genes.

binds to and disables the repressor protein, thereby allowing production of the three enzymes

Within an operon, repressors _____. block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the operator block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the promoter block mRNA translation by attaching to the mRNA for a specific gene block gene transcription to RNA by attaching directly to the gene itself

block gene trans to rna by attaching to the operator

Both miRNAs and siRNAs are used in blocking transcription. blocking translation. enhancing transcription. enhancing translation.

blocking transLATION

Mutations in the p53 gene can lead to cancer by causing the production of excessive amounts of relay proteins. causing the production of a faulty protein that is no longer able to inhibit cell division. promoting the expression of mRNA that can interact with DNA, resulting in new mutations. increasing the production of growth hormones, which trigger faster cell cycles.

causing the production of a faulty protein that is no longer able to inhibit cell division

Which of the following statements best defines recombinant DNA technology? Hints an independent assortment of alternate alleles combining genes from different sources combining alternate alleles on the same chromosome cloning genes from homologous pairs of chromosomes

combining genes from different sources

The fragments produced by most restriction enzymes have _____. Hints single-stranded variable ends complementary double-stranded ends double-stranded sticky ends complementary single-stranded ends

complementary single-stranded ends

Restriction enzymes __________________________. cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences copy DNA restrict access to the DNA of a cell bind DNA together at specific nucleotide sequences

cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

Dr. Baldwin adds radioactive nucleotide fragments onto a gel. These fragments have the potential to recognize and hybridize to: a Protein b DNA c RNA d A and C e All of the above

d) protein and rna

Multiple components make up the replisome of DNA replication. Each component is responsible for a very specific task in the process. There is a mutation in #4; helicase. What problem will this cause? Double-stranded DNA would become tangled. No RNA-primer would be made. No new DNA nucleotides would be added to the growing strand. The double-stranded DNA would not unwind. Gaps between lagging strand segments are never closed.

double stranded DNA would not unwind

After providing working gene therapy to SCIDs patients, as an added benefit the person treated will not pass on the disease gene to his/her children? True False

false

While studying Mendelian genetics, you learned the terms: genotype and phenotype. The figure diagrams the flow of genetic information in a eukaryote. Which of the following are the molecular level equivalents of genotype and phenotype? genotype is RNA; phenotype is protein genotype is DNA; phenotype is RNA genotype is DNA; phenotype is protein genotype is protein; phenotype is DNA genotype is trancription; phenotype is translation

genotype is dna phenotype is protein

The individuals working on the Human Genome Project (HGP) were attempting to _____. Hints compare the genomes of a large number of individuals from different parts of the world map all the human genes and determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome map and sequence the genomes of important research organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster find cures for human genetic disorders

map all the human genes and determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome

The monomers of DNA and RNA are monosaccharides. nucleotides. fatty acids. nucleic acids.

monosaccharides

Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg "equilibrium" based on the expected values of homozygotes and heterozygotes? yes no

no

Multiple components make up the replisome of DNA replication. Each component is responsible for a very specific task in the process. There is a mutation in protein #1: DNA polymerase. What does this cause? Double-stranded DNA would become tangled. No RNA-primer would be made. No new DNA nucleotides would be added to the growing strand. The double-stranded DNA would not unwind. Gaps between lagging strand segments are never closed.

no new DNA nucleotides would be added to the growing strand

Dr. John Appleton has discovered a new transcription factor that responds to dietary n-3 fatty acids. He thinks it induces the expression of the SMRT-R gene. To test this hypothesis, Dr. Appleton could do? Southern blot Northern blot Western blot Northern or Western

northern or western

Since the first cloned animal was produced using a fully differentiated cell, a number of observations have been made. Which of the following statements is true in regard to reproductive cloning? Hints Cloned animals are behaviorally identical to their parent animals. Cloned animals are physically identical when compared to their parents. Cloned animals never stop growing because, similar to cancer cells, the cloned cells never stop dividing. Only a small fraction of cloned embryos develop normally.

only a small fraction of cloned embryos develop normally

A supplemental appendix is to a book as a ____________ is to a bacterial chromosome. genetically modified organism bacterium plasmid restriction enzyme

plasmid

Operons are a standard method for gene regulation in _____. all organisms eukaryotes but not prokaryotes prokaryotes but not eukaryotes E. coli, but they are rare in other organisms

prokaryotes but not eukaryotes

RNA polyerase binds where? Enhancer Promoter Initiation start site None of the above

promoter

To begin the process of gene transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to _____. the gene that will be transcribed the promoter associated with the target gene the operator associated with the target gene none of the above

promoter associated with the target gene

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can change into an oncogene. Oncogenes are potentially lethal genes that can cause cancer. Why do cells continue to maintain proto-oncogenes? Hints Proto-oncogenes are genetic junk that has not yet been eliminated by natural selection. Proto-oncogenes are unavoidable environmental carcinogens. Proto-oncogenes protect cells from infection by cancer-causing viruses. Proto-oncogenes are necessary for normal control of cell division.

proto-oncogenes are necessary for normal control of cell devision

This method has been replacing the Northern blot. PCR Western blot immunohistochemistry quantitative real-time PCR

quantitative real-time PCR

When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as cloned DNA. recombinant DNA. a vector. a plasmid.

recombinant DNA

exon is (which colors)

red, brown, or green

The tortoiseshell pattern on a cat usually occurs in males. is the result of a homozygous recessive condition. results from X chromosome inactivation. is a result of alleles on the Y chromosome.

results from X chromosome inactivation.

Which of the following enzymes does HIV use to synthesize DNA on an RNA template? ligase RNA polymerase DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase DNA convertase

reverse transcriptase

The basis of cellular differentiation is the operon. selective gene expression. cloning. mutation.

selective gene expression

Adrenaline is a "fight-or-flight" hormone and is released when danger threatens or in an emergency. It binds to a protein receptor, which causes a number of reactions to occur inside the cell. Enzymes are produced that perform a number of functions, including release of sugar into the bloodstream. What function does adrenaline play in this pathway? Hints signal molecule receptor protein enzyme relay protein

signal molecule

Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _________. sequence quantity size charge

size

Stem cells could be immensely important in the treatment of which of the following conditions? Hints spinal cord injuries loss of a limb hardened arteries lung cancer

spinal cord injuries

DNA makes RNA makes Protein is __? Translation Transcription The Central Dogma Replication None of the Above

the central dogma

The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called __________________________. gel electrophoresis recombinant DNA the polymerase chain reaction short tandem repeats

the polymerase chain reaction

Hemoglobin is a molecule that is found in red blood cells. These molecules have to last for months because red blood cells have no nucleus and are unable to make more hemoglobin (they cannot transcribe from no template). However, most proteins are much shorter-lived. What is the advantage to this? Hints This enables cells to maintain a precise and efficient control over their activities. Most cells have a short life span. Most proteins are used only once. Long-lasting proteins contribute toward tumor formation.

this enables cells to maintain a precise and efficient control over their activities

DNA makes RNA is: Translation Transcription The Central Dogma Replication None of the Above

transcription

The shape of a DNA molecule is most like a set of railroad tracks. a ladder. a twisted rope ladder. beads on a string.

twisted rope ladder

Female Colias eurytheme butterflies can be found as two different morphs: alba (white) and orange (colored). Interestingly, male butterflies with one type of pheromone composition (Type I) mate mostly with the alba females, while males with another type of pheromone composition (Type III) mate mostly with the orange females. The graph shows a normal distribution of pheromone composition in males prior to and during selection. Which male snails have the lowest fitness (are least likely to breed). Modesofselection3 type I type II type III All will breed the same

type II

Analyzed the evolution of insects and birds through "natural selection" in Indonesia and Australia. Cuvier Darwin Baldwin Wallace Le Clerc Lamarck

wallace