Biology 109 - Exam 4

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Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because

) a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways.

Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest response by a cell would come from

) applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell.

What are the major contributors to the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine?

1) arrangement of loop of Henle and collecting ducts 2) active transport of NaCl out of thick ascending segment of loop of Henle

What is the likelihood of a person developing schizophrenia if the disorder affects his or her fraternal twin? 8% 13% 17% 48%

17%

C) sodium-potassium pumps

18) The concentrations of ions are very different inside and outside a nerve cell due to _____. A) osmosis B) diffusion C) sodium-potassium pumps D) symports and antiports

C) interneurons

2) Most of the neurons in the human brain are _____. A) sensory neurons B) motor neurons C) interneurons D) peripheral neurons

B) ion concentration gradient

20) The Nernst equation specifies the equilibrium potential for a particular ion. This equilibrium potential is a function of _____. A) hydrostatic pressure B) ion concentration gradient C) osmotic gradient D) temperature (thermal) gradient

B) hyperpolarization of the neuron

21) For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the _____. A) depolarization of the neuron B) hyperpolarization of the neuron C) replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions D) replacement of potassium ions with calcium ions

D) increasing its membrane's permeability to K+

23) A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by _____. A) increasing its membrane's permeability to Na+ B) decreasing its membrane's permeability to Cl- C) increasing its membrane's permeability to Ca++ D) increasing its membrane's permeability to K+

63) The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label

56) Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that ________.

A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations

4) The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact ________.

A) spinal cord

Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because _____. A) they sleep for only thirty minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing B) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep C) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water D) they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake

6) Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt

C) executive functions, such as decision making.

Long-term memory information processing requires that links initially established in the hippocampus are replaced with connections in the

Cortex

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are A) menstrual → ovulation → luteal. B) follicular → luteal → secretory. C) menstrual → proliferative → secretory. D) follicular → ovulation → luteal. E) proliferative → luteal → ovulation.

In the above figure, which letter points to the corpus luteum? A) A B) B C) C D) D

In the above figure, which letter points to the vas deferens? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Secretion

adding toxins and other solutes from body fluids to filtrate

The autonomic nervous system includes an endocrine gland known as the

adrenal medulla

A disease that destroys the adrenal cortex should lead to an increase in the plasma levels of

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

What is the advantage/disadvantage of producing uric acid as a waste product versus urea?

advantage: little water loss disadvantage: uses more energy than urea insoluble in water; paste

What traits of the individual hamsters would likely have been controlled across the treatment groups? genotype sex only age and sex age only

age and sex

The middle ear converts _____.

air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves

Testosterone is an example of

an androgen.

Estradiol is an example of

an estrogen

The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of

an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems.

One reason a person might be severely overweight is due to

an undersecretion of thyroxine.

stenohaline

animals intolerant to substantial change in external osmolarity

Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism) can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the

anterior pituitary gland.

65) The neuronal membrane is at its resting potential at label

Females of many insect species, including honeybee queens, can store gametes shed by their mating partners in A) their nests. B) the abdominal tract. C) the cloaca. D) the uterus. E) the spermatheca.

In this type of signaling, secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

Endocrine

Connects the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens

Epididymis

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would _____. A) lose their sense of balance B) lose all short-term memory C) have greatly altered emotional responses D) have greatly increased long-term memory

Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions? A) frontal lobe — decision making B) occipital lobe — control of skeletal muscles C) temporal lobe — visual processing D) occipital lobe — speech production

Which of the following structures are correctly paired? A) forebrain — cerebellum B) midbrain — cerebrum C) hindbrain — cerebellum D) brainstem — anterior pituitary gland

Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function? A) limbic system — motor control of speech B) medulla oblongata — emotional memory C) cerebellum — homeostatic control D) corpus callosum — communication between the left and right cerebral cortices

Which of the following activites would be associated with the sympathetic division of the nervous system?

Fight-or-flight response

Individuals who have suffered a brain injury and cannot form any new lasting memories but can recall events that occurred before their injury have most likely suffered damage to their:

Hippocampus

Which of the following is not an accurate statement?

Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus

The movement of membrane potential from a value of -70 mV to a value of -80 mV would be termed an

Hyperpolarization

Epinephrine is an example of

a catecholamine.

If a doctor attempts to trigger the patellar tendon reflex and a lack of response occurs, what are potential regions where pathology might exist? I) the brain II) the knee III) the spinal cord A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

If a patient has an injury in the brain stem, which of the following would be observed? A) auditory hallucinations B) visual hallucinations C) an inability to regulate body temperature D) an inability to regulate heart function

If you were writing an essay, the part(s) of your brain that would be actively involved in this task is/are the _____. A) frontal lobes B) parietal lobe C) Broca's area D) occipital lobe

In resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is ____.

K+

What are the major organs of the human excretory system?

Kidney ureter urinary bladder urethra

In response to the surge in the peak levels of this hormone, the follicle and adjacent wall of the ovary rupture, releasing the oocyte.

A product of the anterior pituitary gland that causes color changes in its target cells is

MSH.

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the _____. A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord

15) ATP hydrolysis directly powers the movement of

Na+ out of cells

The cerebrospinal fluid is _____.

a filtrate of the blood

38) The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of

a ligand-gated sodium channel

Sensory adaptation is apparent when _____.

a person is no longer aware of a heavy necklace that was put on earlier in the day

In this type of signaling, neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstreams and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.

Neuroendocrine

The fundamental excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____.

Neuron. [This excitable cell utilizes electrochemical mechanisms to transmit signals from one location in the body to another.]

Visual processing, such as combining images and object and pattern recognition, takes place in the

Occipital Lobe

Myelinate axons in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Which of the following statements comparing water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones is False?

Only lipid-soluble hormones bind to a receptor protein to initiate their response

Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving the _____. A) degree of convolutions in the brain's surface B) sequence of developmental specialization C) chemicals involved in brain communications D) nature of the blood-brain barrier

A form of asexual reproduction in which the egg develops without being fertilized.

Parthenogenesis

Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty _____. A) generating speech B) recognizing faces C) understanding language D) experiencing emotion

The increase in LH concentration caused by increased estradiol secretion from the growing follicle is an example of

Positive feedback

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the _____ nervous system A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) parasympathetic

Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction when

Species are in stable and favorable environments

When two EPSPs occur at a single synapse so rapidly in succession that the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential has not returned to the resting potential before the second EPSP arrives, the EPSPs add together producing ______.

Temporal summation

True or false? The homeostatic system for blood calcium concentration is maintained by the hormones calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

True

True or false? The pancreas is responsible for producing hormones that maintain the homeostatic levels of glucose in the blood.

True The pancreas produces 2 hormones, insulin and glucagon, which work together to maintain the homeostatic levels of glucose in the blood

Upon witnessing a robber hold up a convenience store at gunpoint, which of the following reactions would your nervous system initiate? A) increased heartbeat B) constriction of airways C) constriction of pupils D) decreased heartbeat

Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the:

Urethra

73) Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?

Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open

Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the _____. A) basal nuclei B) cerebral cortex C) brainstem D) limbic system

Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common _____. a. their reliance on signal transduction in the cell b. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream c. the location of their receptors d. the building blocks from which they are synthesized e. their solubility in cell membranes

b. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream

Which of the following statements about lipid-soluble hormones is true? a. they act by producing second messengers b. they act by affecting the transcription of genes c. they bind to DNA as soon as they enter a cell d. they bind to receptors on the plasma membrane

b. they act by affecting the transcription of genes Lipid-soluble hormones act by affecting the transcription of genes.

36) One possible disadvantage to a nerve net is that it might conduct impulses in two directions from the point of the stimulus. Most of the synapses in vertebrates conduct information in only one direction

because only the postsynaptic cells can bind and respond to neurotransmitters

Growth factors are local regulators that

bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.

Nitric oxide and epinephrine

both function as neurotransmitters.

Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that they _____. A) both have the same number of chromosomes B) are approximately the same size C) each have a flagellum that provides motility D) are produced from puberty until death

both have the same number of chromosomes

vasa recta

capillaries that serve loop of Henle

Efferent Arteriole

carries blood away from the glomerulus

3) The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the

cell body

The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by activity in the _____. cerebellum cerebrum thalamus medulla oblongata

cerebellum

As vertebrates evolved, the increasingly complex structure of the brain conferred increasingly complex function, especially apparent in the _____.

cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in nonhuman primates and cetaceans

As vertebrates evolved, the increasingly complex structure of the brain conferred increasingly complex function, especially apparent in the _____. sleep-wake cycles of birds and mammals cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in nonhuman primates and cetaceans forebrain, which is a small brain region that arises early in development medulla oblongata, which controls automatic functions brainstem, which in most vertebrates, controls homeostasis and basic bodily function

cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in nonhuman primates and cetaceans

The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the human brain contain a filtrate of the blood, called _____.

cerebrospinal fluid

In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone

cortisol.

In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that _____. A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic development B) oogenesis produces four functional haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth

cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis

The steroid hormone that determines the result of the molt in arthropods is

ecdysone

The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is

ecdysone.

Excretion

elimination of filtrate from system

Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone?

epinephrine and oxytocin

21) A "resting" motor neuron is expected to

exhibit a resting potential that si more negative than the "threshold" potential

Prostaglandins are local regulators whose chemical structure is derived from

fatty acids

Glomerulus

filters

descending loop of Henle

filtrate becomes more concentrated passive transport of water out of loop

collecting ducts

fluid from several nephrons flow into and leads to renal pelvis, drained by ureter

55) The major excitatory neurotransmitter of the human brain is

glutamate

In adult humans, short-term memory relies on connections in the _____ whereas long-term memories appear to be based in the _____.

hippocampus ... cerebral cortex

In excreted urine, a reliable "marker" that a pregnancy has initiated is _____. A) progesterone B) estrogen C) follicle-stimulating hormone D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the

hypothalamus.

35) Neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap is accomplished by

impulses causing the release of a chemical signal and its diffusion across the gap

The hypothalamus

includes neurosecretory cells that terminate in the posterior pituitary.

1) A simple nervous system

includes sensory information, an integrating center, and effectors

What is the role of ADH in water conservation by the kidneys?

increases reabsorption in distal tubules; osmolarity of the blood triggers the release of ADH; alcohol inhibits the release of ADH - leads to dehydration

Aspirin and ibuprofen both

inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins.

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is

insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism.

Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action?

insulin stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver

After eating a carbohydrate-rich meal, the mammalian pancreas increases its secretion of

insulin.

2) Most of the neurons in the human brain are

interneurons

A chemical signal operating in a paracrine manner is one that

is active at a neuronal synapse.

Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates that prolactin

is an evolutionarily conserved hormone.

Short-term and long-term memory are related but have important differences. Short-term memory _____.

is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them

22) The "threshold" potential of a membrane

is the minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

41) The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated by

its degradation by a hyrdolytic enzyme on the postsynaptic membrane

Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. What type of cell process occurs to generate this type of offspring? A) mitosis B) meiosis C) cell fusion

mitosis

23) Action potentials move along axons

more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons

osmosis

movement of water across selectively permeable membrane

71) Temporal summation always involves

multiple inputs at a single synapse

What is the term used to describe a countercurrent system in which energy is expended to establish a concentration gradient?

multiplier

For hormones that homeostatically regulate cellular functions,

negative feedback typically regulates hormone secretion.

Which category of signal exerts its effects on target cells by binding to membrane-bound receptor proteins?

neurohormones

The fundamental excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____.

neuron

The fundamental excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____. nephron cell body axon neuron dendrite

neuron

60) A chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles is

nitric oxide

A paracrine signal that relaxes smooth muscle cells is

nitric oxide.

Filtration of small molecules in the kidney is said to be nonselective. Explain.

non-selective because pressure forces all small molecules out of glomerulus

How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?

nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathway; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways ( Since they do not enter the cell, nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways.)

Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____.

organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next

Among mammals, the male and female genital structures that consist of erectile tissue include the _____. A) penis and clitoris B) vas deferens and oviduct C) testes and ovaries D) prostate and ovaries

penis and clitoris

The hypothalamus modulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary by means of

peptide hormones

20) The "selectivity" of a particular ion channel refers to its

permitting passage only to a specific ion

Suppose that substance X is secreted by one cell, travels via interstitial fluid to a neighboring cell, and produces an effect on that cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance except

pheromone.

Filtration

pressure filtering of body fluid

All of the following are involved in hormonal control of the male reproductive system except:

progesterone

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

prolactin ( Prolactin, secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production by the mammary glands.)

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are

prolactin and oxytocin.

Based on their effects, which pair below would not be expected to be active at the same time and place?

prostaglandin F and nitric oxide

What name is given to the opening that allows light into the interior of the eye?

pupil

Which part of the eye is the opening through which light initially passes?

pupil

proximal tubule

reabsorbs ions, water, and nutrients

The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact _____. spinal cord corpus callosum cerebellum medulla

spinal cord

Ecdysone is a(n)

steroid hormone.

8) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by

the dendritic membrane

68) What happens when a resting neuron's membrane depolarizes?

the neuron's membrane voltage becomes more positive

When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood,

the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster rate.

6) The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called

the synapse

Afferent Arteriole

delivers blood to the glomerulus

Parkinsonism is characterized by the loss of _____.

dopaminergic neurons

Parkinsonism is characterized by the loss of _____. serotonin neurons stem cells in the adult brain dopaminergic neurons cholinergic neurons adrenergic neurons

dopaminergic neurons

Parkinsonism is characterized by the loss of _____.

dopaminergic neurons.

Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because _____. they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake they sleep for only thirty minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep

they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake

The higher level of metabolic activity typical of nonhibernating temperate mammals during the winter months is due to increased secretion of

thyroxine.

Which of the following statements comparing watersoluble and lipidsoluble hormones is False? - Both types of hormones can be transported in the blood stream to their target sites. - The receptors for water soluble hormones are located on the cell surface (plasma membrane). - Both water soluble and lipid soluble hormones can alter the transcription of specific genes. - Only lipid soluble hormones bind to a receptor protein to initiate their response. - Lipid soluble hormones require the aid of a transport protein to reach their target tissue.

- Both water soluble and lipid soluble hormones can alter the transcription of specific genes.

Which of the following hormones undergoes positive feedback during labor? - estradiol - FSH - prolactin - LH - oxytocin

- oxytocin

49) Assume that a single IPSP has a negative magnitude of -0.5 mV at the axon hillock, and that a single EPSP has a positive magnitude of +0.5 mV. For a neuron with an initial membrane potential of -70 mV, the net effect of the simultaneous arrival of six IPSPs and two EPSPs would be to move the membrane potential to

-72 mV

Assume that a single IPSP has a negative magnitude of - 0.5 mV at the axon hillock, and that a single EPSP has a positive magnitude of + 0.5 mV. For a neuron with initial membrane potential is -70 mV, the net effect of the simultaneous arrival of 6 IPSPs and 2 EPSPs would be to move the membrane potential to A) -72 mV B) -71 mV C) -70 mV D) +69 mV E) +68 mV

-72 mV

B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

32) Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction? A) The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction. B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon. D) Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction.

A) the postsynaptic membrane

6) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by _____. A) the postsynaptic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies

A) slightly permeable to sodium ions

7) Although the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal membrane is also _____. A) slightly permeable to sodium ions B) fully permeable to calcium ions C) impermeable to sodium ions D) highly permeable to chloride ions

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? A) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells, while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell. B) Spermatogenesis results in one mature sperm cell, while oogenesis results in four mature egg cells. C) In spermatogenesis, mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once, while in oogenesis, mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice. D) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells, while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell. In spermatogenesis, mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once, while in oogenesis, mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice.

he primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body. B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles. C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles. D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation. E) most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles.

Which statement about human reproduction is correct? A) Fertilization occurs in the uterus. B) In humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis function best at normal, core body temperatures. C) A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.

Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of A) LH B) progesterone C) FSH D) prolactin E) estradiol

A) LH

37) The motor cortex is part of the ________.

A) cerebrum

Which of the following activities would be associated with the sympathetic division of the nervous system? A. fight-or-flight response B. decreased heart rate C. increased glycogen production D. rest and digestion E. release of acetylcholine

A. fight-or-flight response

People who suffer from inadequate iodine in the diet are unable to produce sufficient levels of this hormone to provide negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. A. thyroid hormone B. ACTH C. insulin D. thyroid releasing hormone E. thyroid stimulating hormone

A. thyroid hormone

52) Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by

All of these options are correct

What is the relationship between the type of nitrogenous waste an animal produces and its environment?

Ammonia: freshwater Urea: terrestrial, less concentrated form of ammonia Uric Acid: paste; sea water

An injury to the occipital lobe will likely impair the function of the _____. A) primary visual cortex B) thalamus C) sense of taste D) sense of touch

An organism that lacks integration centers _____. A) cannot receive stimuli B) will not have a nervous system C) will not be able to interpret stimuli D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons

_____ are the main male hormones.

Androgens

Based on the figure above, showing fetal (A) and adult (B) oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curves, which of the following conclusions is true? A) The mother binds oxygen with greater affinity than the fetus. B) Adult saturation occurs at lower partial pressures of oxygen than fetal saturation does. C) At 50 percent saturation, fetal blood will have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult blood will. D) As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, adult hemoglobin approaches saturation faster than fetal hemoglobin does.

At 50 percent saturation, fetal blood will have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult blood will.

The number of sodium ions entering the cell is equal to the number of potassium ions exiting the cell

At the resting potential

Which system controls smooth and cardiac muscles of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory systems?

Autonomic Nervous System

62) The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label

In the above figure, which letter points to the prostate gland? A) A B) B C) C D) D

The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label.

29) Use the figure to answer the following question. If a person suffered a stroke which damaged brain region B, what might be the expected outcome?

B) Higher-level integration of sensory inputs and motor outputs would be impaired.

Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because A. different target cells have different sets of genes B. a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways C. the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets D. the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system E. none of the above

B. a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways

Sexual reproduction A. allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions B. can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment C. guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring D. enables males and females to remain isolated while rapidly colonizing habitats E. yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction

B. can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment

Biological rhythms in animals isolated from light and dark cues _____. A) continue to have cycles of exactly twenty-four hours' duration B) continue to have cycles of approximately twenty-four hours duration; some more rapid, some slower C) synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is imposed on them D) cease having any rhythms

In the above figure, which letter points to the cervix? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Human sperm cells first arise in the A) prostate gland. B) vas deferens. C) seminiferous tubules. D) epididymis. E) Sertoli cells.

In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization offers the advantage that A) it is the only way to ensure the survival of the species. B) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction. C) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment. D) it permits the most rapid population increase. E) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability.

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) cerebrum C) cerebellum D) spinal cord

61) The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label

The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label.

What makes sexually reproduced offspring genetically different from their parents? A. crossing over during mitosis B. genetic recombination during mitosis C. Sexual reproduction does not produce genetically different offspring. D. genetic recombination during meiosis

The movement of the membrane potential from a value of -70 mV to a value of -60 mV would be termed a(n):

Depolarization

Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males? A. urethra B. vagina C. cervix D. oviduct E. uterus

The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland A) LH B) FSH C) Inhibin D) GnRH E) estradiol

D) GnRH

Which of the following is the correct sequence that occurs during the excitation and contraction of a muscle cell? 1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites. 2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex. 3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP. 5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane. A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 C) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 D) 5, 3, 1, 2, 4 E) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4

E) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4

The level of which hormone coordinates the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle? A) LH B) progesterone C) FSH D) prolactin E) estradiol

E) estradiol

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during A) determination B) cleavage C) fertilization D) induction E) gastrulation

E) gastrulation

Metamorphosis in the caterpillar is determined by? A) rising levels of ecdysone (ecdysteroid) and juvenile hormone (JH) B) decreasing levels of ecdysone C) low levels of ecdysone and JH D) low levels of ecdysone E) low JH levels

E) low JH levels

The different effect of the hormone epinephrine on the blood vessels of the intestines and skeletal muscle involve A) different signal transduction pathways B) varying levels of the hormone in the blood C) different receptors for the hormone D) all of the above E) only A and C

E) only A and C

The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which sequence of events is correct?

E. 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4

In the thyroid hormone cascade pathway, thyroid hormone exerts negative feedback on the A. hypothalamus B. posterior pituitary C. anterior pituitary D. both A and B E. both A and C

E. both A and C

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic or opposing actions are A. motor and sensory B. forebrain and hindbrain C. presynaptic and postsynaptic D. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system E. sympathetic and parasympathetic

E. sympathetic and parasympathetic

The diagram above depicts two neurons (I and II). The letter F (present in both cells) points to blank, while letter E points to blank

F - Synaptic Terminals E - The Cell Body

Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the _____. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata

Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the _____. A) thalamus B) cerebral cortex C) somatosensory cortex D) primary motor cortex

54) The major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the human brain is

GABA

57) An amino acid that operates at inhibitory synapses in the brain is

GABA

Some hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, and their abbreviations

In vertebrates, hormone production by the endocrine system is often controlled, either directly or indirectly, by the nervous system. Two endocrine glands in the brain, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, play central roles in integrating the nervous and endocrine systems. The hypothalamus receives input from nerves throughout the body and brain, and initiates a response via the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is made up of the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary, two separate glands that fuse together during development. Both the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary release a number of hormones that send signals throughout the body.

Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to _____. A) decreased heart rate B) increased secretion by the pancreas C) increased contractions of the stomach D) relaxation of the airways in the lungs

Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the _____. A) medulla oblongata B) thalamus C) pituitary D) cerebellum

Controlling blood glucose levels

Insulin and glucagon act together to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released. Insulin causes the liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen. Insulin also causes most cells in the body to take up glucose. As a result, blood glucose returns to its normal range. When blood glucose levels fall, glucagon is released. Glucagon causes the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood. As a result, blood glucose returns to its normal range.

Which of the following statements does not describe a vertebrate eye?

It contains many light-sensing columns called ommatidia.

All of the following hormones are involved in the uterine cycle except:

Prolactin

Which of the following hormones has a nontropic effect only?

Prolactin

Regulation of prolactin in lactating mammals

Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone that regulates milk production in lactating mammals. PRL production is controlled by hormones produced in the hypothalamus. In response to either the presence or absence of a specific stimulus, a signal is sent to the brain that triggers the hypothalamus to secrete either a releasing hormone or an inhibitory hormone. The flowchart below shows the pathways for PRL production and regulation. Prolactin (PRL) is an anterior pituitary hormone; as one of its many functions, PRL stimulates milk production in mammals. PRL is unusual in that it is generally under negative control by the hypothalamus, with hypothalamic dopamine inhibiting the release of PRL when there are no suckling young. In lactating mammals (those with nursing young), suckling (the stimulus) initiates nerves impulses that travel to the hypothalamus; the hypothalamus releases releasing hormones, including TRH; TRH, in addition to other functions, stimulates the anterior pituitary to release PRL; PRL travels in blood vessels to receptors in the mammary glands and triggers milk production (the response).

Which of the following activities would be associated with the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

Rest and digestion

Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells, while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell.

Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. Researchers are hopeful that these cells would alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by _____. A) preventing temporal lobe seizures B) repairing sites of traumatic brain injury C) replenishing missing ion channels D) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the lack of a filter blocking the passage of alcohol between the maternal and fetal circulations in humans? A) There has not been enough time to evolve such a barrier. B) Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the fetus. C) The maternal and fetal blood mix directly together in an area with many villi, so a barrier is impossible. D) Alcohol has some positive effects on the fetus, so evolution has resulted in an intermediate level of filtering that blocks all but the worst abuses of alcohol.

Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the fetus.

Explain how EPSPs can produce temporal and spatial summation of an action potential in a post-synaptic neuron. Explain how an IPSP may cancel the effect of an EPSP. Be sure to mention whether a depolarization or hyperpolarization is involved in each scenario.

Temporal summation is when two or more EPSPs occur in rapid succession to overcome the threshold potential via depolarization, resulting in an action potential. Spatial summation is when two or more EPSPs occur in close proximity to overcome the threshold potential via depolarization, resulting in an action potential. If an IPSP's hyperpolarization is equal to or greater than an EPSP's depolarization, then the EPSP's effect is canceled.

Explain how EPSPs can produce temporal and spatial summation of an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron. Explain how an IPSP may cancel the effect of an EPSP. Be sure to mention whether a depolarization or hyperpolarization is involved in each scenario.

Temporal summation is when two or more EPSPs occur in rapid succession to overcome the threshold potential via depolarization, resulting in an action potential. Spatial summation is when two or more EPSPs occur in close proximity Spatial summation is when two or more EPSPs occur in close proximity to overcome the threshold potential via depolarization, resulting in an action potential.

A primary response by the Leydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteinizing hormone is an increase in the synthesis and secretion of

Testosterone

72) Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?

The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Suppose researchers identified a mutation that caused hamsters to have no rhythmic activity. Also suppose you transplanted the SCN of wild-type hamsters into hamsters with this mutation. What result would you expect from this experiment, assuming that the SCN determines the period of the circadian rhythm? The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a period of about 24 hours. The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a period of about 20 hours. The recipients would have no rhythmic activity. The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a variety of periods ranging from 20 to 24 hours.

The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a period of about 24 hours.

The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus

The regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems are found in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) medulla oblongata

Which of the following statements about photoreception is true?

The retinal molecule changes shape when it absorbs light.

The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) epithalamus C) amygdala D) Broca's area

Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of animals. Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation in zebrafish. They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days post-hatching), juvenile (21-42 days post- hatching), and adult (over 200 days post-hatching) fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol (5, 25, and 100 nanograms/liter) that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries. They then examined the proportion of males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached adulthood. Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups. Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β-estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of females. (Brion, F., C. R. Tyler, X. Palazzi, B. Laillet, J. M. Porcher, J. Garric, and P. Flammarion. 2004. Impacts of 17β-estradiol, including environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-, juvenile-, and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217.) Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment. What is the significance of using the concentrations of 5, 25, and 100 ng/l of 17β-estradiol for the dose in this experiment? A) These concentrations are similar to those found in many animals. B) These concentrations are found in the environment. C) These concentrations are effective, yet not lethal to the fish. D) These concentrations are standard in toxicology assays.

These concentrations are found in the environment.

anhydrobiosis

adaptation of animals that can survive extended periods of desiccation in dormant state

58) The botulinum toxin reduces the synaptic release of

acetylcholine

44) An example of ligand-gated ion channels is

acetylcholine receptors at the neurmuscular junction

59) The heart rate decreases in response to the arrival of

acetylocholine

45) An example of the action of metabotropic receptors is when

acetylocholine-gated sodium channels open

53) The primary neurotransmitter from the parasympathetic system that influences its autonomic targets is

actetylcholine

19) Self-propagation and refractory periods are typical of

action potentials

Which of the following statements about endocrine glands and the hormones they produce is true? a. Antidiueretic hormone (ADH) produced by the anterior pituitary controls the body's metabolic rate b. Aldosterone produced by the adrenal glands controls the reabsorption of sodium ion s by the kidneys c. Prolactin produced by the posterior pituitary triggers contractions in the uterus during labor d. Erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidneys increases blood calcium levels

b. Aldosterone produced by the adrenal glands controls the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys The adrenal gland sits atop the kidneys and secrete a variety of hormones, including aldosterone, which controls the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys

How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones? a. nonsteroid hormones bind to a cell's DNA; steroid hormones do not bind to a cell's DNA b. nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways c. the action of nonsteroid hormones never affects gene expression; the action of steroid hormones always affects gene expression d. nonsteroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors; steroid hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors e. nonsteroid hormones are fat-soluble; steroid hormones are water-soluble

b. nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways

Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the _____. cerebral cortex limbic system basal nuclei brainstem

brainstem

________ are the main male hormones. a. Progesterones b. Mineralocorticoids c. Androgens d. Luteinzing hormones e. Estrogens

c. Androgens such as testosterone, are the main male hormones.

The cerebral cortex plays a major role in all of the following except

circadian rhythm.

Biological rhythms in animals isolated from light and dark cues _____. continue to have cycles of approximately twenty-four hours duration; some more rapid, some slower cease having any rhythms continue to have cycles of exactly twenty-four hours' duration synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is imposed on them

continue to have cycles of approximately twenty-four hours duration; some more rapid, some slower

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement? a. hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic function b. hormones are often regulated through feedback loops c. hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system d. hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function e. hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands

d. hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function

Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes? a. progesterone b. testosterone c. glucocorticoids d. luteinizing hormone (LH) e. estrogens

d. luteinizing hormone (LH) LH stimulates hormone production by both the ovaries and testes

Which molecules determine the tissue specificity of hormones? a. agonists b. hormone-response elements c. second messengers d. receptors

d. receptors Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and trigger a cellular response

Which type of hormone is lipid-soluble? a. Polypeptides b. Amino acid derivatives c. DNA d. Steroids

d. steroids Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble

For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan- breeding program. Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit. Refer to the paragraph on the orangutan breeding program. Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation right away? A) estradiol (estrogen) B) progesterone C) luteinizing hormone (LH) D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes?

luteinizing hormone (LH) ( LH stimulates hormone production by both the ovaries and testes.)

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to _____. A) nourish and protect the egg cell B) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred C) stimulate the development of the mammary glands D) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters

maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred

Sensory transduction in the auditory system is much like transduction of _____.

mechanosensory stimuli

Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the _____. thalamus cerebellum medulla oblongata pituitary

medulla oblongata

The regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems are found in the _____. cerebrum cerebellum thalamus medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated with the _____. cerebrum thalamus medulla oblongata cerebellum

medulla oblongata

The limbic system in the central nervous system sustains many vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with structures that process cues about _____. olfaction vision audition mechanosensation

olfaction

At the time of fertilization, the maturation of the human oogonium has resulted in _____. A) one secondary oocyte B) two primary oocytes C) four secondary oocytes D) four zygotes

one secondary oocyte

Dolphins can be awake and asleep at the same time because _____.

one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimming and breathing behaviors

Dolphins can be awake and asleep at the same time because _____. one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimming and breathing behaviors their spinal cord controls swimming and breathing without cortical input their cerebellum never needs cortical input to guide swimming they lack connections between the cerebral cortices and the muscles their hypothalamus coordinates swimming

one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimming and breathing behaviors

Dolphins can be awake and asleep at the same time because _____.

one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimming and breathing behaviors. [Dolphins really are half awake much of the time: while the right side of the brain sleeps, the left is active, and vice versa, in an alternating pattern.]

After eating a large meal, which nerves are most active in your digestive system? I) parasympathetic nerves II) somatic (motor) nerves III) sympathetic nerves only I only II only III only II and III

only I

Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as which of the following? I) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain II) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain III) functioning to cushion the brain IV) filling spaces between glial cells and neurons in the gray matter only II and IV only I and III only I, II, and III only II, III, and IV

only I, II, and III

only II and III

The reason that the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body is that

only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors.

16) Two fundamental concepts about the ion channels of a "resting" neuron are that the channels

open and close depending on stimuli, and are specific as to which ion can traverse them

Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____. organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next located in the thalamus and hypothalamus, respectively located in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, respectively located on the left and right sides, respectively, of the cerebellum dispersed along the ventral and dorsal, respectively

organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next

Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____.

organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next. [The sensory and motor parts of these cortices are topographically matched along the border of the frontal and parietal lobes, and are predictably arranged.]

DES is called an "endocrine disrupting chemical" because it structurally resembles, and interferes with, the endocrine secretions of the A) pancreatic islet cells.

ovaries.

Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males? A) urethra B) oviduct C) uterus D) vagina

oviduct

A pregnant woman comes into the hospital past her due date. The doctor decides it is time for the baby to be delivered. Before performing a cesarean section, the doctor wants to try to induce labor. Which of the following would she most likely inject? A) progesterone B) luteinizing hormone (LH) C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D) oxytocin

oxytocin

Linkage to membrane-bound receptor proteins on target cells activates the typical actions of the

pancreatic hormones.

The endocrine glands include the

parathyroid glands.

The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that _____. A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed with no extensive fluid flow out of the body, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation

the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed with no extensive fluid flow out of the body, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body

37) The release of acetylcholine from the terminal of a motor neuron is most directly linked to

the entry of calcium into the axon terminal

29) The primary means by which a neuron can communicate to a second neuron is by

the frequency of its action potentials

In a controlled experiment, researchers manipulate one variable at a time. What was the experimental variable in this study? the genotype of the transplanted tissue whether the SCN was part of the transplanted tissue the genotype of the host tissue whether the hamster's original SCN was removed

the genotype of the transplanted tissue

10) For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in

the hyperpolarization of the neuron

An inactivating mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in _____. A) the absence of secondary sex characteristics B) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy C) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium D) the absence of mammary gland development

the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy

Imagine that a woman is in the final week of her pregnancy. Her doctor gives her an injection of oxytocin. The likely result of this is that the pregnant woman would _____. A) stop secreting prostaglandins from the placenta B) undergo vigorous contractions of her uterine muscles C) increase the synthesis and secretion of progesterone D) be prevented from lactation

undergo vigorous contractions of her uterine muscles

Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the _____. A) vas deferens B) seminal vesicle C) urethra D) ureter

urethra

Hormones that promote homeostasis

usually operate as part of a negative feedback system

Two contraceptive methods that are generally irreversible and which block the gametes from moving to a site where fertilization can occur are _____. A) the male condom and female condom B) the male condom and oral contraceptives C) vasectomy and tubal ligation D) the diaphragm and subcutaneous progesterone implant

vasectomy and tubal ligation

C) equilibrium potential

10) The membrane potential in which there is no net movement of the ion across the membrane is called the _____. A) graded potential B) threshold potential C) equilibrium potential D) action potential

C) open and close depending on stimuli, and are specific as to which ion can traverse them

11) Two fundamental concepts about the ion channels of a "resting" neuron are that the channels _____. A) are always open, but the concentration gradients of ions frequently change B) are always closed, but ions move closer to the channels during excitation C) open and close depending on stimuli, and are specific as to which ion can traverse them D) open in response to stimuli, and then close simultaneously, in unison

D) D

12) The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label _____. A) A B) B C) C D) D

B) B

13) The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label _____. A) A B) B C) C D) D

A) A

14) The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label _____. A) A B) B C) D D) E

A) B

15) The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened at label _____. A) B B) C C) D D) E

D) E

16) The neuronal membrane is at its resting potential at label _____. A) A B) B C) D D) E

What is the likelihood of a person developing schizophrenia if the disorder affects his or her fraternal twin?

D) includes sensory information, an integrating center, and effectors

1) A simple nervous system _____. A) must include chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision B) includes a minimum of twelve effector neurons C) has information flow in only one direction: away from an integrating center D) includes sensory information, an integrating center, and effectors

Describe how renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) works to increase blood volume and pressure?

1) Blood pressure drops near the glomerulus 2) JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus) releases renin 3) Renin initiates chemical reaction to cleave plasma of angiotensinogen which converts to angiotensinogen II 4) Angiotensinogen II -raises blood pressure: decreases flow to kidneys 5)releases aldosterone (in distal tubules): increases reabsorption of Na+ and water

What are the four basic steps common to excretory systems that produce urine?

1) Filtration 2) Reabsorption 3) Secretion 4) Excretion

What are the two distinct regions of the mammalian kidney called, and which parts of the nephrons are found in each?

1)Renal Cortex - glomerulus is found here 2)Renal Medulla - loops of Hele found here

Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus testerone is an example of ____. 1 - An autocrine signal 2 - A paracrine signal 3 - An endocrine signal

1, 2 and 3

B) The membrane potential would increase.

17) If you experimentally increase the concentration of Na+ outside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential? A) The membrane potential would decrease. B) The membrane potential would increase. C) The membrane potential would be unaffected. D) The answer depends on the thermodynamic potential.

A) K+

19) Which of the following ions is most likely to cross the plasma membrane of a resting neuron? A) K+ B) Na+ C) Ca2+ D) Cl-

D) +62 mV

22) Opening all of the sodium channels on an otherwise typical neuron, with all other ion channels closed (which is an admittedly artificial setting), should move its membrane potential to _____. A) -90 mV B) 0 mV C) +30 mV D) +62 mV

A) action potentials

24) Self-propagation and refractory periods (states) are typical of _____. A) action potentials B) graded hyperpolarizations C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials D) threshold potentials

Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of animals. Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation in zebrafish. They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days post-hatching), juvenile (21-42 days post- hatching), and adult (over 200 days post-hatching) fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol (5, 25, and 100 nanograms/liter) that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries. They then examined the proportion of males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached adulthood. Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups. Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β-estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of females. (Brion, F., C. R. Tyler, X. Palazzi, B. Laillet, J. M. Porcher, J. Garric, and P. Flammarion. 2004. Impacts of 17β-estradiol, including environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-, juvenile-, and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217.) Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment. You are assigned to write the report to the Environmental Protection Agency, which needs to decide what level of 17β-estradiol to permit in sewage output. You do not want to make the level any lower than necessary, because it requires substantial additional money for the extra treatment of sewage. Given the data presented above, what level of 17β-estradiol would you suggest is safe to prevent feminization of fish? A) 2.5 ng/l B) 12.5 ng/l C) 25 ng/l D) 100 ng/l

25 ng/l

C) minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

25) The "threshold" potential of a membrane is the _____. A) lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce B) minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of action potentials C) minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels D) peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential

C) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons

26) Action potentials move along axons _____. A) more slowly in axons of large than in small diameter B) by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane C) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons D) by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions

B) prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential

27) A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to _____. A) prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential B) prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential C) prevent graded potentials D) increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules

A) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels

28) After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by _____. A) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels B) a decrease in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions C) a brief inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump D) the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels

B) sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

29) The "undershoot" phase of after-hyperpolarization is due to _____. A) slow opening of voltage-gated sodium channels B) sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels C) rapid opening of voltage-gated calcium channels D) slow restorative actions of the sodium-potassium ATPase

40) The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which sequence of events is correct?

3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4

B) its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles

3) The motor (somatic nervous) system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibers, because _____. A) it is electrically coupled by gap junctions to the muscles B) its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles C) its signals reach the muscles via the blood D) it is connected to the internal neural network of the muscles

D) thick, myelinated neurons

30) The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is observed in _____. A) thin, non-myelinated neurons B) thin, myelinated neurons C) thick, non-myelinated neurons D) thick, myelinated neurons

A) ligand-gated ion channels

46) Ionotropic receptors found at synapses are operated via _____. A) ligand-gated ion channels B) electrical synapses C) inhibitory, but not excitatory, synapses D) excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapses

B) acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

47) An example of ligand-gated ion channels is _____. A) the spreading of action potentials in the heart B) acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction C) cAMP-dependent protein kinases D) action potentials on the axon

How would the likelihood change if DNA sequencing revealed that the fraternal twins shared the genetic variants that contribute to the disorder? It would decrease to 8%. It would remain at 17%. It would increase to 48%. It would increase to 100%.

48%

D) hyperpolarize the membrane

48) Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to _____. A) act independently of their receptor proteins B) close potassium channels C) open sodium channels D) hyperpolarize the membrane

B) a spatial summation

49) Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron can also add together, creating _____. A) a temporal summation B) a spatial summation C) a tetanus D) the refractory state

A) the presynaptic membrane

5) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _____. A) the presynaptic membrane B) axon hillocks C) cell bodies D) ducts on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A) temporal summation

50) When two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) occur at a single synapse so rapidly in succession that the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential has not returned to the resting potential before the second EPSP arrives, the EPSPs add together producing _____. A) temporal summation B) spatial summation C) tetanus D) the refractory state

C) postsynaptic membrane

51) Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the _____. A) axonal membrane B) axon hillock C) postsynaptic membrane D) presynaptic membrane

D) I, II, III, and IV

52) Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by _____. I) initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells II) causing molecular changes in the cells III) affecting ion-channel proteins IV) altering the permeability of the cells A) I and III B) II and IV C) III and IV D) I, II, III, and IV

D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

53) The amino acid that operates at most inhibitory synapses in the brain is _____. A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A) acetylcholine

54) The botulinum toxin, which causes botulism, reduces the synaptic release of _____. A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A) acetylcholine

55) The heart rate decreases in response to the arrival of _____. A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

C) nitric oxide

56) A chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles is _____. A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open.

57) Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal? A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open. B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane. C) The postsynaptic cell produces an action potential. D) Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft.

B) increase K+ permeability

58) How could you increase the magnitude of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) generated at a synapse? A) increase sodium-potassium pump activity B) increase K+ permeability C) increase the influx of calcium D) All of the listed responses are correct.

C) No action potential results.

59) What happens if twice as many inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) as excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) arrive at a postsynaptic neuron in close proximity? A) A stronger action potential results. B) A weaker action potential results. C) No action potential results.

B) convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation

60) Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the synapse. If a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusc Onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen? A) paralysis of muscle tissue B) convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation C) decrease in the frequency of action potentials D) no effect

Which system controls smooth and cardia muscles of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory systems.

Autonomic nervous system.

The transmission of an action potential typically requires the cell membrane of this region of the neuron to reach threshold.

Axon Hillock

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur. A) When conditions for survival are favorable B) When conditions for survival are unfavorable C) When males and females find each other D) What conditions favor sexual over asexual remains a complete mystery

In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses. B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum. C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall. D) swept into the fallopian tube. E) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus.

54) For long-term potentiation to occur in the hippocampus, ________.

B) NMDA receptors must be unblocked so that they can respond to glutamate

1) Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows A) all types of asexual reproduction. B) all types of sexual reproduction. C) fission. D) fragmentation. E) parthenogenesis.

In excreted urine, a reliable "marker" that a pregnancy has initiated is A) progesterone. B) estrogen. C) follicle-stimulating hormone. D) chorionic gonadotropin. E) hypothalamic-releasing hormones.

On a submarine expedition to the ocean bottom, you discover a population of fish that are only female. What type of reproduction does this fish likely use. A) Sexual B) Budding C) Cloning D. Parthenogenesis

35) If a patient has an injury in the brainstem, which of the following would be observed?

D) an inability to regulate heart function

27) Use the figure to answer the following question. Which of the following region(s) arose developmentally from the hindbrain?

D) both C and E

19) Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function?

D) corpus callosum—communication between the left and right cerebral cortices

16) After eating a large meal, which branch of your nervous system is activated?

D) enteric

36) The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal ________.

D) gives rise to the cerebrum

50) Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the ________.

D) hippocampus

31) The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the ________.

D) hypothalamus

Action potentials move along axons A) more slowly in axons of large diameter than of small diameter B) by the direct action of acetylcholine on the axonal membrane C) by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane D) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons E) by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions

D) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons

47) Short-term and long-term memory are related but have important differences. Short-term memory ________.

D) occurs within the hippocampus and is essential for acquiring new long-term memories within the cerebral cortex

14) If a doctor attempts to trigger the patellar tendon reflex and a lack of response occurs, what are potential regions where pathology might exist? I) the brain II) the knee III) the spinal cord

D) only II and III

All of the following are involved in hormonal control of the male reproductive system except: A) testosterone B) LH C) inhibin D) progesterone E) FSH

D) progesterone

10) Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to ________.

D) relaxation of the airways in the lungs

58) Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. Researchers are hopeful that these cells would alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by ________.

D) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine

45) After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him, but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

D) the right parietal lobe

23) Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because ________.

D) they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake

Vertebrates have two major communication and control systems: the endocrine system and the nervous system. Choose the correct statement describing the coordination of these systems.

Epinephrine functions as a hormone in the endocrine system and as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system. *The same is true of norepinephrine. Read about adrenal hormones.

Exercise and emergency reactions include _____. A) increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions C) decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic divisions D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system

True or False? Lipid-insoluble hormones affect their target cells by binding to receptors inside the cell.

False Lipid-insoluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane and get into the cell, so they must bind to receptors on the cell surface and transduce their signals through signal transduction pathways.

True or false? For a signal transduction pathway to be activated, hormones must be present in the bloodstream at very high concentrations.

False Only low concentrations of hormones are needed in the bloodstream to activate a signal transduction pathway, which works by producing second messengers inside the cell that amplify the hormonal signal.

64) The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened at label

Animals that have external fertilization are most likely to reproduce in which of the following areas? A) Sand Dune B) Polar Ice Sheet C) Shallow Lake D) Tallgrass praire

Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of A) inhibin. B) luteinizing hormone. C) oxytocin. D) prolactin. E) vasopressin.

The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened at label

What is the correct sequence of events that would lead to a person hearing a sound? 1. transmission 2. transduction 3. integration 4. amplification A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 4, 2, 3 C) 2, 4, 1, 3 D) 3, 1, 2, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 2

C) 2, 4, 1, 3

5) After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

C) the right parietal lobe

Which statement about human reproduction is correct? A. Fertilization occurs in the uterus. B. In humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis function best at normal, core body temperatures. C. A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. D. The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. E. Formation of a mature oocyte requires fewer meiotic divisions than formation of a mature sperm cell.

C. A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. A) astrocytes — metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness B) oligodendrocytes — produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system C) radial glia — the source of immunoprotection against pathogens D) Schwann cells — provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons

The brain reward system _____. A) represents an emergent brain property that has arisen independent of natural selection B) is a reflex of the peripheral nervous primarily under autonomic control C) is housed in the thalamus and primarily regulates the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system D) utilizes the neurotransmitter dopamine and is affected by drug addiction

Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect _____. A) olfaction B) vision C) speech D) hearing

Wernicke's area _____. A) is active when speech is heard and comprehended B) is active during the generation of speech C) coordinates the response to olfactory sensation D) is found on the left side of the brain

In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf is raised from a vertical position to a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the front of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (on the back side of the thighs) are _____. A) both excited and contracting B) both inhibited and relaxed C) excited and inhibited, respectively D) inhibited and excited, respectively

What general trends does the graph reveal about the period of the circadian rhythm in transplant recipients? It was similar to that of the donor in wild-type hamsters but similar to that of the recipient in τ hamsters. It was similar to that of the donor, whether the recipient was wild-type or τ mutant. It was similar to that of the donor in τ hamsters but similar to that of the recipient in wild-type hamsters. It was determined by the genotype of the recipient.

It was similar to that of the donor, whether the recipient was wild-type or τ mutant.

How would the likelihood change if DNA sequencing revealed that the fraternal twins shared the genetic variants that contribute to the disorder?

It would increase to 48%.

13) A cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is

K+

Which area of the brain is most intimately associated with the unconscious control of respiration and circulation?

Medulla oblongata

The reason that the resting membrane potential of a neuron is closer to the Potassium energy than to Sodium energy is that the membrane has:

More open potassium ion channels than sodium ion channels

Structure and function of the human brain

The central nervous system consists of the spinal cord and the brain, which is one of the most complex organs in animals. On the diagram below, label the parts of the human brain and identify one function of each part of the brain. [The brain, part of the central nervous system, is the most complex organ in the human body. The brain has four major regions, each with specialized functions. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for thought, information processing, and memory. The diencephalon acts as an integrating center for sensory information and controls homeostasis. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance (e.g., hand-eye coordination). The brainstem, which is continuous with the spinal cord, functions in some autonomic responses and relays information to and from higher brain centers.]

Describe the two ways in which neurotransmission is terminated, as well as where specifically they take place.

Neurotransmission can be terminated by enzymatic breakdown of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft, or reuptake of the neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron.

One of the complications of Alzheimer's disease is an interference with learning and memory. This disease would most likely involve _____. A) changes in the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons B) changes in myelination of axons C) molecular and structural changes at synapses D) structural changes to ion channels in axons

One of the fundamental processes by which memories are stored and learning takes place _____. A) is related to changes in the degree of myelination of axons B) results in an increase in the diameter of axons C) results in a shift from aerobic to anaerobic respiration in neurons D) involves two types of glutamate receptors

Which of the following is most true of sexual reproduction? A) Only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females. B) Asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety. C) Sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction. D) Asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions.

Only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females.

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. A) a complete gut B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system

The cerebrospinal fluid is _____. A) a filtrate of the blood B) a secretion of glial cells C) cytosol secreted from ependymal cells D) secreted by the hypothalamus

The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by activity in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) medulla oblongata

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are _____. A) motor and sensory systems B) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems C) presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes D) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

The critical event that promotes the fusion of a vesicle with the presynaptic membrane is

The entry of calcium ions into the axon terminal

The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact _____. A) spinal cord B) corpus callosum C) cerebellum D) medulla

The limbic system in the central nervous system sustains many vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with structures that process cues about _____. A) olfaction B) vision C) audition D) mechanosensation

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than in the lining of the uterus. Usually it implants in the oviduct. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for such a pregnancy being unsuccessful? A) The orientation of the baby would be sideways. B) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) cannot be produced in the oviduct. C) The lining of the oviduct is unable to support the developing fetus. D) The necessary hormones cannot reach the developing fetus in the oviduct.

The lining of the oviduct is unable to support the developing fetus.

The motor cortex is part of the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) spinal cord D) medulla oblongata

Describe the key structural and functional differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

The parasympathetic system is active in times of rest, lowering blood pressure and heart rate and promoting digestion. The sympathetic system is responsible for the fight or flight response. It is active in stressful situations. i. The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system exit at the base of the brain and spinal cord. The sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit midway along the spinal cord. ii. The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system synapse with post ganglionic neurons in close proximity or within the structures they innervate. In contrast, sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with post ganglionic neurons in close proximity to the spinal column iii. While both preganglionic neurons of the para-and sympathetic systems release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, post ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system release acetylcholine while those of the sympathetic system release noradrenalin (norepinephrine). It is this difference neurotransmitter release that accounts for the functional differences between the two systems.

The peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) transmits information to and from the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a role in regulating an animal's movements and internal environment. Determine which of the following statements about the PNS are true. -Parasympathetic nerves are associated with the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord, whereas sympathetic nerves are associated with the thoracic and lumbar regions. - Neurons in the parasympathetic division release neurotransmitters that act on receptors that slow heart rat - Stimulating the organs of digestion is a parasympathetic response. -The sympathetic division of the PNS prepares the body for physical exertion in stressful situations. [The autonomic nervous system of the PNS regulates the body's internal environment. It consists of the parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division. The parasympathetic division controls "rest and digest" functions, whereas the sympathetic division controls "fight or flight" functions. This table lists some of the opposing actions of each division.] image - Parasympathetic & Sympathetic division

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____. A) axon hillock B) dendrite C) synapse D) glia

What result would you expect if you transplanted the SCN of τ hamsters into no-rhythmic-activity mutants? The recipients would have no rhythmic activity. The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a variety of periods ranging from 20 to 24 hours. The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a period of about 24 hours. The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a period of about 20 hours.

The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a period of about 20 hours.

What is the difference between an osmoconformer and an osmoregulator?

Osmoconformer: isoosmotic, no osmolarity regulation, marine animals Osmoregulator: expends energy, controls water uptake and loss in hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic environments

The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the _____. A) cartilage of the knee B) quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs C) hamstring muscles on the back side of the thighs D) brain, the sensorimotor relay

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) transmits information to and from the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a role in regulating an animal's movements and internal environment. Determine which of the following statements about the PNS are true. Select the four statements that are true. The sympathetic division amplifies the effects of the parasympathetic division. The sympathetic division of the PNS prepares the body for physical exertion in stressful situations. Neurons in the parasympathetic division release neurotransmitters that act on receptors that slow heart rate. Parasympathetic nerves are associated with the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord, whereas sympathetic nerves are associated with the thoracic and lumbar regions. Stimulating the organs of digestion is a parasympathetic response. The autonomic nervous system controls the action of skeletal muscle. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions consist of afferent neurons.

The sympathetic division of the PNS prepares the body for physical exertion in stressful situations. Neurons in the parasympathetic division release neurotransmitters that act on receptors that slow heart rate. Parasympathetic nerves are associated with the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord, whereas sympathetic nerves are associated with the thoracic and lumbar regions. Stimulating the organs of digestion is a parasympathetic response.

The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal _____. A) divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon B) develops from the midbrain C) is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates D) gives rise to the cerebrum

The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated with the _____. A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) medulla oblongata D) cerebrum

Overview of the vertebrate nervous system

The vertebrate nervous system can be organized into two main systems: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Which of the following terms and phrases describe structures or actions of the CNS? Which describe structures or actions of the PNS? [The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS processes information received from sense organs and initiates signals that produce responses in muscles and organs. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the neurons that are outside of the CNS. Afferent neurons transmit information to the CNS, whereas efferent neurons carry impulses from the CNS to a target organ. Both reflexes and voluntary movements result from the interaction of the CNS and PNS.]

Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in _____. sea stars cnidarians invertebrate animals with radial symmetry Planaria

Planaria

euryhaline

animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

A physician finds that a nine-year-old male patient is entering puberty much earlier than is usual. Such a condition is most likely the result of a tumor in the _____. A) hypothalamus, producing elevated levels of testosterone B) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of testosterone C) testes, producing elevated levels of estrogen D) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone

anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone

What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Insect hormones and their receptors

are a focus in pest-control research.

All hormones

are carried to target cells in the blood.

69) A common feature of action potentials is that they

are triggered by a depolarization that reaches the threshold

Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because _____. A) asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring B) sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time than can asexually reproducing organisms C) more genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually than is present in those that reproduce sexually D) asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce sexually

asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring

Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____.

association with a cell's plasma membrane -Since nonsteroid hormones do not cross a cell's plasma membrane, their receptors are located in association with the plasma membrane.

Participate in formation of the blood-brain barrier

astrocytes

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. astrocytes - metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness oligodendrocytes - produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system Schwann cells - provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons radial glia - the source of immunoprotection against pathogens

astrocytes - metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness

The transmission of an action potential (AP) typically requires the cell membrane of this region of the neuron to reach threshold.

axon hillock

51) Functionally, which cellular location is the neuron's "decision-making site" as to whether or not an action potential will be initiated?

axon hillocks

27) Immediately after an action potential passes along an axon, it is not possible to generate a second action potential; thus, we state that the membrane is briefly

refractory

Hypothalamus function

regulates both reproduction and body temperature

Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to _____.

relaxation of the airways in the lungs

Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to _____. increased secretion by the pancreas decreased heart rate relaxation of the airways in the lungs increased contractions of the stomach

relaxation of the airways in the lungs

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

releases enzyme renin when blood pressure drops near glomerulus

The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with _____. release of epinephrine into the blood resting and digesting intensive aerobic exercise increased metabolic rate

resting and digesting

What is the mechanism utilized by marine birds that allows them to survive on seawater as their source of drinking water?

salt glands remove excess sodium chloride from blood by counter current exchange

What name is given to the tough layer that forms the "white" of the eye?

sclera

Human sperm cells first arise in the _____. A) prostate gland B) vas deferens C) seminiferous tubules D) epididymis

seminiferous tubules

A thermosensory neuron in the skin converts heat energy to nerve impulses via a conversion called _____.

sensory transduction

Animals that have external fertilization are most likely to reproduce in which of the following areas? A) sand dune B) polar ice sheet C) shallow lake D) tallgrass prairie

shallow lake

Glucose homeostasis is maintained by 2 antagonistic hormones, insulin and glucagon. Select the correct statement about these hormones. a. each of these hormones operates in a simple neuroendocrine pathway b. the two hormones interact in a hormone cascade pathway c. each of these hormones operates in a simple endocrine pathway

c. each of these hormones operates in a simple endocrine pathway

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of ________ in response to stress. a. melatonin b. insulin c. gluccorticoids d. thymosin e. parathyroid hormone

c. glucocorticoids In response to stress, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is _____. a. progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation b. epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight or flight responses c. insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism d. oxytocin and prolactin in milk production e. thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance

c. insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism

11) Although the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal membrane is also

slightly permeable to sodium ions

Which of the following statements about the pituitary gland is false? a. it produces hormones that control the menstrual cycle b. the anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by blood vessels c. neurosecretory cells produce hormones that are stored in the anterior pituitary d. the posterior portion is an extension of the hypothalamus

c. neurosecretory cells produce hormones that are stored in the anterior pituitary neurosecretory cells produce hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary

12) The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves

sodium ions of of the cell and potassium ipns into the cells

osmolarity

solute concentration of solution, determines movement of water across membrane

Which hormone stimulates milk production? a. parathyroid hormone b. mineralocorticoids c. prolactin d. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) e. thymosin

c. prolactin Prolactin, secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates milk prduction by the mammary glands

Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

calcitonin

The body's reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), a reduction in plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by

calcitonin.

Sexual reproduction _____. A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment C) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats D) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring

can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment

As vertebrates evolved, the increasingly complex structure of the brain conferred increasingly complex function, especially apparent in the _____.

cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in nonhuman primates and cetaceans. [This region supports language, a very complex function, and other higher-level thinking processes.]

The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the human brain contain a filtrate of the blood, called _____. lymphatic fluid blood cerebrospinal fluid salivary fluid renal filtrate

cerebrospinal fluid

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the _____. cerebrum spinal cord cerebellum hypothalamus

cerebrum

osmoregulation

control of solute concentration and water gain and loss

47) When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example of

spatial summation

transport epithelia

specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movement

What do Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect?

speech

Endocrine glands in the human brain

structure, function, or regulation of either the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, or anterior pituitary. The pituitary gland is located at the base of the hypothalamus and is made up of two lobes. The posterior pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus. The hormones oxytocin and ADH are synthesized in the hypothalamus and travel along the long axons of neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary, which stores and releases the hormones. The anterior pituitary produces and secretes many hormones, including PRL (prolactin) and TSH, in response to signals from the hypothalamus.

peritubular capillaries

surround proximal and distal tubules

Bowmans Capsule

surrounds and receives filtrate from glomerulus

26) The "undershoot" phase of after-hyperpolarization is due to

sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the _____ nervous system parasympathetic sympathetic central somatic

sympathetic

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are _____. motor and sensory systems presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes central nervous system and peripheral nervous system sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____.

synapse

The eleven pairs of appendages projecting from the rostral area of star-nosed moles are _____.

tactile structures

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's _____.

target cell

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's

target cell.

48) When several IPSPs arrive at the axon hillock rapidly in sequence from a single dendritic location, hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic cell more and more and thus preventing an action potential, this is an example of

temporal summation

The adding together of EPSPs generated by a single presynaptic terminus is an example of ___

temporal summation

A primary response by the Leydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteinizing hormone is an increase in the synthesis and secretion of _____. A) inhibin B) testosterone C) oxytocin D) progesterone

testosterone

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of

the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine

True or false? Cone cells are color photoreceptors that use different retinal molecules to absorb different wavelengths of light.

false

ascending loop of Henle

filtrate becomes less concentrated active transport of NaCl out of loop

Which of the following aspects of eukaryotic reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals? A) sexual and asexual reproduction B) external and internal fertilization C) hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis D) fission and budding

fission and budding

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are _____. A) follicular → luteal → secretory B) menstrual → proliferative → secretory C) follicular → ovulation → luteal D) proliferative → luteal → ovulation

follicular -> ovulation -> luteal

The _____ is the region of the eye where photoreceptors are most highly concentrated.

fovea

Which part of the eye contains the densest concentration of cone cells?

fovea

Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows _____. A) all types of asexual reproduction B) fission C) fragmentation D) parthenogenesis

fragmentation

If two solutions differ in osmolarity, in which direction with water flow?

from lower (hypo osmotic) to high (hyper osmotic) concentration

The motor (efferent) part of the autonomic nervous system:

functions in the control of smooth and cardiac muscle

42) Adjacent neurons with direct (non-neurotransmitter) action potential transfer are said to have electrical synapses, based on the presence of

gap junctions at their point of contact

What makes sexually reproduced offspring genetically different from their parents? A) genetic recombination during meiosis B) genetic recombination during mitosis C) crossing over during mitosis D) Sexual reproduction does not produce genetically different offspring

genetic recombination during meiosis

The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal _____. gives rise to the cerebrum is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon develops from the midbrain

gives rise to the cerebrum

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of

glucagon.

During short-term starvation, most available fuel molecules are catabolized to provide energy for metabolism rather than being used as building blocks for growth and repair, a trade-off that is hormonally regulated by

glucagon.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress.

glucocorticoids ( In response to stress, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.)

A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is _____. A) estradiol B) progesterone C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely _____. A) cause sterility because sperm would not be produced B) cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body C) greatly reduce the volume of semen D) cause the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity

greatly reduces the volume of semen

Endocrine glands that are sources of steroid hormones

have a very short latency between steroid synthesis and steroid release.

Shortly after ingesting a big plate of carbohydrate-rich pasta, you measure your blood's hormone levels. What results would you expect, compared to before the meal?

high insulin, low glucagon

Which of the following structures are correctly paired? midbrain - cerebrum brainstem - anterior pituitary gland forebrain - cerebellum hindbrain - cerebellum

hindbrain - cerebellum

In adult humans, short-term memory relies on connections in the _____ whereas long-term memories appear to be based in the _____. thalamus ... hypothalamus hippocampus ... cerebral cortex selective addition of synapses ... selective addition of neurons addition of new neurons ... addition of new neurons hypothalamus ... cerebellum

hippocampus ... cerebral cortex

46) Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to

hyperpolarize the membrane

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

hyposecretion of TSH

Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in the _____. thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland cerebrum

hypothalamus

Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the _____. hypothalamus medulla oblongata thalamus cerebrum

hypothalamus

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____. thalamus hypothalamus cerebellum cerebrum

hypothalamus

The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the _____. thalamus cerebellum cerebrum hypothalamus

hypothalamus

The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the _____. Broca's area hypothalamus amygdala epithalamus

hypothalamus

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones?

hypothalamus

Exercise and emergency reactions include _____. increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic divisions increased activity in the enteric nervous system increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system

increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions

Upon witnessing a robber hold up a convenience store at gunpoint, which of the following reactions would your nervous system initiate? increased heartbeat decreased heartbeat constriction of pupils constriction of airways

increased heartbeat

18) A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by

increasing its membrane's permeability to K+

In mammals, the nuclei resulting from the union of the sperm and the egg are first truly diploid at the end of the A) acrosomal reaction B) completion of spermatogenesis C) initial cleavage D) activation of the egg E) completion of gastrulation

initial cleavage

5) The somatic nervous system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibers, because

its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles

31) Saltatory conduction is a term applied to

jumping ffrom one node of ranvier to the next in a myelinated neuron

To prevent insect pests from maturing into reproducing adults, pest controllers use synthetic agonists of

juvenile hormone.

What is the difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephron?

juxtamedullary nephron has a longer loop of Henle which allows more water reabsorption

If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from dehydration. ADH can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the

kidney

The _____ changes shape to focus light on the retina.

lens

Which part of the eye bends light to focus it on the retina?

lens

43) Ionotropic receptors are found at synapses operated via

ligand-gated ion channels

Emotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory, in humans, are mediated by the _____.

limbic system

Emotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory, in humans, are mediated by the _____. temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex cerebellum limbic system frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

limbic system

Emotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory, in humans, are mediated by the _____.

limbic system [controls various appetites and motivations in the brain]

Which of the following structures or regions is INCORRECTLY paired with its function? medulla oblongata - control of skeletal muscle contraction cerebellum - coordination of movement and balance limbic system - generation and experience of emotion hypothalamus - regulation of temperature, hunger, and thirst corpus callosum - communication between the left and right cerebral cortices

medulla oblongata - control of skeletal muscle contraction

For which of the following is the number the same in spermatogenesis and oogenesis? A) timing of meiotic divisions B) functional gametes produced by meiosis C) meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete D) different cell types produced by meiosis

meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete

Winter hibernation and spring reproduction in bears are cued by seasonal changes in the secretion of

melatonin from the pineal gland.

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are _____. A) follicular → luteal → secretory B) menstrual → proliferative → secretory C) follicular → ovulation → luteal D) proliferative → luteal → ovulation

menstrual -> proliferative -> secretory

In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table. The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the

metabolism of the uterus.

Immune cells in the CNS that protect against pathogens

microglia

28) An action potential can start in the middle of an axon and proceed in both opposite directions when

only the middle section of the acon has been artificially stimulated by an electrode

Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of _____. A) inhibin B) luteinizing hormone C) oxytocin D) prolactin

oxytocin

The increased contraction of the human uterus during labor and delivery is at least partially due to the actions of

oxytocin.

On a submarine expedition to the ocean bottom, you discover a population of fish that are only female. What type of reproduction does this fish most likely use? A) sexual B) budding C) cloning D) parthenogenesis

parthenogenesis

For water fleas of the genus Daphnia, switching from a pattern of asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction coincides with _____. A) environmental conditions becoming more favorable for offspring B) greater abundance of food resources for offspring C) periods of temperature or food stresses on adults D) exhaustion of an individual's supply of eggs

periods of temperature or food stresses on adults

In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the _____. peripheral nervous system central nervous system autonomic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system

peripheral nervous system

Addiction onset by cocaine and amphetamines is characterized by increased _____.

persistence of dopamine in the brain's synapses

Addiction onset by cocaine and amphetamines is characterized by increased _____. release of serotonin destruction of dopamine neurons hormone secretion from the hypothalamus persistence of dopamine in the brain's synapses motor paralysis

persistence of dopamine in the brain's synapses

Addiction onset by cocaine and amphetamines is characterized by increased _____.

persistence of dopamine in the brain's synapses. [Normally, dopamine is quickly removed from the synapses where it functions, but these addictive drugs delay dopamine removal, leading to increased influence of dopamine.]

Endocrine structures derived from nervous tissue include the

posterior pituitary gland and the adrenal medulla.

39) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) occurs in a membrane made more permeable to

potassium ions

32) The surface on a neuron that discharges the contents of synaptic vesicles is the

presynaptic membrane

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by the

presynaptic membrane

24) A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to

prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential

Tubal ligation _____. A) reduces the incidence of ovulation B) prevents fertilization by preventing sperm from entering the uterus C) prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra D) prevents oocytes from entering the uterus

prevents oocytes from entering the uterus

A vasectomy _____. A) eliminates spermatogenesis B) eliminates testosterone synthesis C) prevents implantation of an embryo D) prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra

prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra

Menopause is characterized by _____. A) the loss of responsiveness by the ovaries to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) B) a decline in production of the gonadotropin hormones by the anterior pituitary gland C) wearing away of the uterine endometrium D) a halt in the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the brain

the loss of responsiveness by the ovaries to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

9) In the communication between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle,

the motor neuron is considered the presynaptic cell and the skeletal muscle is the postsynaptic cell

Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____.

the nucleus and bind to DNA, where they affect transcription.

25) After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by

the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels

30) In the sequence of permeability changes for a complete action potential, the first of these events that occurs is

the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity?

the pancreas

Melatonin is secreted by

the pineal gland during the night.

70) Where are neurotransmitter receptors located?

the postsynpatic membrane

7) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by

the presynaptic membrane

Evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes _____. A) the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid D) the persistence of a vestigial penis among some of the females

the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate

The knee-jerk reflex has sensory neurons arising in the _____, interneurons in the _____, and efferent neurons that stimulate contraction in the _____.

quadriceps muscle ... spinal cord ... hamstring muscle

The knee-jerk reflex has sensory neurons arising in the _____, interneurons in the _____, and efferent neurons that stimulate contraction in the _____. bone ... stretch receptors ... quadriceps muscle patella ... brain ... gastrocnemius autonomic nervous system ... peripheral nervous system ... smooth muscles in the leg biceps ... olecranon process ... the cervical ganglion quadriceps muscle ... spinal cord ... quadriceps muscle

quadriceps muscle ... spinal cord ... quadriceps muscle

The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the _____.

quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs

The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the _____. brain, the sensorimotor relay hamstring muscles on the back side of the thighs quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs cartilage of the knee

quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____.

radial symmetry

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. a closed circulatory system a complete gut radial symmetry bilateral symmetry

radial symmetry

Loop of Henle

reabsorbs water

Reabsorption

reclaiming valuable solutes and water

Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (that is, near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would most likely_____. A) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones B) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis C) reduce the man's sexual interest D) increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidogenesis

reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis

Glucagon description

What happens if your blood glucose levels are low? Alpha cells in the pancreas release the hormone glucagon. Glucagon enters the bloodstream and acts on target cells in the liver. Glucagon binds to receptors on the liver signaling the liver cells to break glycogen down to glucose. Glucose is released and blood glucose levels increase. AS a result, less glucagon is released by the pancreas and blood glucose levels stabilize. This maintains homeostasis of blood glucose levels.

Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor? a. estrogen b. epinephrine c. cellulose d. oxytocin e. starch

a. estrogen Steroid hormones such as estrogen can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones? a. hypothalamus b. adrenal cortex c. thymus d. ovaries e. testes

a. hypothalamus The hypothalamus secretes both releasing and inhibiting hormones

an autocrine signal, a paracrine signal, and an endocrine signal.

If a patient has an injury in the brain stem, which of the following would be observed? auditory hallucinations an inability to regulate body temperature an inability to regulate heart function visual hallucinations

an inability to regulate heart function

In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X

an increase in A always produces an increase in X.

A fantasy movie features a caterpillar that never matures into an adult, but simply gets larger and larger with each molt. It might be possible that the caterpillar did not mature into an adult because of

an increased level of juvenile hormone.

49) The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the ________.

C) synapse

17) Opening all of the sodium channels, with all other ion channels closedwhich is an admittedly artificial settingon an otherwise typical neuron should move its membrane potential to

+62 mV

Synthesized in the hypothalamus, these hormones travel along the extended axons of neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary.

ADH and oxytocin

D) two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock

31) Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold, using an electronic probe, then _____. A) no action potential will be initiated B) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only in the normal direction toward the axon terminal C) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only back toward the axon hillock D) two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock

B) The membrane potential would become less negative.

33) If you experimentally increase the concentration of K+ inside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential? A) The membrane potential would become more negative. B) The membrane potential would become less negative. C) The membrane potential would remain the same.

C) Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon.

34) Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct? A) Action potentials for a given neuron vary in magnitude. B) Action potentials for a given neuron vary in duration. C) Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon. D) Movement of ions during the action potential occurs mostly through the sodium pump.

C) because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior

35) Why do Na+ ions enter the cell when voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons? A) because the Na+ concentration is much lower outside the cell than it is inside B) because the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump into the cell C) because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior D) because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump into the cell

C) The signal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels.

36) What would probably happen if a long neuron had one continuous myelin sheath down the length of the axon with no nodes of Ranvier? A) The action potential would be propagated nearly instantaneously to the synapse. B) There could be no action potential generated at the axon hillock. C) The signal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels.

B) Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin.

37) A neurophysiologist is investigating nerve reflexes in two different animals: a crab and a fish. Action potentials are found to pass more rapidly along the fish's neurons. What is the most likely explanation? A) The fish's axons are smaller in diameter; small axons transmit action potentials faster than large axons do. B) Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin. C) There are more ion channels in the axons of the crab compared with fish axons. D) Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin, and the fish's axons are smaller in diameter; small axons transmit action potentials faster than large axons do.

B) immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential

38) Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and ouabain blocks sodium-potassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect? A) immediate loss of resting potential B) immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential C) slow decrease of resting potential and action potential amplitudes D) No effect; the substances counteract each other.

C) only I and III

39) Which of the following will increase the speed of an action potential moving down an axon? I) Action potentials move faster in larger diameter axons. II) Action potentials move faster in axons lacking potassium ion channels. III) Action potentials move faster in myelinated axons. A) only I and II B) only II and III C) only I and III D) I, II, and III

C) synapse

4) The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____. A) axon hillock B) dendrite C) synapse D) cell body

B) only II

40) In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. How does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential? I) Action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon. II) Action potentials move more slowly along the axon. III) No action potentials are transmitted. A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

D) exocytosis

41) Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via _____. A) osmosis B) active transport C) diffusion D) exocytosis

B) a ligand-gated sodium channel

42) Acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it. This is an example of _____. A) a voltage-gated potassium channel B) a ligand-gated sodium channel C) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel D) a chemical that inhibits action potentials

A) potassium ions

43) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) occurs in a membrane made more permeable to _____. A) potassium ions B) sodium ions C) ATP D) all neurotransmitter molecules

C) 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4

44) The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which sequence of events is correct? A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 B) 2 → 3 → 5 → 4 → 1 C) 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4 D) 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 5

D) degradation on the postsynaptic membrane

45) The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated by its_____. A) diffusion across the presynaptic membrane B) active transport across the postsynaptic membrane C) diffusion across the postsynaptic membrane D) degradation on the postsynaptic membrane

B) Demyelination slows nerve impulse transmission.

61) The myelin sheath plays an important role in neuron structure and function. However, when the myelin sheath is missing or not fully intact, there are consequences. There are many conditions that cause demyelination of neurons, some are autoimmune disorders, such as multiple schlerosis, and others are hereditary. The symptoms of these conditions vary, but often include speech impairment and difficulty coordinating movement. Which of the following correctly connects the symptoms of demyelination with the process of nerve impulse transmission? A) Demyelination prevents the formation of an action potential in sensory neurons that transmit signals from the environment to the central nervous system. B) Demyelination slows nerve impulse transmission. C) Demyelination prevents the uptake of neurotransmitters needed to propagate a message to the next neuron. D) Demyelination targets the central nervous system.

A) The nerve impulse would go both directions from the stimulus point, but only the axon end could transfer the message trough neurotransmitters to another neuron.

62) What happens if a neuron is stimulated enough midway in an axon to trigger an action potential? A) The nerve impulse would go both directions from the stimulus point, but only the axon end could transfer the message trough neurotransmitters to another neuron. B) Since neuron transmission is one-way, the nerve impulse would only be transmitted to the end of the axon and then through neurotransmitters to the next neuron. C) The nerve impulse could not be transmitted because it must be initiated at the dendrite end of a neuron. D) The nerve impulse would go both directions and the dendrite end would be stimulated to send a second message through this neuron.

A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying

63) C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating reproduction, particularly egg-laying. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter, serotonin. That rescue suggests that this mutation is most likely in which of the following? A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying B) a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying C) a receptor for serotonin on cells needed for egg-laying D) one of the muscles needed for egg-laying

D) sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

8) The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves _____. A) sodium and potassium ions into the cell B) sodium and potassium ions out of the cell C) sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell D) sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

D) K+

9) In a resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is _____. A) Cl- B) Ca++ C) Na+ D) K+

The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label.

Describe in detail the way in which information is transmitted from one neuron to another across a chemical synapse.

A stimulus or other event causes an opening of sodium/potassium channels in the presynaptic membrane. This causes a graded potential to occur. If the membrane is depolarized sufficiently an action potential results. The AP usually begins at the axon hillock because the membrane at this location has the lowest threshold to generating the AP. The AP then travels down the axon to the presynaptic terminal. Depolarization of the neurotransmitter to fuse with the membrane of the presynaptic terminal. This causes the release of the transmitter into the synaptic cleft. The transmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds transiently with ligand gated channel proteins on the postsynaptic membrane. This causes these channels to open to both sodium and potassium and results in the generation of a graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane

Which one of the following is not an advantage of chemical messengers over electrical signals? A) Chemical molecules initiate faster responses. B) Chemical molecules can spread to all tissues. C) Chemical signals can persist longer. D) Different chemicals can target different tissues. E) All of the above are advantages.

A) Chemical molecules initiate faster responses.

Which of the following describes the functional controls of Wernicke's area? A) It is active when speech is heard and comprehended B) It is active during the generation of speech C) It coordinates the response to olfactory sensation D) It is active when you are reading silently E) It is found on the left side of the brain

A) It is active when speech is heard and comprehended

24) Emotional responses and memories are linked in which part of the brain?

A) amygdala

3) Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function.

A) astrocytes—promote blood flow and regulate ion concentrations

28) Use the figure to answer the following question. Which part of the brain, if damaged, would lead to a decrease in the release of brain derived hormones, such as oxytocin?

A) both A and D

The motor cortex is part of which part of the nervous system? A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) spinal cord D) midbrain E) medulla

A) cerebrum

The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of the cells narrower and longer, is A) convergent extension B) induction C) elongational streaming D) bi-axial elongation E) blastomere formation

A) convergent extension

41) If you were writing an essay, the part(s) of your brain that would be actively involved in this task is/are the ________.

A) frontal lobes

40) Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions?

A) frontal lobe—decision making

44) Patients with damage to Broca's area have difficulty ________.

A) generating speech

If blood glucose levels were to fall below 90 mg/100 ml you would expect levels of the hormone ________________ to increase and that of ________________ to fall. A) glucagon, insulin B) testosterone, estradiol C) insulin, glucagon D) ADH, prolactin E) acetylcholine, norepinephrine

A) glucagon, insulin

33) The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the ________.

A) hypothalamus

15) After narrowly escaping a mountain lion attack, which of the following reactions would your nervous system initiate?

A) increased heartbeat

42) Wernicke's area ________.

A) is active when speech is heard and comprehended

Which of the following structures or regions is INCORRECTLY paired with its function? A) limbic system - motor control of speech B) medulla oblongata - homeostatic control C) cerebellum - coordination of movement and balance D) corpus callosum - communication between the left and right cerebral cortices E) hypothalamus - regulation of temperature, hunger, and thirst

A) limbic system - motor control of speech

25) Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the ________.

A) medulla oblongata

Which of the following activities would be associated with the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? A) rest and digestion B) release of both acetylcholine and epinephrine C increased metabolic rate D) fight-or-flight response E) release of epinephrine only

A) rest and digestion

11) The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with ________.

A) resting and digesting

Which of the following sensory receptors function via hyperpolarization rather than depolarization? A) rod and cone cells B) organs of Corti C) proprioceptors D) all of the above E) none of the above

A) rod and cone cells

46) An injury to the temporal lobe will likely impair the function of the ________.

A) sense of hearing

The conversion of stimulus energy to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor cell is termed A) sensory transduction B) sensory adaptation C) sensory reception D) sensory conversion E) sensory isolation

A) sensory transduction

8) Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the ________ nervous system

A) sympathetic

53) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by ________.

A) the postsynaptic membrane

Which of the following is controlled by the magnitude of a receptor potential? A) the rate of production of an action potential B) the rate of reaction of the brain C) the rate of response to a sensory neuron D) perception E) adaptation

A) the rate of production of an action potential

During a stressful interval

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla.

After eating a large meal, which nerves are most active in your digestive system? I) parasympathetic nerves II) somatic (motor) nerves III) sympathetic nerves A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him, but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A) the left frontal lobe B) the right frontal lobe C) the left parietal lobe D) the right parietal lobe

Human sperm cells first arise in the A) prostate gland B) vas deferens C) seminiferous tubules D) epididymis E) Sertoli cells

C) seminiferous tubules

Which of the following statements comparing spermatogenesis and oogenesis is (are) FALSE? A) Only in spermatogenesis do all four products of meiosis develop into mature gametes. B) Oogenesis can produce mature eggs in a continuous sequence, whereas spermatogenesis has long interruptions. C) Spermatogenesis, including the mitotic divisions of stem cells, occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood. D) All of the above are true statements. E) All of the above are false statements.

B) Oogenesis can produce mature eggs in a continuous sequence, whereas spermatogenesis has long interruptions.

Sexual reproduction A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment C) yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction D) enables males and females to remain isolated while rapidly colonizing habitats E) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring

B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment

30) Movement and balance are monitored by activity in the ________.

B) cerebellum

Which of the following coordinates muscle actions? A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata

B) cerebellum

51) Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the ________.

B) cerebral cortex

22) Biological rhythms in animals isolated from light and dark cues ________.

B) continue to have cycles of approximately 24 hours' duration; some more rapid, some slower

Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the A) nucleus B) cytoskeleton C) extracellular matrix D) transport proteins E) nucleolus

B) cytoskeleton

1) Activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

B) enhances digestion

21) Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in the ________.

B) hypothalamus

9) Exercise and reactions to exciting stimuli include ________.

B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions

2) Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function?

B) medulla oblongata—homeostatic control

12) In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the ________.

B) peripheral nervous system

2) The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the ________.

B) quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs

48) One of the fundamental processes by which memories are stored and learning takes place ________.

B) results in an increase in the diameter of axons

23. Though the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal membrane is A) fully permeable to sodium ions B) slightly permeable to sodium ions C) fully permeable to calcium ions D) impermeable to sodium ions E) highly permeable to chloride ions

B) slightly permeable to sodium ions

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic or opposing actions are A) motor and sensory B) sympathetic and parasympathetic C) presynaptic and postsynaptic D) forebrain and hindbrain E) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

B) sympathetic and parasympathetic

7) The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are ________.

B) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

52) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by ________.

B) the presynaptic membrane

In a resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is _____. A. Cl- B. K+ C. Na+ D. Ca++ E. all of the above are equally abundant in the cytosol

B. K+

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to _____. A. nourish and protect the egg cell B. maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred C. stimulate the development of the mammary glands D. raise estrogen levels prior to ovulation E. initiate ovulation

B. maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred

Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that _____. A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations B) schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states C) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment D) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines

Which of the following is a challenge to the hypothesis that bats, which produce an unusually large number of sperm, increase the probability of conception when females engage in multiple matings? I) Female bats can eject the sperm of certain males after mating. II) A female can actively choose which male mates with her last, thus increasing the odds of conception with that male's sperm. A) Only I is correct. B) Only II is correct. C) Both I and II are correct.

Both I and II are correct.

39) Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect ________.

C) speech

Which of the following statements comparing water soluble and lipid soluble hormones is TRUE? A) Water soluble hormones require the aid of a transport protein to reach their target tissue. B) Only water soluble hormones bind to a receptor protein to initiate their response. C) Both types of hormones travel in the blood stream to their target sites. D) Only water soluble hormones can alter the transcription of specific genes. E) Both types initially bind to cell-surface receptors before entering the cytoplasm.

C) Both types of hormones travel in the blood stream to their target sites.

26) Use the figure to answer the following question. Control of respiration and circulation are associated with the ________.

C) C

Which of the following statements concerning type II diabetes is TRUE? A) This form of diabetes usually appears during childhood. B) This form of diabetes results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by the immune system. C) Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease. D) Fewer than 10% of people with diabetes have type II E) All of the above are true statements.

C) Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease.

18) Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in ________. I) mammals II) cnidarians III) Planaria IV) sea stars

C) I and III

Prior to long-term potentiation, glutamate release into the synaptic cleft (gap) opens the NMDA glutamate receptors, but ion movement through the channel is blocked by A) Ca2+ B) Na+ C) Mg2+ D) K+ E) stored AMPA receptors

C) Mg2+

38) In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted cerebral cortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have ________.

C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei

The middle ear converts A) pressure waves to hair cell movements B) fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses C) air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves D) fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves E) air pressure waves to nerve impulses

C) air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which A) the parent organisms separates into two individuals of approximately equal size B) individual arise from outgrowths of existing ones C) an egg develops without being fertilized D) the body breaks into several pieces E) the regrowth of a lost body part occurs

C) an egg develops without being fertilized

In this type of signaling, secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them. A) endocrine B) paracrine C) autocrine D) synaptic E) neuroendocrine

C) autocrine

Meroblastic cleavage occurs in A) sea urchins, but not humans or birds. B) humans, but not sea urchins or birds. C) birds, but not sea urchins or humans. D) both sea urchins and birds, but not humans. E) both humans and birds, but not sea urchins.

C) birds, but not sea urchins or humans.

34) Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the ________.

C) brainstem

20) In humans, control of balance and coordinated movements are associated with increased activity in the ________.

C) cerebellum

55) Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving the ________.

C) chemicals involved in brain communications

4) The cerebral cortex does not play a major role in

C) circadian rhythm.

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds as follows: A) gastrulation → organogenesis → cleavage B) ovulation → gastrulation → fertilization C) cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis D) gastrulation → blastulation → neurulation E) preformation → morphogenesis → neurulation

C) cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis

13) Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with ________.

C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

Assume that successful reproduction in a rare salamander species, wherein all individuals are females, relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species but that the resulting embryos show no signs of a genetic contribution from the sperm. In this case, the sperm appear to be used only for A) morphogenesis B) epigenesis C) egg activation D) cell differentiation E) the creation of a diploid cell

C) egg activation

1) In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf is raised from a vertical position to a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the front of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (on the back side of the thighs) are ________.

C) excited and inhibited, respectively

43) When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would ________.

C) have greatly altered emotional responses

32) Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the ________.

C) hypothalamus

The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of a A) voltage-gated sodium channel B) voltage-gated potassium channel C) ligand-gated sodium channel D) second-messenger-gated sodium channel E) chemical that inhibits action potentials

C) ligand-gated sodium channel

57) One of the complications of Alzheimer's disease is an interference with learning and memory. This disease would most likely involve ________.

C) molecular and structural changes at synapses

6) Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as which of the following? I) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain II) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain III) functioning to cushion the brain IV) filling spaces between glial cells and neurons in the gray matter

C) only I, II, and III

17) The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have ________.

C) radial symmetry

Which of the following statements comparing water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones is TRUE? A. Only water-soluble hormones bind to a receptor protein to initiate their response. B. Water-soluble hormones require the aid of a transport protein to reach their target tissue. C. Both types of hormones can be transported in the blood stream to their target sites. D. Only water-soluble hormones can alter the transcription of specific genes. E. Both types of hormones initially bind to cell-surface receptors before entering the cytoplasm.

C. Both types of hormones can be transported in the blood stream to their target sites.

Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males?

C. Oviduct

Which of the following statements comparing spermatogenesis and oogenesis is (are) TRUE? A. Only in oogenesis do all four products of meiosis develop into mature gametes. B. Oogenesis can produce mature eggs in a continuous sequence, whereas spermatogenesis has long interruptions. C. Spermatogenesis, including the mitotic divisions of stem cells, occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood. D. All of the above are true statements. E. Both A and B are true statements.

C. Spermatogenesis, including the mitotic divisions of stem cells, occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood

C. Spermatogenesis, including the mitotic divisions of stem cells, occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood.

Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common _____. A. the building blocks from which they are synthesized B. their solubility in cell membranes C. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream D. their reliance on signal transduction in the cell E. all of the above

C. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream

C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating nervous system development with all 302 of its neurons and their effectors categorized. Interesting control mechanisms have been investigated with reproduction, particularly with egg-laying in the nematode. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter, serotonin. That rescue suggests that the mutation is most likely in which of the following? A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying B) a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying C) a receptor for serotonin on cells needed for egg-laying D) one of the muscles needed for egg-laying

Threshold stimuli are those which are strong enough to:

Cause a net influx of positively charged sodium ion from outside to inside the cell

Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in the _____. A) pituitary gland B) hypothalamus C) cerebrum D) thalamus

Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in _____. A) cnidarians B) Planaria C) sea stars D) invertebrate animals with radial symmetry

The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the human brain contain a filtrate of the blood, called _____.

Cerebrospinal fluid [The arterial blood in the brain forms a filtrate that makes up the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which drains into the venous circulation.]

Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as which of the following? I) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain II) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain III) functioning to cushion the brain IV) filling spaces between glial cells and neurons in the gray matter A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and III D) only II, III, and IV

Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold, using an electronic probe, then A) no action potential will be initiated B) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only in the normal direction toward the axon terminal C) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only back toward the axon hillock D) two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock E) an action potential will be initiated, but it will die out before it reaches the axon terminal

D) two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock

3) Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty

D) understanding language.

59) The brain reward system ________.

D) utilizes the neurotransmitter dopamine and is affected by drug addiction

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials takes place A) within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells B) as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds C) as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron D) when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons E) within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes

D) when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons

5) Axons are especially abundant in the ________.

D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord

Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal? A. Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft. B. The postsynaptic cell membrane becomes hyperpolarized. C. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane. D. Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open. E. The postsynaptic cell produces an action potential.

D. Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open.

A disease that destroys the adrenal cortex should lead to an increase in the plasma levels of _____. A. acetylcholine B. glucocorticoid hormones C. epinephrine D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E. estradiol

D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A disease that destroys the adrenal cortex should lead to an increase in the plasma levels of _____. A. estradiol B. epinephrine C. acetylcholine D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E. glucocorticoid hormones

D. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The left and right hemispheres of the brain are able to communicate with each other due to A. basal nuclei B. cerebrospinal fluid C. cerebellum D. corpus callosum

D. corpus callosum

Because the hormone ecdysone causes both molting and metamorphosis in the caterpillar to a butterfly, what determines when metamorphosis takes place? A. rising levels of ecdysone B. decreasing levels of ecdysone C. high levels of juvenile hormone (JH) D. low JH levels E. both A and C

D. low JH levels

This type of secreted signalling molecule does not alter the physiology of the animal producing the molecule. A. autocrine B. synaptic C. neuroendocrine D. pheromone E. paracrine

D. pheromone

The diagram above depicts two neurons (i and ii ). The letter C points to _____________ while the letter B points to the _____________

Dentrites, the axon hillock

Postsynaptic potentials: A. directly result from the opening of voltage-gated ion channels B. may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing C. may be summed D. B and C E. A, B and C

E. A, B and C

Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (that is, near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would most likely_____. A. reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones B. increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of spermatogenesis C. increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidogenesis D. reduce the man's sexual interest E. reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis

E. reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis

Insulin description

Hormones produced by the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are high, glucose molecules leave the blood and enter beta cells in the pancreas. The beta cells respond by releasing the hormone insulin. Insulin enters the bloodstream and is transported to cells all over the body. In the liver, insulin binds to receptors. This causes the cells to take in more glucose. Inside the liver cells, glucose is converted to glycogen, a storage molecule. Blood glucose levels decrease as glucose is taken up by liver cells and other body cells. As a result, less and less insulin is released and blood glucose levels stabilize. This is an example of how negative feedback maintains homeostasis.

The movement of the membrane potential from a value of -70 mV to a value of -80 mV would be termed a

Hyperpolarization

Releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by nerve cells of the ______ regulate hormones released by the _____.

Hypothalamus; Anterior Pituitary

Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with _____. A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems B) decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the _____. A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by _____. A) the postsynaptic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _____. A) the dendritic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies

Diabetes description

In diabetes, the body is unable to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels. In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system, and so no insulin is produced. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin but target cells do not take up glucose. In both types of diabetes, when blood glucose levels rise, cells do not take up the additional glucose and so blood glucose remains high.

In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted neocortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have _____. A) a more advanced cerebellum B) a cerebellum with several flat layers C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei D) microvilli to increase the brain's surface area

Diabetes: Disrupting blood glucose homeostasis

In people with diabetes mellitus, the body is unable to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose. -In type 1 diabetes, the immune system destroys most of the beta cells of the pancreas. Little or no insulin is produced. As a result, blood glucose levels remain elevated for a longer period than in healthy individuals. -In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces sufficient insulin. However, the body's target cells do not respond to insulin effectively. As a result, blood glucose levels remain elevated for a longer period than in healthy individuals. Because glucose levels remain high, the pancreas continues to release insulin -- this is why insulin levels are also higher than in healthy individuals. -Chronic disruption of glucose homeostasis has serious effects, particularly for the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and eyes. In the U.S., diabetes is a major cause of blindness and the seventh most common cause of death.

The brain's white matter consists of:

Myelinated Axons

Produce the myelin sheaths that surround axons in the PNS

Schwann Cells

The thick, yellowish and alkaline fluid produced by these accessory glands constitutes approximately 60% of the volume of semen

Seminal Vescicles

Short-term and long-term memory are related but have important differences. Short-term memory _____. A) involves temporary links formed in the cerebral cortex while long-term memory involves permanent connections within the hippocampus B) and long-term memory store information in the cerebellum but use different neurotransmitters C) is essential for acquiring and retaining long-term memories D) is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them

Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the _____. A) brainstem B) medulla C) hypothalamus D) hippocampus

What do Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect?

Speech

What can you conclude about the role of the SCN in determining the period of the circadian rhythm? The SCN determines the period of the circadian rhythm. The SCN determines the period of the circadian rhythm in τ hamsters but not wild-type hamsters. The SCN determines the period of the circadian rhythm in wild-type hamsters but not τ hamsters. The SCN does not determine the period of the circadian rhythm.

The SCN determines the period of the circadian rhythm.

The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with _____. A) resting and digesting B) release of epinephrine into the blood C) increased metabolic rate D) intensive aerobic exercise

Malfunction in a control pathway for prolactin

Suppose that a woman had to have part of her thyroid gland surgically removed. She would most likely suffer from a condition known as hypothyroidism due to too little thyroid function. Predict how this woman's hypothyroidism would affect prolactin levels in her body. A: Thyroid hormones levels decrease, TRH levels increase, and PRL levels increase. Surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid can result in hypothyroidism, or undersecretion of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Thyroid hormones have a negative feedback effect on the production of thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) by the hypothalamus: When T3 and T4 levels decrease, TRH levels increase. TRH has a stimulatory effect on the anterior pituitary's production of both thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL). Therefore, when thyroid hormone levels decrease, TRH levels increase, stimulating the secretion of PRL. When hypothyroidism causes an increased level of prolactin in the blood, a condition known as hyperprolactinemia may result. Symptoms can include abnormal menstrual cycles and infertility (in women), sexual dysfunction (in men), and headache (in both women and men). Many types of cells have prolactin receptors, and few patients with hyperprolactinemia produce milk.

You decide to study two species of birds, both of which form monogamous pairs (one male and one female). In species 1, you find that the eggs in a pair's nest are in fact almost always the offspring of that pair. In species 2, you are surprised to find that many of the eggs in a nest were actually fathered by males of neighboring pairs. Apparently, mating outside of monogamous pairings is widespread in species 2. Given this information, what would be the logical prediction to make before comparing testes size of males of the two species? A) Testes of species 1 are larger than testes of species 2. B) Testes of species 2 are larger than testes of species 1. C) There is no relationship between this observation and the size of testes.

Testes of species 2 are larger than testes of species 1.

In 20% of the hamsters, there was no restoration of rhythmic activity following the SCN transplant. Can you be confident of your conclusion about the role of the SCN based on data from 80% of the hamsters? Why or why not? No. The most likely explanation is that the SCN does not control the circadian rhythm in hamsters. No. A failure rate of 20% is much too high in any experiment. Yes. Because 80% is much higher than 20%, the result is reliable. Yes. The data from 80% of the hamsters are very consistent. In the other 20%, the transplanted SCN may not have established functional connections with the recipient's brain.

Yes. The data from 80% of the hamsters are very consistent. In the other 20%, the transplanted SCN may not have established functional connections with the recipient's brain.

The cerebrospinal fluid is _____. a filtrate of the blood a secretion of glial cells secreted by the hypothalamus cytosol secreted from ependymal cells

a filtrate of the blood

) During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by oxytocin. This is an example of

a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop.

The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in

a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus.

C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating nervous system development with all 302 of its neurons and their effectors categorized. Interesting control mechanisms have been investigated with reproduction, particularly with egg-laying in the nematode. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter, serotonin. That rescue suggests that the mutation is most likely in which of the following? one of the muscles needed for egg-laying a receptor for serotonin on cells needed for egg-laying a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying

a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying

4) In certain large animals, this type of neuron can extend beyond 1 meter in length.

a sensory neuron

Among non-mammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as _____. A) a specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males B) a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems C) a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes D) a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening

a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive system

Asexual reproduction results in greater reproduction success than does sexual reproduction when _____. A) pathogens are rapidly diversifying B) there is some potential for rapid overpopulation C) a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings D) a species is in stable and favorable environments

a species is in stable and favorable environments

In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become _____. A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall D) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus

a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum

Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in ______. a. the nucleus b. lysosomes c. vesicles d. the cytoplasm e. the plasma membrane

a the nucleus Steroid hormone-receptor complexes bind to DNA, where they affect transcription

Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone? a. calcitonin b. insulin c. thyroxide d. thymosin e. glucagon

a. calcitonin Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels; calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels

Select the example that accurately illustrates this statement. "The endocrine and nervous systems act together to regulate an animal's physiology." a. The hypothalamus receives information from hormones throughout the body and brain. In response, it initiates nervous signaling appropriate to environmental conditions. b. In response to stress, neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which mediate various fight-or-flight responses. c. Signals to the brain stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete a hormone that stimulates or inhibits release of a particular posterior pituitary hormone. The posterior pituitary hormone then acts on a target endocrine tissue to stimulate secretion of another hormone.

b. In response to stress, neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which mediate various fight-or-flight responses. The secretory cells of the adrenal medulla derive from neural tissue during embryonic develoment

Gigantism, a condition characterized by exceptionally rapid growth, is sometimes caused by a tumor that induces the gland in which it develops to overproduce a certain hormone. Where would such a tumor be expected to grow? a. Adrenal glands b. Pituitary glands c. Pancreas d. thyroid glands

b. Pituitary glands Since the anterior pituitary produces growth hormone (GH), which has growth-stimulating effects throughout the body, a tumor of the anterior pituitary could produce gigantism

Which of the following is a structure that allows hormone-receptor complexes to bind to specific DNA sequences? a. hormone-response element (HRE) b. Zinc finger c. Promoter d. enhancer

b. Zinc finger A zinc finger is a distinctive DNA-binding domain on some hormone receptors that is exposed when hormone-receptor complexes are formed

Growth factors are local regulators that ______. a. are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth b. bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells c. convey messages between nerve cells d. are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division e. are produced by the anterior pituitary

b. bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells

What is the role of cAMP in the signal transduction pathway activated by epinephrine? a. it catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose b. it binds to and activates protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates other enzymes c. it activates adenylul cyclase d. it binds to the receptor protein on a target cell

b. it binds to and activates protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates other enzymes cAMP binds to and activates protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates other enzymes in the signal transduction pathway

Which hormone promtes water retention by the kidneys? a. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) b. prolactin c. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) d. melatonin e. glucagon

c. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) A diuretic promotes water loss; thus it makes snese that ADH (secreted by anterior pituitary) promotes water conservation

Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function? limbic system - motor control of speech cerebellum - homeostatic control medulla oblongata - emotional memory corpus callosum - communication between the left and right cerebral cortices

corpus callosum - communication between the left and right cerebral cortices

How is the production of hormones such as thyroxine and estrogen regulated? a. hormones produced in the hypothalamus act on the thyroid gland and ovaries to stimulate or inhibit the production of these hormones b. the anterior pituitary directs the hypothalamus to produce hormones that then stimulate or inhibit the production of these hormones c. the hypothalamus directs the posterior pituitary to produce hormones that then stimulate or inhibit the production of these hormones d. the hypothalamus directs the anterior pituitary to produce hormones that then stimulate or inhibit the production of these hormones

d. the hypothalamus directs the anterior pituitary to produce hormones that then stimulate or inhibit the production of these hormones The hypothalamus directs the anterior pituitary to produce hormones that regulate other hormones in a variety of endocrine organs, including the thyroid gland and ovaries

What is the function of endocrine glands? a. they release enzymes into the bloodstream through ducts b. they are the targets of hormones c. they release hormones into a space other than the circulatory system by means of ducts d. they release hormones into the bloodstream for distribution around the body

d. they release hormones into the bloodstream for distribution around the body Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream for distribution to distant cells in the body.

Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with _____. decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

67) Assume that excessive consumption of ethanol increases the influx of negative chloride ions into "common sense" neurons whose action potentials are needed for you to act appropriately and not harm yourself or others. Thus, any resulting poor decisions associated with ethanol ingestion are likely due to

decreased membrane depolarization of "common sense" neurons

50) Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the

dendritic membrane

A male's primary sex characteristics include _____. A) deepening of the voice at puberty B) development of the seminal vesicles and associated ducts C) elongation of the skeleton prior to puberty D) onset of growth of facial hair at puberty

development of the seminal vesicles and associated ducts

Which endocrine disorder is correctly matched with the malfunctioning gland?

diabetes insipidus and the posterior pituitary gland

Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by _____. A) increasing the body temperature B) providing access to water for external fertilization C) increasing ambient temperature most favorable for sex D) direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms

direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms

The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of _______. a. how peptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than steroid hormones b. homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones c. competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor d. homeostasis achieved by positive feedback e. an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems

e. an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems

Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____. a. the extracellular fluid b. the cytoplasm c. the nucleus d. the cytosol e. association with a cell's plasma membrane

e. association with a cell's plasma membrane Since nonsteroid hormones do not cross a cell's plasma membrane, their receptors are located in association with the plasma membrane

Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight or flight" response to danger? a. insulin and glucagon b. thyroxine and calcitonin c. androgens and estrogens d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin e. epinephrine and norepinephrine

e. epinephrine and norepinephrine These hormones, secreted by the adrenal medulla, are responsible for the "Fight or flight" response

Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone? a. estrogen b. testosterone c. both estrogen and testosterone d. oxytocin e. epinephrine and oxytocin

e. epinephrine and oxytocin

Shortly after ingesting a big plate of carbohydrate-rich pasta, you measure your blood's hormone levels. What results would you expect compared to before your meal? a. low insulin, no change in glucagon b. low insulin, high glucagon c. low insulin, low glucagon d. high insulin, high glucagon e. high insulin, low glucagon

e. high insulin, low glucagon

The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slow is that _________. a. they are produced at very low concentrations b. acting via a signal transduction pathway makes for slower responses than does directly interacting with a cell's DNA c. they are too large to enter a cell and therefore must first bind to a plasms membrane receptor before having an effect on a cell d. target cells tend to ignore steroid hormones in favor of nonsteroid hormones e. they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted

e. they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted This is the primary reason that steroid hormones usually act slow

56) A neuropeptide that might function as a natural analgesic is

endorphin

Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight or flight" response to danger?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A chemical signal that has both endocrine and neural roles is

epinephrine.

The amino acid tyrosine is a starting substrate for the synthesis of

epinephrine.

14) The membrane potential that exactly offsets an ion's concentration gradient is called the

equilibrium potential`

The level of this hormone coordinates the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle.

estradiol

For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan- breeding program. Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit. Refer to the paragraph on the orangutan breeding program. Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation in a few days? A) estradiol (estrogen) B) progesterone C) luteinizing hormone (LH) D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

estradiol (estrogen)

Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?

estrogen

In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf is raised from a vertical position to a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the front of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (on the back side of the thighs) are _____. inhibited and excited, respectively both excited and contracting both inhibited and relaxed excited and inhibited, respectively

excited and inhibited, respectively

33) Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via

exocytosis

In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization typically offers the advantage that _____. A) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction B) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment C) it permits the most rapid population increase D) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability

the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment

Females of many insect species, including honeybee queens, can store gametes shed by their mating partners in_____. A) their nests B) their abdominal tract C) the uterus D) the spermatheca

the spermatheca

When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then

the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell.

Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common

their requirement for travel through the bloodstream.

The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____.

they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted

34) The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is observed in

thick, myelinated neurons

Iodine is added to table salt to help prevent deficiencies of an essential mineral needed for the proper function of the

thyroid glands.

A tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland regulates the secretion of

thyroxine.

Why did the researchers use more than one hamster for each procedure? to assess whether the differences in cycle period before and after transplant were greater than the variation in cycle period from animal to animal to assess the variability of circadian rhythms across different individuals to determine whether the results were consistent regardless of the sex of the animals to assess whether the SCN or some other part of the hypothalamus is responsible for circadian rhythm

to assess whether the differences in cycle period before and after transplant were greater than the variation in cycle period from animal to animal

Which of these is the second of the three stages of cell signaling?

transduction

For the wild-type hamsters that received τ SCN transplants, what would have been an appropriate control? surgically expose the brain of a τ hamster without removing the SCN transplant the SCN from one τ hamster to another τ hamster transplant the entire hypothalamus from a τ hamster to a wild-type hamster transplant the SCN from one wild-type hamster to another wild-type hamster

transplant the SCN from one wild-type hamster to another wild-type hamster

True or false? The "blind spot" in vertebrate eyes is a region of the retina that contains no photoreceptors.

true

66) Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold, using an electronic probe, then

two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal, and one going back toward the hillock

What is the relationship between RAAS and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

when RAAS increases to blood pressure ANP checks it; if blood pressure rises above set-point then ANP is released to drop it back down to set point (checks and balances)

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur? A) when conditions for survival are favorable B) when conditions for survival are unfavorable C) when males and females find each other D) What conditions favor sexual over asexual remains a complete mystery

when conditions for survival are unfavorable

distal tubule

where aldosterone is released to increase Na+ and water reabsorption

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the _____.

white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the _____. white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord

white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord

An organism that lacks integration centers _____.

will not be able to interpret stimuli

An organism that lacks integration centers _____. can be expected to lack myelinated neurons will not be able to interpret stimuli cannot receive stimuli will not have a nervous system

Biology 109 - Exam 4

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