Biology 105 Ch. 1-5
How can molecules form?
"An atom can get rid of vacancies by participating in a chemical bond with another atom. -Chemical bond: attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact. -Compound: molecule that has atoms of more than one element."
What are carbohydrates, and what are their different forms?
"Carbohydrate: organic compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Three Main Types: Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
What are the differences between condensation and hydrolysis reactions?
"Hydrolysis: chemical reaction in which an enzyme uses water to break a molecule into smaller subunits. Condensation: chemical reaction in which an enzyme builds a large molecule from smaller subunits."
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
"In a watery fluid, phospholipids spontaneously line up into two layers: the hydrophobic tails cluster together, and the hydrophilic heads face outward, toward the fluid. This lipid bilayer forms the framework of all cell membranes. Many types of proteins intermingle among the lipids; a few that are typical of plasma membranes are shown on the opposite page."
What type of bond is formed whenever atoms share a pair of electrons?
Covalent
Carbon has several isotopes including 12C and 14C. These isotopes differ in the number of:
Neutrons
A dense, irregularly shaped region within the nucleus in which subunits of ribosomes are synthesized is called the:
Nucleolus
What kind of bond exists between two amino acids in a protein?
Peptide
What do functional groups do?
The functional groups modify the molecule that they are attached to. The hydroxyl group makes the molecule its attached to hydrophilic or polar.
Which letter identifies this cell's nucleus?
There isn't one.
What are lipids?
They are "fatty, oily, or waxy organic compounds".
What are different components of cells?
They have three components in common: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA.
Four of the five answers are elements. Select the exception: water, oxygen, carbon, chlorine, and hydrogen.
Water, its a compound.
Nucleotides contain what kind of sugars?
five-carbon
Of the following, pH ____ is the most acidic.
pH 1 (7 and down are acids)
What are nucleic acids, and what are the main differences between DNA and RNA?
"Nucleic acids: chains of nucleotides in which the sugar of one nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the next RNA (ribonucleic acid): single-stranded chain of nucleotides; important for protein synthesis DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): consists of two chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix; holds information to build a new cell"
What are the building blocks of matter and how do they differ?
"Positively charged protons (p+) and uncharged neutrons are found in an atom's nucleus Negatively charged electrons (e-) move around the nucleus Charge: electrical property; opposite charges attract, and like charges repel".
What are the different levels of structure in proteins?
"Primary structure: linear series of amino acids; defines the type of protein Secondary structure: polypeptide chain that forms twists and folds Tertiary structure: nonadjacent regions of protein adjoin to create compact domains Quaternary structure: two or more polypeptide chains that are closely associated or covalently bonded together"
What are acids and bases?
"When water is liquid, some of its molecules spontaneously separate into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). These ions can combine again to form water. pH: measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a fluid. Base: accepts hydrogen ions in water (Above pH 7). Acid: releases hydrogen ions in water. (Below pH 7).
What are the characteristics of a hydrogen bond, and why are they important?
"attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond. Hydrogen bonds form and break much more easily than covalent or ionic bonds Collectively they are quite strong. Hydrogen bonds stabilize DNA and protein structures. Extensive hydrogen bonding among water molecules gives liquid water several special properties that make life possible"
What is Cell Theory?
1. Each organism consists of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life, individually alive even as part of a multi-celled organism. 3. All living cells arise by division of preexisting cells. 4. Cells contain hereditary material (DNA), which they pass to their offspring when they divide.
How is all life similar?
A. Cellular basis: All living things consist of one or more cells. B. Requirement for energy and nutrients: Life is sustained by ongoing inputs of energy and nutrients. C. Homeostasis: Living things sense and respond appropriately to change. D. DNA is hereditary material: Genetic information in the form of DNA is passed to offspring.
Which letter identifies this cell's flagellum?
A. It looks like a tail.
What are the levels of organization of life?
Atom, molecules, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, multicelled organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere.
What are the fundamental building blocks of all matter?
Atoms
How is life diverse (types of organisms)?
Biodiversity: scope of variation among living organisms. Organisms can be grouped on the basis of whether they have a nucleus (a sac that encloses and protects a cell's DNA) Prokaryote: single-celled organism without a nucleus (now used only informally) Eukaryote: organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus.
How do we see cells?
Different types of microscopes
In the shell model, the second shell can hold up to _____ electrons.
Eight
What are the parts of a Eukaryotic cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondrion, cell wall, Golgi body, and vacuole.
How many vacancies does carbon have?
Four
What does the cytoskeleton do?
It supports, organizes, and moves eukaryotic cells and their parts.
Why are Mitochondria important?
Its a double-membraned organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Its used for photosynthesis in some protists and plank cells.
Amino acids are the building blocks for:
Proteins
Which of the following is a positive subatomic particle?
Protons
What is the Endomembrane System?
Series of interacting organelles between nucleus and plasma membrane: Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and vesicles. Produces lipids and proteins.
In the accompanying figure, how many protons does the carbon element have?
Six (mass number- atomic number)
How is life classified?
Species, Taxonomy, Genus, Specific epithet.
One portion of the cell theory states that ____.
all living organisms are made up of one or more cells
A polypeptide chain is composed of:
amino acids
Humans are unable to digest which type of carbohydrate?
cellulose
Water is an example of a
compound
The formation of large molecules from small subunits is known as what kind of reaction?
condensation
To see objects smaller than those that can be resolved by a light microscope, we usually use microscopes that employ a beam of:
electrons
For an atom to be neutral, it must have the same number of:
electrons and protons
What is a "building block" of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
Four of the five answers are lipids. Select the exception: steroids, triglycerides, oils, waxes, and oligosaccharides.
oligosaccharides
Which lipid forms cell membranes?
phospholipids
