Biology 107, study guide questions: EXAM 1

S- Synthesis

- DNA replication-make sister chromatids -growth and prep for cell division - synthesizing proteins

List the organelles that compose the endomembrane system.

- Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough ER - Smooth ER - Golgi apparatus - Lysosome

Phases of the cell cycle

- Interphase G1 S G2 - Mitotic Stage Mitosis Cytokinesis

Structure & Function of flagella

- LONG -made of microtubules 1. Motility

What composes the two phases of cell cytoplasm?

- Particulate phase - Cystol Phase (Aqueous)

Structure & Function of Cilia

- SHORT -made of microtubules 1. Motility

Chromosome vs Chromatid

- before replication. made up of wound of chromatin - following replication. composed of of a pair of sister chromatids held together by a centromere. each chromatid is held together by a single DNA helix.

Somatic cells vs Gametes

- body cells - liver, bone, etc - 46 chromosomes -sex cells - egg, sperm - 23 chromosome

centromere vs kinetochore

- constrictions where sister chromatids of a chromosome are held together -on the centromere & links the chromosomes to microtubules polymers from the mitotic spindle

Smooth ER

- does NOT have ribosomes bound to it 1. detoxify poisons 2.synthesis of lipids & steroids 3. storage of calcium

Function of nuclear envelope

- double membrane that contains pores 1. Regulates the passage of materials into the nucleus; its a gate keepers(certain things in or out)

Rough ER

- has ribosomes bound to it - modify, store, & transport proteins (throughout the cytoplasm)

Evolution Do organisms or populations evolve?

- includes the way in which population for organisms change over the course of many generations to become more suited for their environment. - Individuals do NOT evolve POPULATIONS EVOLVE

Facilitated Diffusion (transport) vs simple diffusion

- just goes across the membrane. -requires assistance. requires a channel/carrier protein in membrane. Carrier protein undergoes a change in spare as it owes a solute across the membrane.

Structure & Function of centrioles

- made of microtubules 1. help with cell division in animal cells 2. help in formation of spindle fibers

Eukaryotic cell vs Prokaryotic cell

- more complex -nucleus - membrane bound organelles -no nucleus -no membrane bound organelles

Structure and function of ribosomes.

- not a membrane bound organelle. small and large. proteins and rna. translation- protein synthesis.

Telophase

- opposite of prophase -chromosomes become less distinct as they uncoil -nuclear envelope reappears -nucleolus reappears -spindle apparatus dissesembeled -CYTOKINESIS - cleavage furrow separates the cells -contractile ring formed by actin filaments

two types of ribosomes based on their location in the cell.

- polyribosomes: occur freely in the cytoplasm -ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

diffusion. Molecules that diffuse easily across membranes.

- simplest wat to get molecules in & out. Net movement of molecules from high to low concentration (high to low energy) util evenly distributed in a state of dynamic equilibrium -doesn't require energy (Passive action) -water, dye, glucose

function of cholesterol

- temp hot; keep membrane from becoming too liquid -temp cold; keep membrane from becoming too stiff

structure and function of lysosomes ... how do they form

-"dissolving body" -derives from Golgi, membrane bound bags that contain digestive enzymes (pH=5 very acidic) 1. fust w/ phagocyte vacuoles & digest macromolecules

Structure & Function of microtubules

-LARGEST -looks like a straw; hollow, slender, cylindrical structures 1. motility (convert belt, cilia, flagella)

Prophase

-LONGEST phase -nuclear envelope disappears -nucleolus disappears -Centrioles(made out of microtubules) move to the opposite sides of the cell -Spindle apparatus form (made out of microtubules)

Anaphase

-Shortest phase -daughter chromatids move to opposite sides

Metaphase

-asters -centrioles @ opposite poles -chromatids are attached to spindle fire via kinetochores @ equilateral plates -chromosomes start to coil and condense

Active Transport

-carrier molecules more molecules against a concentration grader w/ an energy source expenditure (ATP) -Pumps = proteins involved in active transport proteins use energy to move a substance against it's concentration gradient.

difference between chromatin and chromosomes

-chromatin is a strand of the chromosome -chromosome is a wound up ball of chromatin

Describe the structure & function of the mitochondria.

-double membrane, (evidence for endosymbiosis) w/ own ribosomes & DNA 1. Takes chemical energy & converts it to cellular energy in the form of ATP - Cellular respiration carbohydrates + O2 = CO2+ H2O + ATP

G1- Growth 1

-early cell growth -replication or organnelles -prep for DNA replication

G2- Growth 2

-growth& prep for cell division -Synthesizing proteins - proteins the make microtubules

Endocytosis

-into the cell -forming vessels derived bu the plasma membrane

Structure and Function of Golgi apparatus

-looks like a stack of pancakes, stacked, flattened membraneous sacs. 1. Fed EX; modify, sort, & direct products of ER (lipids and proteins)

Exocytosis

-out of the cell -fusion of vesicles w/ plasma membrane requires energy

three types of phagocytosis

-phagocytosis Pinocytosis -Receptor mediated

Structure & Function of intermediate filaments]

-size in the middle of the three -Heterogenous protein fibers 1. support & maintain a cell shape - keratin in mammalian hair... keeps it strong

Structure & Function of actin filaments

-smallest -solid strings of protein -composed of actin - found in muscles 1. muscle contraction, cell motility, cell shape, & support

diploid vs haploid cell

-two cops of each chromosome - 2n=46 (humans) -one copy of each chromosome - n=23 (humans)

3 tenets of the cell theory

1. All organisms are composed of cells 2. cels are the basic units of structure & function in organisms 3. cells come only form preexisting cells b/c cells are self generating

steps of the scientific method

1. Observation or accumulated data 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment (support or reject) 4.Conclusion 5. Scientific theory - comes from multiple experiments and their results

5 unifying characteristics of living organisms?

1. Organization 2. Aquire materials & energy - require energy input to maintain organization - homeostasis 3. Respond to the environment 4. Reproduction & Development 5. Progressive change throughout organisms life - adaptations

What are the different functions of cell membranes?

1. Regulate movement of into and out of cell 2. separate cell components into cell compartments 3. cell to cell recognition & adhesion 4. reception of signaling molecules

functions of cell division in an animal cell

1. Reproduction 2.Growth- going from small to large 3.Development- forming & developing tissue 4. Repair

function of cytoskeleton

1. provides support 2. maintains cell shape 3. allows for motility within the cell (title train tracks)

Function of nucleus

1. stores genetic information(DNA) & transfers it during cellular division 2. controls chemical reactions in cells

scientifically named... using binomial nomenclature.. what is it?

Assign an organism a two-part name 1st word = genus (capital) 2nd word = species

2 hypotheses for eukaryotic cell origin

Autogenous model & Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Describe the appearance of a chromosome before and after cell division.

Before cell division the chromosomes are jus a mess of chromatin & thats what they look like afterwards too. same @ both times

Hierarchy of organization in living organisms

Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism organ system organ tissue cell cell organelle molecule atom

Why is the nucleus important to cell division?

Contains the hereditary information called DNA

What biological molecule composes genes? What are genes?

DNA molecules & protein. Genes are genetic instructions that are passed onto the next generation. Each person is unique

How does the nucleus control protein synthesis in the cytoplasm through transcription and translation? where do these process take place?

DNA--->mRNA---> protein -DNA to mRNA, takes place in nucleus; TRANSCRIPTION -mRNA to protein, takes place in the cytoplasm; TRANSLATION

classification hierarchy for animals (most to least inclusive)

Dandy King Phillip Came Over From Germany (on) Sunday Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

What is a domain? List three domains

Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya

Structure of chromosomes

Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins

cystic fibrosis related to facilitated diffusion

Faulty chloride ion in channel protein in membrane

What is science? What are the limitations of science?

Finding the answers to natural phenomena & knowing - it's objective (ethically neutral), can't deem a phenomena true, and concerned with observations and experiments that require testable hypothesis

State and describe the current model of membrane structure?

Fluid Mosaic model -Phospholipid bilayer (charged = polar, due to phosphate) - hydrophobic (hates water) & hydrophilic (loves water) sections

When are the cel cycle checkpoints?

G1, G2, M -G1; apoptosis (programmed cell death) will occur if DNA damage beyond repair G2; cell cycle will stop if DNA isn't completely replicated M; mitosis won't occur if chromosomes aren't aligned

Homeostasis... How do organisms maintain it?

Homeostasis = balance in the body -monitory internal conditions and adjusting when needed. - i.e. camel - hump; holds water-> fluctuate outside temp.

Why are chromosomes replicated prior to cell division?

In order for the daughter cells to have the correct number of chromosomes, & so that all of the cells have the exact same genetic makeup.

2 major process involved in eukaryotic cell division

Interphase & Mitosis

What is a selectively permeable membrane?

Molecules cannot just get through; only certain ones can.

What is one proposed mechanism for evolutionary change?.

Natural selection -think of deer eating the shiny leaves, and the fuzzy leaves prevailing. more fuzzy leaves to reproduce... less shiny ones all around

What 2 factors limit cell size?

Nuclear Control & Surface area to volume ratio

Autogenous model

Prokaryotic cell membrane invaginated (comes inward) to form nucleus & other organelles

Stages of mitosis

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Distinguish between the processes of reproduction and development.

Reproduction: make another organism like itself Development: growth/growing: from fertilized egg to an adult

2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Rough and Smooth ER

Francesco Redi disprove? How?

Spontaneous Generation jar test

nuclear genome of one cell is passed onto 2 daughter cells.

Thought the cell cycle. DNA is replicated & then divided into two daughter cells. The genome is passed on through the replication.

Phagocytosis

a kind of endocytosis there are 3 types

Hypotonic (hypoosmotic)

a solution w/ a lower concentration of solute (higher conc. of water) compared to the cell - cell gains water and expands

Hypertonic (hyper osmotic)

a solution w/ higher concentration of solute (lower conc. of water) compared to the cell - cell will shrivel due to water loss

Isotonic (isoosmotic)

a solution with the same solute concentration compared to the cell - gaining and losing the same amount of water

Domain Eukarya

all eukaryotic organisms

different duration of cell cycle for Dif cells

animal 18-24 mouse fibroblast embryo cell- 1-2 hours

example of cells and their size

animal cell 10-100mm frog egg 1mm

What are adaptations? i.e.

are modifications that make organisms better able to function in an particular environment i.e. camel with hump on back that retains water... good for drastic weather change in desert

What are some other solutions to increase the surface area of a cell?

big volume cells have microvilli on the inside that help to increase their surface area

what it auto digestion?

cell digest portion of own cytosol/ organelles

function of glycoproteins/glycolipids

cell recognition - have an organ transplant.. don't want it to be rejected

How do animal cell regulate water balance?

cells diffuse water across the plasma membrane through osmosis based on concentration. Therefore, animals cells maintain the proper balance of water and solutes. -Osmosis

Osmosis

diffusion of ware across a selectively permeable membrane from a high to low concentration until evenly distributed in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

eukaryotic cell might of evolved when a prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another cell. It became apart of the host cell and depended on it.

How are large molecules transported across the membrane?

exocytosis & endocytosis

Structural organization of the eukaryotic cell genome?

genes are grouped into chromosomes. gene-> chromosome-> genome

List molecules that are transported via facilitated diffusion

glucose & amino acids

What types of molecules are transported by active transport?

iodine & glucose

Tay Sachs disease? how does it relate to lysosome function?

lack a specific lysosome enzyme, so can't digest a specific lipid

Particulate phase

organelles, lips, proteins

List the biological molecules that compose cell membranes

phospholipid carbohydrates peripheral/intergal protein Cholesterol

Apoptosis

programmed cell death. Not a bad thing. Normal thing for animal growth & development. Don't want to replicate damaged DNA. sequence of events lead to fragmented cell.

Domain Bacteria

prokaryotic microbes adapted for living in many environments

Domain Archaea

prokaryotic microbes that live in a wide range of environments; including EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

fiction of nucleoli in the cell

synthesizes rRNA (makes ribosomes)

Sodium-potassium pump. how does it work?

the same carrier protein transports sodium ions to the outside of the cell & potassium ions to the inside of the cell, b/c it undergoes ATP-dependent change in shape. 3 Sodium ions are carried outward for every 2 potassium ion carried inward; therefore the inside of the cell is less positively charged compared to the outside.

sister chromatids

two identical chromatids - they are attached until separated during mitosis

Cancer

uncontrolled cell division, cells divide w/out checkpoints & therefore continue to divide

Cystol Phase (Aqueous)

water based system; contains a lot of dissolved particles