Biology 104 - Module 2 Study Guide
In the accompanying figure, the cell layer that contains xylem is labeled as:
1
In the accompanying figure, the formation of pollen would occur in the structure labeled as ____.
1
In the accompanying figure, the palisade mesophyll is labeled with the number:
1
Refer to the accompanying figure. During the development of secondary vascular tissues, which of the following structures is replaced by periderm?
1
In the accompanying figure, the structure responsible for photosynthesis, storage, and support is labeled as:
3
In the accompanying figure, the structure that protects the flower as a bud is labeled as _____.
3
What is the age of the twig in the accompanying figure?
3 years
Endosperm tissue is
3n
Which of the following wavelengths of light trigger stomatal opening?
400 to 500 nm
Refer to the accompanying figure. What does the photoperiodic response of the plant in Row A suggest?
A long uninterrupted dark period is the light cue that induces flowering.
Which of the following statements is true?
A long-day plant does not flower when grown under long-night conditions unless the long night is interrupted with a brief flash of red light.
Which of the following statements about soil pH is true?
Acidic soil can be found in Pygmy forest in California.
Which statement concerning phytochrome-induced responses is false?
All responses are rapid and short term.
Which of the following is a leaf arrangement in which there is one leaf at each node?
Alternate
Which of the following is a leaf arrangement in which two leaves grow at each node?
Alternate
In which organism is phytochrome not found?
Animals
Growth that results in an increase in stem or root length occurs in which specific area of the plant?
Apical meristem
_______ allows these polyploid, sterile plants to reproduce and therefore survive.
Apomixis
Tracheids and vessel elements both undergo which of the following?
Apoptosis
Which hormone promotes apical dominance in plants?
Auxin
Which hormone promotes cell elongation by changing plant cell walls so that they can expand due to the force of turgor pressure?
Auxin
Looking for which of the following is useful for determining whether a plant has simple or compound leaves?
Axillary buds
Which element is a macronutrient in plants?
Calcium
The plant ground tissue system consists of three tissues that can be distinguished by which of the following?
Cell wall structures
Which of the following polymers accounts for about 40% to 60% of the dry weight of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
Which of the following is an example of a fruit species that can be propagated by apomixis?
Citrus
Which of the following is an example of a seed dispersed by water?
Coconut
Which of the following are just under the plant stem epidermis?
Collenchyma
The plant vascular system performs which of the following functions?
Conducts water, dissolved minerals, and food
Which of the following reduces water loss from plant epidermal cell exterior walls?
Cuticle
Which hormone promotes cell division and delays senescence in plants?
Cytokinin
Which change is most important in stomatal closing?
Declining sucrose concentrations
Which hormone stimulates both leaf abscission and fruit ripening?
Ethylene
A circadian rhythm has a period that approximates a 12-hour cycle.
False
A cross section of a monocot leaf typically shows veins in both cross-section and lengthwise section.
False
A leaf without a blade is said to be sessile.
False
A rhizome is a horizontal aboveground stem.
False
A root hair is an extension of an endodermal cell.
False
A spine is a modified branch.
False
A typical soil is composed mostly of humus.
False
An example of a micronutrient is phosphorus.
False
An ovule usually develops directly into a fruit.
False
Apomixis refers to a type of sexual reproduction.
False
Bark consists of all tissues outside the cork cambium.
False
Buttress roots help trees obtain oxygen from flooded soil.
False
During embryonic development, the proembryo develops from the basal cell.
False
Guttation is the process most responsible for moving water and minerals through the plant.
False
Hardwood is the wood of gymnosperms.
False
Imbibition is the process by which a seed takes in oxygen from the environment.
False
Immediately inside the epidermis of a eudicot stem is the pith.
False
In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are arranged in a circle.
False
In the very center of a monocot stem is pith.
False
Lateral roots arise from cells of the cortex.
False
Leaf abscission is initiated and orchestrated by the hormone abscisic acid.
False
Leaves and flowers exhibit indeterminate growth.
False
Leaves are attached randomly (regularly) to stems and play a role in photosynthesis.
False
Periderm is the functional replacement of the bark.
False
Plants that are wind-pollinated characteristically have conspicuous flowers.
False
Plants, like animals, grow at all points of their body.
False
Pr strongly absorbs light that has a wavelength of 730 nm.
False
Springwood has narrower conducting cells and many fibers.
False
Subsidiary cells are the only epidermal cells that have chloroplasts.
False
The "strings" of celery are composed of sclerenchyma tissue.
False
The male gametophyte is also called an embryo sac.
False
The petals constitute the outermost whorl of flower parts.
False
The preprophase band consists of chromosomes aligned in a particular pattern.
False
The removal of dissolved materials from soil by percolating water is called illuviation.
False
The root cortex is composed mostly of collenchyma cells.
False
The site of gravity perception in roots is the root apical meristem.
False
Transpiration increases at lower temperatures.
False
Vessel elements and tracheids, while differing slightly in structure, both conduct carbohydrates.
False
Water is transported vertically through the plant via the process of translocation.
False
When a microsporocyte divides, its daughter cells are diploid.
False
When cells of the vascular cambium divide, they produce xylem toward the outside.
False
When cytokinins are sprayed on leaves of a cut stem, the leaves become, or remain, yellow.
False
When the cork cambium divides, it produces cork cells toward the inside.
False
When the microfibrils in the cell wall are oriented in the same direction, the cell will expand in a direction parallel to the microfibrils.
False
Which hypothetical hormone promotes flowering but has never been successfully isolated?
Florigen
The primary function of the spongy mesophyll is to allow which of the following processes?
Gas diffusion, particularly CO2, within the leaf
Which hormone promotes stem elongation and was first discovered while studying the growth of extremely tall and spindly rice plants?
Gibberellin
Which tissue system of the plant body is largely responsible for photosynthesis?
Ground tissue system
Which pair demonstrates a mutualistic relationship?
Mychorrhizae and roots
Rhizobia take ____ from the air and convert it into ____.
N2; NH3
Most carnivorous plants grow in poor soil that is deficient in certain essential elements, especially which of the following elements?
Nitrogen
What three elements are most often limiting factors for plant growth?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Which of the following plants would have photosynthetic roots?
Orchids
Roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are composed of all three tissue systems. All five are therefore which of the following?
Organs
Which list of elements below is present in all biomolecules in plants?
Oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon
What tissue comprises the outer bark of woody plants?
Periderm
What happens after the sun goes down?
Pfr is degraded.Which of the following are living but lack a nucleus and other organelles at maturity?
Which of the following contains dissolved sugars?
Phloem
What two tissues transport materials throughout the entire plant body?
Phloem and xylem
_____ activates transcription of the gene for the small subunit of ______, an enzyme involved in photosynthesis
Phytochrome; rubisco
Which element is correctly matched with its major function in plants?
Potassium—opens and closes stomata
Which of the following is a function of stems?
Produce new tissues
Which is the correct sequence of embryonic development in eudicots?
Proembryo → globular stage embryo → heart stage embryo → torpedo stage embryo
Which of the following is the first part of the seedling to come out during germination?
Radicle
In plants, parenchyma cells typically secrete which of the following?
Resins
Which is the correct horizontal pathway of water from the soil to the center of the root?
Root hair → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem
Specialized structures found in the types of seeds that are dispersed by ants are called
elaiosomes
The fusion of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei in the ovule forms the
endosperm
Two polar nuclei in the central cell of the ovule fuse with the second sperm cell to form the first cell of the triploid ____.
endosperm
The outermost cell layer of herbaceous stems is the:
epidermis
Vascular bundles of herbaceous _______ stems are arranged in a circle in cross section.
eudicot
Biologists believe that a flower-producing substance called ____ is produced in the leaves and transported to the phloem.
florigen
Hardwood is the wood of _____ and softwood is the wood of ____.
flowering plants; conifers
In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 3 is:
formed by the division of the vascular cambium.
Sexual reproduction results in
genetic diversity among offspring.
The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is
germination in a eudicot.
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are classified as tissues in the:
ground tissue system.
Usually the only epidermal cells with chloroplasts are:
guard cells.
The release of liquid water by leaves when soil moisture is high is known as:
guttation
In Figure 37-4, which of the fruits listed is formed by the fusion of ovaries from many flowers?
h
The difference between a drupe and a berry is that a drupe
has a stony pit around a single seed, while a berry is fleshy throughout with many seeds.
Mature vessel elements:
have pits in their side walls, which allow water to be transported laterally.
The partly decayed organic portion of soil is called:
humus
The effect of red light on plants is to
impact the equilibrium between Pr and Pfr.
The most common and physiologically important auxin is
indoleacetic acid.
An Arabidopsis plant that contains a mutant mp gene would most likely:
lack a primary root.
Monocot stems do not possess __________ that gives rise to secondary growth.
lateral meristems
The organization of tissues in the accompanying figure is characteristic of a:
leaf blade.
The stem apical meristem gives rise to:
leaf primordia.
Phototropism is the directional growth of a plant caused by ____.
light
The ideal agricultural soil is:
loam
A secondary cell wall would be:
located inside the primary cell wall.
The plant in Row B of the accompanying figure demonstrates a photoperiodic response characteristic of
long-day plants.
Excess transpiration:
may be harmful to a plant.
Sexual reproduction in plants includes _____ and the fusion of ______:
meiosis; gametes
The middle portion of a leaf that is sandwiched between the upper and the lower epidermis is called the:
mesophyll
In low nitrogen soils, rhizobacteria secrete ____ to help root hairs recognize them.
nod factors
Leaf abscission:
occurs as a response to dry conditions in tropical climates.
Softwood is the wood:
of cone-bearing gymnosperms.
Roots, stem, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are referred to as:
organs
Water enters endodermal cells by _____ directly across the lipid and through integral membrane proteins called ____.
osmosis; aquaporins
Monocot leaves typically have:
parallel venation.
Water and dissolved mineral are transported laterally through chains of ____.
parenchyma cells
All woody plants are:
perennials
The ____ is involved in forming the lateral meristems that produce secondary growth in woody roots.
pericycle
In eudicot roots, the last mode of water and mineral transport occurs from the ____ to ______.
pericycle; xylem
Cork cambium and the tissues it produces are collectively known as:
periderm
Dissolved sugars are transported in:
phloem
Any response of a plant to the relative lengths of light and darkness is referred to as
photoperiodism
The photoreceptor for photoperiodism and some other light-initiated plant responses is a group of blue-green pigments named
phytochrome
For Arabidopsis and many other plants, ______ and ______ are implicated in resetting the biological clock.
phytochrome, cryptochrome
At the center of an herbaceous eudicot stem is:
pith
Unlike eudicot roots, the center of most monocot roots is occupied by the:
pith
Plants that are adapted to growing in flooded soils that are depleted of oxygen have:
pneumatophores
An example of a short-day plant is
poinsettia
The driving force for the movement of water in plants is difference in water _______.
potential
Growth that results in an increase in the length of a plant is referred to as:
primary growth.
In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 2 is:
produced by cork cambium (not shown).
Roots that arise from branches or vertical stems, and that are used to support a plant in an upright position, are referred to as:
prop roots.
Jasmonic acid is structurally similar to ______ in animals.
prostaglandins
A root cap:
protects the fragile meristematic cells at the root tip.
In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled as 2
protects the stem tip as it moves through the soil.
Cation exchange between soil particles and root hairs is the process in which:
protons are exchanged for positively charged mineral ions.
Refer to the accompanying figure. Absorption of positively charged mineral ions by the root is facilitated by the movement of:
protons out of the root hair.
In woody plants, the lateral transport of materials occurs through:
rays
In angiosperms, the sporophyte generation
results from the fertilization of two gametes.
Some ____ produce greatly thickened ends called tubers.
rhizomes
The thick layers of cells covering and protecting the delicate apical meristem is called the:
root cap.
In the establishment of rhizobia in a legume, infection threads are found in the:
root hairs.
Guttation results from:
root pressure.
Functional secondary xylem that conducts water and dissolved minerals is known as:
sapwood
The term for physical damage to a seed coat that induces germination is
scarification
Sapwood develops from:
secondary xylem.
Mesophyll cells are:
separated by intercellular spaces.
Root hairs are:
short-lived
Secondary xylem contains all of the following cell types except:
sieve tube elements
Sugar is conducted in solution through specialized cells known as:
sieve tube elements.
Sugar is translocated in phloem from a ______, an area of high sugar concentration, to a ______, an area of low sugar concentration.
source; sink
Auxin's most characteristic action is promotion of ______.
stem elongation
Rhizomes, tubers, corms, and stolons are examples of modified
stems
Brassinosteroids differ from other plant hormones in that they are
steroids
One conclusion that can be drawn from the accompanying figure is that a low ratio of auxin to cytokinin
stimulates shoot development.
Floating leaves of aquatic plants have:
stomata only on the upper epidermis.
The function of cotyledons in many plants is to
store food reserves.
The female plant structure on which a pollen tube must grow through is the
style.
Aboveground shoots that develop from adventitious buds on roots are called
suckers.
The predominant photosynthetic product carried in phloem is _______.
sucrose
During embryonic development in flowering plants, the basal cell develops into the
suspensor
The seedling's radicle is the origin of roots in a(n) _____ system.
taproot
Dendrochronology can be useful in determining:
the dates of past earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Genes for self-incompatibility usually inhibit
the growth of the pollen tube.
A plant's growth response to mechanical stress, such as rain or contact with passing animals, is known as
thigmomorphogenesis.
The primary function of spongy mesophyll is:
to allow diffusion of gases.
One function of cortical parenchyma cells is:
to provide structural support and strength.
Parallel venation is characteristic of eudicot leaves.
transpiration
Specialized epidermal outgrowths that remove excess salt accumulated in seashore plants are an example of:
trichomes
When a plant responds to external stimuli, such as light, gravity, or touch by directional growth, these responses are referred to as
tropisms
Compound leaves have:
two or more leaflets instead of a single blade.
Insectivorous plants:
use modified leaves to trap their prey.
Refer to the accompanying figure. The labeled structure that is responsible for secondary growth is:
vascular cambium.
The thin layer of meristematic cells located between xylem and phloem is referred to as the:
vascular cambium.
Roots of many plants in arid regions store ______:
water
The water balance problem of plants living in salty soil is the result of:
water moving out of plant roots by osmosis.
The formation of soil by gradually breaking rock into smaller particles by biological, chemical, and physical processes is known as:
weathering
Changing day length, as well as variations in precipitation and temperature, are environmental cues that exert an important influence on
which genes will be expressed in a plant.
In the accompanying figure, the region that is composed of secondary xylem is:
wood
The arrangement of the different cell types in secondary ______ produces the distinctive wood characteristics of each species.
xylem
____ is less dense than ____.
Sapwood; heartwood
Cells produced on the inside of the vascular cambium differentiate to form which vascular tissue?
Secondary xylem
Which of the following mechanisms is used to prevent self-pollination in angiosperms?
Separating male and female individuals
Which of the following are living but lack a nucleus and other organelles at maturity?
Sieve tube element
What are the conducting elements in phloem?
Sieve tube elements
The generative cell within a pollen grain will develop into which of the following?
Sperm cells
Which of the following is characteristic of a plant exhibiting shade avoidance?
Stem elongation
Before being loaded into the phloem for translocation, the carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis must be converted into which molecule?
Sucrose
What type of floral attraction would work best on the pollinator in the accompanying figure?
Sweet nectar
You place a coleoptile in unidirectional light and then immediately cover the tip. Which of the following will happen?
The coleoptile will not bend.
In barley seed germination, which of the following is true?
The embryo determines when germination occurs by secreting gibberellin.
Which of the following statements concerning the structures labeled as 4 in the accompanying figure is false?
They are derived from the integuments.
Which of the following statements about monocots is true?
They do not produce bark.
When a root is placed on its side, what happens to the amyloplasts in the root cap cells?
They settle in the direction of gravity.
Which of the following is a structure that is adapted for seed dispersal by animals?
Thick, indigestible seed coats
A long day plant will flower when exposed to short nights.
True
A mass of undifferentiated plant cells is called a callus.
True
An adventitious root is one that occurs in an unusual location.
True
An example of a drupe is an olive.
True
Auxin produced by the apical meristem inhibits the germination of lateral buds.
True
Bundle scars would be found within a leaf scar.
True
Cryptochrome absorbs blue light.
True
Endosperm is usually triploid.
True
Ethylene stimulates the ripening of fruits.
True
Hemicellulose contains chains of xylose molecules.
True
Hemicellulose is more soluble than cellulose.
True
Hydroponics refers to the growing of plants in aerated water rather than soil.
True
In woody plants, the root epidermis is replaced by periderm.
True
Jasmonic acid is structurally similar to prostaglandins.
True
Methyl salicylate triggers the genes that code for the systemic acquired resistance pathway.
True
Most transpiration occurs through stomata.
True
Nicotine can be found in nectaries.
True
One reason that water is able to form unbroken columns is because water molecules are cohesive.
True
Palisade mesophyll is a tissue typically found on the side of the leaf toward the upper epidermis.
True
Phototropins are light-activated kinases.
True
Root hair development is under the control of two genes that code for transcription factors.
True
Sapwood is functional secondary xylem.
True
Some trichomes function as protective stinging needles.
True
Stomata close as a result of water moving into guard cells.
True
Sucrose is translocated from source to sink.
True
The bundle sheath typically surrounds the larger veins.
True
The hypocotyl connects the radicle with the cotyledons.
True
The integuments develop into the seed coat.
True
The outermost layer of the stele is the pericycle.
True
The portion of a mycorrhizal fungus that penetrates the cell walls of the root cortex is called an arbuscule.
True
The roots of certain epiphytes are photosynthetic.
True
The symplast is the continuum of living cytoplasm.
True
The transport of xylem sap is the most rapid movement of any material in plants.
True
Vessel elements and tracheids develop and become specialized hollow cells via the process of programmed cell death, also called apoptosis.
True
Water flowing inward through the endodermis moves next into the pericycle.
True
In the mechanism of action for auxin, after auxin binds with its receptor, which of the following happens next?
Ubiquitin attaches to repressor proteins.
Xylem transports water and dissolved nutrient minerals in which direction?
Upward
Which organelle increases in size, causing plant cells to elongate?
Vacuole
Bark, the outermost covering over woody stems and roots, consists of all plant tissues located outside which of the following?
Vascular cambium
Secondary growth occurs as a result of the activity of which two lateral meristems?
Vascular cambium and cork cambium
_______ and _____ are particularly effective in moving soil from one place to another.
Water: wind
Bat-pollinated, night-blooming flowers would most likely display which two characteristics?
White petals and a strongly sweet scent
Which of the following is a leaf arrangement in which three or more leaves grow at each node?
Whorled
Plants that produce scentless, inconspicuous flowers with enormous amounts of pollen are adapted to which type of pollination?
Wind
The pigment involved in stomatal opening and closing is which of the following colors?
Yellow
Monocots such as palms and bamboo achieve considerable increase in girth by:
a modified form of primary growth in which parenchyma cells divide and enlarge.
A seedling growing toward a light source is an example of
a positive phototropic response.
The "stress hormone" involved in stomatal closure during water stress is
abscisic acid.
The area where the petiole detaches from the stem is referred to as the:
abscission zone.
A main function of a plant's root system is to:
absorb dissolved nutrients and water.
Minerals move into endodermal cells via:
active transport.
The loading of dissolved sugars into the sieve tube elements of phloem is:
active transport.
The large intercellular spaces, common features of the root cortex, provide:
aeration and a pathway for water uptake
Epiphytes have ____ that anchor the plants to the surface on which they grow.
aerial roots
The plant physiologist F. C. Steward demonstrated that:
an entire plant can be generated from a single callus cell.
Primary growth involves:
an increase in length.
Concentric rings found in the cross section of the wood of trees are known as:
annual rings.
In Arabidopsis, the monopteros gene regulates:
apical-basal pattern formation.
Sometimes plants produce embryos in seeds without the need for meiosis and fusion of gametes. This process is known as
apomixis
Guttation typically occurs:
at night.
Naphthalene acetic acid is a synthetic ____ that stimulates root development on stem cuttings and is used extensively in asexual propagation.
auxin
Frits Went used tiny blocks of agar to show that ____ is made in the tip of _____.
auxin; coleoptile
The herbicides (weed killers) 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are examples of synthetic
auxins
The most abundant organisms in soil are:
bacteria
A plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle is referred to as a(n):
biennial
An example of a long-day plant is
black-eyed Susan.
Embryonic shoots located at the tips of stems are covered by ____.
bud scales
Modified leaves that protect meristematic tissue at the tips of woody plants are known as:
bud scales.
Underground stems with fleshy leaves used for storage of water and food are known as:
bulbs
All the sepals of a flower are collectively known as the
calyx
The process of photosynthesis involves the conversion of:
carbon dioxide and water into sugar.
The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is known as:
cation exchange.
The growth process that allows cells to become specialized to carry out specific functions is:
cell differentiation.
The most abundant polymer in the world is:
cellulose
If a plant were placed in continual darkness, it would continue to open and close its stomata at approximately the same time each day. This phenomenon is governed by:
circadian rhythms.
Certain orchids produce flowers and secrete scents that resemble female bees so that male bees will mount these flowers and attempt to copulate with them. This bizarre occurrence is an example of
coevolution
The shape of the bill on the bird in the accompanying figure is most likely the result of
coevolution
In corn and other grasses, the leaves and stem grow through the tip of the ____.
coleoptile
In the accompanying figure, the function of the structure labeled as 1 represents:
conduction of water and dissolved minerals from the roots.
The needles of pines and other conifers are adapted to:
conserve water.
The difference between taproot and fibrous root systems is that a taproot system:
consists of one main root with lateral roots, while a fibrous root system has many roots of the same size.
Periderm arises from ________.
cork cambium
Periderm is produced by:
cork cambium.
The bulk of an herbaceous eudicot root consists of loosely arranged parenchyma cells in the:
cortex
The transport of sucrose from companion cells into sieve tube elements depends upon ______.
cotransport
The preprophase band is specific to plant cells and:
determines the plane of cell division.
Trichomes on plants are responsible for:
deterring herbivores.
One benefit of transpiration is that it:
distributes nutrients throughout the plant.
Which of the following is a chloroplast-containing cell that occurs in pairs?
Guard cell
Which of the following are responsible for opening and closing the stoma?
Guard cells
Which of the following are the only plant epidermal cells that are photosynthetic?
Guard cells
Which structure or structures function to open and close the stomata?
Guard cells
After light triggers the activation proton pumps, what happens next in the leaf?
Hydrogen ions are actively transported out of guard cells.
Which statement with regard to pore spaces is false?
Immediately after a heavy rain, most pore spaces remain filled with air.
The rate of transpiration decreases under which of the following conditions?
Increased humidity
While working in a soil-testing laboratory, you are given a sample of a "typical" soil to analyze. Which of the following do you correctly conclude is present in the largest amount?
Inorganic mineral particles
Biologists estimate that about 70% of all flowering plant species are pollinated by these organisms.
Insects
Which of the following plants is an annual?
Iris
Which statement about cryptochrome is false?
It absorbs green light.
Which statement about the internal biological clock is false?
It disappears totally if it is not reset by the rising and setting sun.
Which of the following statements about heartwood is false?
It functions in conduction.
Which statement about the megasporocyte is true?
It is a diploid cell located within an ovule.
Which statement about meristematic tissue is true?
It is capable of continually dividing throughout the life of the plant.
Which statement concerning the auxin F-box protein is false?
It is located in the nucleus.
Which of the following statements about acid precipitation is false?
It prevents the leaching of essential cations.
Which of the following statements about the pericycle is false?
Its cells lose their ability to divide upon maturation.
Which of the following have tendrils that are specialized stems (NOT specialized leaves)?
Ivy
The purification and elucidation of the primary auxin's chemical structure was accomplished by
Kenneth Thimann.
Which of the following are areas extending along the entire length of the stems and roots except at the tips?
Lateral meristems
You want to obtain the strongest phototropic response from a shoot. Which wavelength of light should you use?
Less than 500 nm
Which crops can be easily grown hydroponically?
Lettuce
The cell walls of woody plant secondary tissues contain which of the following?
Lignin
Which of the following is true of monocot leaves?
Many monocots lack a petiole.
The photosynthetic ground tissue of the leaf is termed which of the following?
Mesophyll
