Biology 1100 Test 2 [Biology: The Core (Simon)] [Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life]

Two

For every three Na+ The sodium potassium pump exchanges ____ K+

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

Glycolysis can extract a bit of the energy from a glucose molecule, but the citric acid cycle can squeeze out much more. Learn about the steps of the cycle, how it harvests energy, and how it's fueled by acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate from glycolysis).

Modifies and packages proteins.

Golgi Apparatus

organelle consisting of saccules and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell

Golgi apparatus

High to low concentration

Gradients always move from where to where?

How do we know green light is not absorbed by chlorophyll?

Green light is the wavelength of light that is reflected instead of absorbed by the chloroplasts.

Introduction to cellular respiration

How does your body get usable energy from the snack you just ate? Learn the basics of how cells extract energy from fuel molecules, including what redox reactions are and why they are important in the breakdown of fuels.

Product

In many cases, the inhibitor is the ______ of the chemical reaction that enzyme catalyzes

Metabolism

Includes all chemical reactions in cells, including those that build new molecules and those that breakdown existing molecules

Adenosine triphosphate

Is a nucleotide that temporarily stores energy

Enzyme

Is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed

Sodium potassium pump

Is a transport protein that uses ATP to transport Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient

Heat energy

Is a type of energy that is distorted

Photosynthesis

Is an example of an endergonic reaction

Cellular respiration

Is an example of an exergonic reaction

Kinetic energy

Is energy in movement. Ex: light, sound, muscle contraction

Potential energy

Is energy stored in bonds. Ex: Energy bar

Heat energy

Is lost every time energy is released or inputted

Facilitated diffusion

Is passive transport that requires a membrane proteins

Energy

Is the ability to do work and to move matter

Activation energy

Is the energy required to start a reaction

Reduction

Is the gain of electrons by an atom or molecule. These reactions require energy

Entropy

Is the measure of randomness or distortion in the universe

What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

It energizes electrons.

Vesicles

Large substances enter and leave the cell in what?

Breaks down macromolecules using digestive enzymes.

Lysosome

Chemical reactions

May require energy input or release energy

Converts chemical fuel into packets chemical energy that can power the cell.

Mitochondrion

Converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell.

Mitochondrion

Oxidation reduction

Most Energy transformation occurs in a process called what?

Cofactor

Nonprotein "helpers" that must be present for an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction

Stores the genetic information of the cell.

Nucleus

Which of the following is a waste product of photosynthesis?

O2

Passive transport

Occurs when concentration gradients dissipate across a biological membrane

Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation produces most of the ATP made in cellular respiration. Learn more about how oxidative phosphorylation uses electron transport to drive ATP synthesis.

Simple diffusion

Particles move from high concentration to low concentration down their concentration gradients. This process is called what?

Strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils.

Plant cell wall

Exergonic reactions

Reactions that release energy

Endergonic reactions

Reactions that require energy input

Mitochondria

Release energy from food, producing ATP from ADP

Adenosine diphosphate

Removing the endmost phosphate group by hydrolysis from ATP releases potential energy resulting in?

Works with mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Ribosome

Trace the movements of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the cell.

START: Rough ER (manufacturing), Vesicle from ER (transport), Golgi apparatus (processing), Vesicle from Golgi (transport), plasma membrane (secretion)

What is the difference between Saturated, Unsaturated, and Trans Fat?

Saturated: Saturated fats are most often found in animal products such as beef, pork, and chicken. Leaner animal products, such as chicken breast or pork loin, often have less saturated fat. Foods that contain more saturated fat are usually solid at room temperature and are sometimes called "solid" fat. Unsaturated: Unsaturated fat typically comes from plant sources such as olives, nuts, or seeds - but unsaturated fat is also present in fish. Unsaturated fat are usually called oils. Unlike saturated fat, these oils contain mostly monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat. Trans Fat: Trans fat is naturally found in small amounts in some animal products such as meat, whole milk, and milk products. Check the food label to find out if trans fat is in your food choices. Trans fat can often be found in many cakes, cookies, crackers, icings, margarines, and microwave popcorn.

Site of lipid synthesis.

Smooth ER

Two

Solids enter and exit cell by different methods depending on how many factors?

Hypertonic solution

Solution that has lower solute concentration inside the cell

Name the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast.

Stroma

Why do some leaves change color (red, yellow, orange, etc.) in the fall?

The chlorophyll molecule breaks down and other pigments now become visible.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water down its concentration gradient. This process is called what?

In a recent newspaper article promoting the eating of seaweed and seaweed products, the argument was made that doing so was a more efficient use of energy than eating animals. Why would eating seaweed be more energy efficient than eating an animal?

The energy found in animal matter represents a fraction of the energy found in the plant matter eaten by the animal. It would be better to just eat the plant and skip a step.

First law of thermodynamics

The law that states "energy is never created or destroyed"

Oxidation

The loss of electrons from an atom or molecule. These reactions release energy

Glycolysis

The name glycolysis means "sugar-splitting," and sure enough, this metabolic pathway splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules. Learn more about the steps of glycolysis and how it is used in both cellular respiration and fermentation.

Positive feedback

The product of a reaction stimulates its own production, this process is called what?

Active site

The region in which the substrate binds in an enzyme

What are the maximum number of electrons in each shell?

The subshells are as follows: The ss subshell has one orbital for a total of 2 electrons The pp subshell has three orbitals for a total of 6 electrons The dd subshell has five orbitals for a total of 10 electrons The ff subshell has seven orbitals for a total of 14 electrons The gg subshell has nine orbitals for a total of 18 electrons The hh subshell has eleven orbitals for a total of 22 electrons Each energy level (shell) has more subshells available to it: The first shell only has the ss subshell ⟹⟹ 2 electrons The second shell has the ss and pp subshells ⟹⟹ 2 + 6 = 8 electrons The third shell has the ss, pp, and dd subshells ⟹⟹ 2 + 6 + 10 = 18 electrons The fourth shell has the ss, pp, dd, and ff subshells ⟹⟹ 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 = 32 electrons The fifth shell has the ss, pp, dd, ff, and gg subshells ⟹⟹ 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 + 18 = 50 electrons The sixth shell has the ss, pp, dd, ff, gg, and hh subshells ⟹⟹ 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 + 18 + 22 = 72 electrons

Concentration gradient

The two factors that depend on the method by which solutes enter a cell is Chemical nature of the substance and what?

Chemical nature of the substance

The two factors that depend on the method by which solutes enter a cell is concentration gradient and what?

Variations on cellular respiration

There's more than one way to extract energy from a fuel molecule! Learn how cells break down fuels without oxygen, how non-glucose molecules can enter cellular respiration, and how cellular respiration is regulated.

Substrate molecules

These type of molecules bind to the enzymes active site, where the chemical reaction occurs

Some bacteria are photosynthetic. Part of the definition of a prokaryote is that they have no membrane-bound organelles, including chloroplasts. Explain how bacteria carry out photosynthesis without chloroplasts.

They still have thylakoids, they just are not compartmentalized into chloroplasts.

Isotonic solution

This solution has equal concentration

Hypotonic solution

This solution has lower solute concentration outside of the cell

Identify the principal role of cellular respiration.

To convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life's processes

Energy

To maintain a high gradient concentration you need what?

Exocytosis

Uses vesicle to transport substances out of the cell

Solute

Water moves toward high _____ concentration as it moves down its concentration gradient

Reduced molecule

What is the acceptor molecule called in the process of oxidation reduction

1450

What is the average energy use in calories in 24 hours for an adult female?

1750

What is the average energy use in calories in 24 hours for an adult male?

Oxidized molecule

What is the donor molecule called in the oxidation reduction process

Phosphorylation

What is the term used for the transfer of a phosphate group

What passes through the nuclear pores?

What passes through the nuclear pores?

Negative feedback

When a product of the reaction inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction it is called what?

Polar

____ substances must pass through facilitated diffusion to cross the cell membrane

What is a trace element?

a chemical element present only in minute amounts in a particular sample or environment.

_____ move materials between the organelles of the endomembrane system. a) Vesicles b) RNA c) Ribosomes d) Nuclear pores

a) Vesicles

Which of the following is found in a plant cell, but not an animal cell? a) chloroplast b) Golgi apparatus c) mitochondrion d) ribosome e) plasma membrane

a) chloroplast

Water is the lightest (least dense) when it ________. a) freezes b) is just below boiling c) is just above freezing d) is at room temperature

a) freezes

Which of the following types of proteins allow materials to move into, or out of, the cell? a) receptor proteins b) junction proteins c) enzymatic proteins d) channel proteins

a) receptor proteins

Which of these structures is involved in protein synthesis? a) ribosome b) plasma membrane c) mitochondrion d) microtubule

a) ribosome

18. Which of the following is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis and consumed by the Calvin cycle? a. NADPH b. O2 c. H2O d. sugar e. ADP + P

a. NADPH

13. ATP synthase is a. both an enzyme that makes ATP and a channel protein, and helps hydrogen ions cross the thylakoid membrane. b. both an enzyme that makes ATP and a channel protein, and helps hydrogen ions cross the chloroplast inner membrane. c. both an enzyme that makes ATP and a carrier protein, and helps hydrogen ions cross the thylakoid membrane. d. both an enzyme that makes ATP and a carrier protein, and helps hydrogen ions cross the chloroplast inner membrane.

a. both an enzyme that makes ATP and a channel protein, and helps hydrogen ions cross the thylakoid membrane.

12. By the end of the light reactions, energy from sunlight a. has been stored in chemical bonds of NADPH and ATP. b. has been transferred to glucose. c. has entered the Calvin cycle. d. is ready for use in the cell.

a. has been stored in chemical bonds of NADPH and ATP.

18. The photo part of the word photosynthesis refers to____,whereas synthesis refers to ____ a. the reactions that occur in the thylakoids .... carbon fixation b. the reactions in the stroma .... the reactions in the thylakoids c. the Calvin cycle .... carbon fixation d. the Calvin cycle .... the reactions in the stroma

a. the reactions that occur in the thylakoids .... carbon fixation

5. Photosynthesis can be described as the process that a. uses carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight, to produce food (glucose) and oxygen. b. uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy for the cell (ATP), releasing carbon dioxide and water. c. uses glucose and oxygen, in the presence of sunlight, to make ATP. d. uses carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight, to produce ATP and oxygen.

a. uses carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight, to produce food (glucose) and oxygen.

1. Photosynthesis a. uses the energy in sunlight to make food. b. uses the glucose in sunlight to make food. c. uses the energy in sunlight to make ATP. d. breaks down glucose to form ATP.

a. uses the energy in sunlight to make food.

cytoskeletal filament of eukaryotic cells composed of the protein actin; also refers to the thin filaments of muscle cells

actin filament

use of a plasma membrane carrier protein to move a molecule or an ion from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; it opposes equilibrium and requires energy

active transport

nucleotide with three phosphate groups; breakdown of this makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

junction between cells in which the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments attached to button-like thickenings

adhesion junction

The plasma membrane is called a fluid mosaic because it contains a) waxes suspended within a mosaic of phospholipids b) a mosaic of proteins suspended within a phospholipid bilayer c) a polysaccharide mosaic suspended within a protein bilayer d) a mosaic of phospholipids suspended within a protein bilayer

b) a mosaic of proteins suspended within a phospholipid bilayer

Which of the following can be viewed only with an electron microscope? a) virus b) chloroplast c) bacterium d) human egg

b) chloroplast

As a cell increases in size, its surface-to-volume ratio a) increases b) decreases c) stays the same

b) decreases

What is the role of the nuclear membrane? a) harvests energy from food molecules b) regulates transport of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm c) regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell d) is the site of protein manufacturing

b) regulates the transport of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

If a cell had a damaged central vacuole, it would have difficulty performing what function? a) converting light energy into food molecules b) storing water c) assembling lipids d) converting food energy into cellular energy

b) storing water

8. The correct chemical formula for photosynthesis (in the presence of sunlight) is a. 6CO2 + 6O2 --> C6H12O6 + 6H2O. b. 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2. c. C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O d. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 --> 6O2 + 6H2O

b. 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

6. Which statement best describes the relationship between a consumer and a producer? a. A lion eating an antelope. b. A caterpillar eating a leaf. c. A snake eating a rat. d. A flower absorbing sunlight.

b. A caterpillar eating a leaf.

23. Which of the following correctly matches each of the inputs of the Calvin cycle with its role in the cycle a. CO2: high-energy electrons, ATP: energy, NADPH: oxidation b. CO2: carbon, ATP: energy, NADPH: high energy electrons c. CO2: high-energy electrons, ATP: carbon, NADPH: energy d. CO2: energy, ATP: carbon, NADPH: high energy electrons

b. CO2: carbon, ATP: energy, NADPH: high energy electrons

14. Essentially, the oxygen we breathe is a. necessary for the light reactions to proceed. b. a waste product of photosynthesis. c. a reactant of the Calvin cycle. d. essential for the homeostasis of the plant cell.

b. a waste product of photosynthesis.

10. The correct sequence of events in the light reactions is a. absorption of sunlight, electrons flow down the electron transport chain, ATP is made, NADPH is made. b. absorption of sunlight, splitting of water, electrons flow down the electron transport chain, ATP is made. c. electrons flow down the electron transport chain, NADPH is made, ATP is made, water is split. d. absorption of sunlight, electrons flow down the electron transport chain, NADPH is made, water is split.

b. absorption of sunlight, splitting of water, electrons flow down the electron transport chain, ATP is made.

8. How do bacteria that live deep below the ocean's surface make food? a. by photosynthesis b. by chemosynthesis c. by cellular respiration d. They eat other organisms.

b. by chemosynthesis

22. The overall function of the Calvin cycle is a. capturing sunlight. b. making sugar. c. producing CO2 d. splitting water. e. oxidizing glucose.

b. making sugar.

25. Which of the following is not a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis? a. O2 b. sugar c. high-energy electrons d. ATP e. NADPH

b. sugar

17. The ultimate source of energy in the sugar molecules produced by photosynthesis is a. sugar. b. the sun. c. oxygen. d. ATP. e. chlorophyll.

b. the sun.

Which of the following means of transport would most likely be used for moving a medium-sized molecule (like potassium) from a low concentration on the outside of a cell to a high concentration on the inside of a cell? a) facilitated diffusion through an ion channel protein b) facilitated diffusion through a transporter protein c) active transport through a "pump" protein d) passive transport

c) active transport through a "pump" protein

The _____ is located outside the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell. a) nucleoid b) nucleus c) capsule d) ribosome

c) capsule

Centrioles are made of a) intermediate filaments b) actin filaments c) microtubules

c) microtubules

The endomembrane system consists of all of the following EXCEPT: a) lysosomes b) Golgi apparatus c) mitochondria d) endoplasmic reticulum

c) mitochondria

The majority of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) needed by the cell is produced by the a) nucleus b) chloroplasts c) mitochondria d) ribosomes

c) mitochondria

7. Which of the following statements is true? a. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. b. The products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis. c. Both statements are true. d. Neither statement is true.

c. Both statements are true.

31. Oceanographers have suggested slowing the rate of greenhouse warming by fertilizing the ocean to increase the growth of algae. How would this reduce the greenhouse effect? a. It would produce oxygen, which reflects sunlight from the atmosphere. b. It would "repair" Earth's ozone layer. c. It would use CO2, which would otherwise trap heat in the atmosphere. d. It would change the color of the ocean, reflecting the sun's heat.

c. It would use CO2, which would otherwise trap heat in the atmosphere.

19. Which of these wavelengths is least useful for photosynthesis? a. blue b. yellow c. green d. orange e. red

c. green

11. The Calvin cycle occurs a. in the granum of the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. b. in the stroma surrounding the inner membrane of the chloroplast. c. in the stroma surrounding the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. d. in the granum inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast.

c. in the stroma surrounding the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

30. The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from a. the "burning" of sugar molecules. b. splitting water. c. movement of H+ through a membrane. d. carbon fixation. e. fluorescence.

c. movement of H+ through a membrane.

28. Certain bacteria use smelly hydrogen sulfide gas, H2S, instead of water, H2O, as a source of electrons and hydrogen for the light reactions of photosynthesis. If their method of photosynthesis is similar to plants in other ways, where do you think the sulfur would end up? a. sulfur dioxide, SO2 b. chlorophyll c. solid sulfur, S2 d. a sugar containing sulfur

c. solid sulfur, S2

20. When chloroplast pigments absorb light, ... a. they are reduced. b. they lose potential energy. c. their electrons become excited. d. the Calvin cycle is triggered. e. their photons become excited.

c. their electrons become excited.

gelatinous layer surrounding the cells of green algae and certain bacteria

capsule

one of the major theories of biology; states that all organisms are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting cells

cell theory

structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity

cell wall

metabolic reaction that uses the energy from carbohydrates, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules

cellular respiration

cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division

centriole

central microtubule organizing center of cells; in animal cells, it contains two centrioles

centrosome

The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in which cellular organelle?

chloroplast

membrane-bounded organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thykaloids; where photosynthesis takes place

chloroplast

network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing

chromatin

structure consisting of DNA complexed with proteins that transmits genetic information from the previous generation of cells and organisms into the next generation

chromosome

whiplike projections of cells that move stiffly, like an oar

cilia

internal framework of a cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

cytoskeleton

Which of the following crosses the phospholipid bilayers the fastest? a) a sodium ion b) a small, polar molecule like water c) a large, polar molecule like glucose d) a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen

d) a small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen

Which of the following is NOT part of the cytoskeleton? a) intermediate filaments b) actin filaments c) microtubules d) centrioles

d) centrioles

Which of the following is not found in a prokaryotic cell? a) cytoplasm b) ribosome c) plasma membrane d) mitochondrion e) nucleoid

d) mitochondrion

4. Which of the following statements is true about glucose and ATP? (1) Glucose is made during photosynthesis. (2) The energy in sunlight is temporarily stored in glucose before it is transferred to ATP. (3) ATP is the energy-carrying molecule that cells use for energy. (4) The processes that make ATP and glucose also recycle oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. a. statement 1 only b. statements 2 and 3 only c. statements 1, 2, and 3 only d. All 4 statements are correct.

d. All 4 statements are correct.

2. Which of the following autotrophs is also a producer? a. a maple tree b. the blue-green bacteria known as cyanobacteria c. Laurencia, a marine genus of Red Algae from Hawaii. d. All of the above are producers.

d. All of the above are producers.

27. A plant is placed in a sealed greenhouse with a fixed (unchanging) supply of water, soil, and air. After a year, the plant weighs 5 kg more than at the start of the experiment, and the _____ weighs almost 5 kg less. a. soil in the pot b. water left in the room c. organic matter in the soil d. air in the room e. soil in the pot together with the water in soil

d. air in the room

24. The main photoautotrophs in aquatic environments are a. plants and animals. b. plants and fungi. c. animals and algae. d. algae and bacteria. e. plants and bacteria.

d. algae and bacteria.

15. The Calvin cycle a. starts with the molecule RuBP. b. uses the energy in ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. c. turns twice to produce one molecule of glucose. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

9. Most autotrophs make "food" through the process of a. cellular respiration. b. chemosynthesis. c. homeostasis. d. photosynthesis.

d. photosynthesis

3. In the food chain grass --> grasshopper --> snake --> hawk, which organism(s) are the heterotrophs? a. the grass b. the grass and grasshopper c. the hawk d. the grasshopper, snake, and hawk

d. the grasshopper, snake, and hawk

passive movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

diffusion

_____ are involved in the movement of the cell. a) Cilia b) Flagella c) Centrioles d) Intermediate filaments e) Both a and b

e) Both a and b

26. Which of the following is oxidized in photosynthesis? a. O2 (oxygen) b. CO2 (carbon dioxide) c. C6H12O6 (glucose) d. ATP e. H2O (water)

e. H2O (water)

21. The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in _______. The light reactions also produce ______ and _______ . a. ATP. . . NADPH . . . O2 b. O2, . . sugar. . . ATP c. chlorophyll. . . ATP . . . NADPH d. water. . . sugar. . . O2 e. NADPH... ATP... O2

e. NADPH... ATP... O2

process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking); includes receptor-mediated endocytosis

endocytosis

collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell

endomembrane system

system of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a reaction in cells due to its shape

enzyme

type of cell that has a membrane-bounded nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya

eukaryotic cell

process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell

exocytosis

meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins that provides support for an animal cell and affects its behavior

extracellular matrix (ECM)

passive transfer of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient by a process that requires a carrier

facilitated diffusion

present in some bacteria; tail-like appendages that allow bacteria to propel themselves

flagella

junction between cells formed by the joining of two adjacent plasma membranes; lends strength and allows ions, sugars, and small molecules to pass between cells

gap junction

higher solute concentration (less water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cells to lose water by osmosis

hypertonic solution

lower solute (more water) concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cells to gain water by osmosis

hypotonic solution

solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes a cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis

isotonic solution

membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules

lysosome

small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella

microtubule

organelles that break down carbohydrates to produce ATP

mitochondria

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope

region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; not bounded by a nuclear envelope

nucleoid

in the nucleus, a dark-staining, spherical body that produces ribosomal subunits

nucleolus

center of an atom, in which protons and neutrons are found; membrane-bounded organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell

nucleus

small, often membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function

organelle

diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

osmosis

process occurring usually within chloroplasts whereby chlorophyll-containing organelles trap solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate

photosynthesis

membrane surrounding the cytoplasm; consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; regulates the entrance and exit of molecules from a cell

plasma membrane

in plants, cytoplasmic strands that extend through pores in the cell wall and connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells

plasmodesmata

Water behind a dam has a certain amount of stored energy that can be released as the water falls over the top of the dam. It may be enough energy to turn a mill wheel or an electricity-generating turbine. Choose the term that best describes the type of energy stored in the water at the top of the dam.

potential energy

What is the role of mitochondria in plants?

produce ATP

cell lacking a membrane-bounded nucleus and organelles; the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea

prokaryotic cell

selective uptake of molecules into a cell by vacuole formation after they bind to specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane

receptor-mediated endocytosis

RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

ribosome

membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes

rough ER

membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic cells; lacks attached ribosomes

smooth ER

carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into animal cells; important in nerve and muscle cells

sodium-potassium pump

substance dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution

solute

fluid (the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid (the solute)

solution

liquid portion of a solution that dissolves a solute

solvent

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight. This energy is used to __________.

split water to produce O2 and high-energy electrons

in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide enters a leaf through pores called __________.

stomata

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy through an ecosystem?

sunlight → chemical energy → heat

ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume

surface-area-to-volume ratio

What is the definition of energy?

the capacity to do work

Select the ultimate source of energy for nearly every organism on this planet.

the sun

How does CO2 enter a plant?

through the stoma

junction between cells when adjacent plasma membrane proteins join to form an impermeable protein barrier

tight junction

membrane-bounded sac larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances; in plants, the central _____ fills much of the interior of the cell

vacuole

small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances in a cell

vesicle

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts _____. (eText Concept 10.2) A. use chemiosmosis to produce ATP B. obtain electrons from water C. reduce NAD+, forming NADP D. release oxygen as a by-product E. are surrounded by a single membrane

A

Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast? (eText Concept 10.1) A. thylakoid membranes B. stroma C. stomata D. plasma membrane E. thylakoid lumen

A

Rubisco is _____. (eText Concept 10.3) A. the enzyme in plants that first captures CO2 to begin the Calvin cycle B. the enzyme responsible for splitting H2O to produce O2 in photosynthesis C. the enzyme that forms a 4-carbon compound in CAM photosynthesis D. the first stable intermediate in C4 photosynthesis E. the 5-carbon sugar molecule that reacts with CO2 to begin the Calvin cycle

A

The most important role of pigments in photosynthesis is to _____. (eText Concept 10.2) A. capture light energy B. screen out harmful ultraviolet rays C. store energy D. catalyze the hydrolysis of water E. catalyze the synthesis of ATP

A

Which of the following is cycled in the cyclic variation of the light reactions? (eText Concept 10.2) A. electrons B. ATP C. NADPH D. ribulose bisphosphate E. protons

A

Noncompetitive inhibition

A negative feedback where product molecules bind the enzyme at a location other than the active site, in a way that alters the enzymes shape so we can no longer find substrate

Competitive inhibition

A negative feedback where the product of a reaction bind to the enzymes active site, preventing it from binding substrate

Electron transport chain

A series of membrane proteins participating in sequential oxidation reduction reactions

8) The typical carbon atom is described in the periodic table by the accompanying box. How many protons are in a typical carbon atom? A) 6 B) 12 C) 18 D) Not enough information given [Topic: 2.2] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

A) 6

9) How many neutrons are in a typical carbon atom? A) 6 B) 12 C) 18 D) Not enough information given [Topic: 2.2] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

A) 6

42) What is the basic structure of most lipids? A) A glycerol head and up to three fatty acid tails B) A linear chain of individual monomers C) A branched chain of individual monomers D) A ring with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Topic: 2.10 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

A) A glycerol head and up to three fatty acid tails

37) Based on the suffix, a molecule of "maltose" is most likely what type of macromolecule? A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Protein D) Nucleic acid Topic: 2.9 Skill: Application/Analysis

A) Carbohydrate

31) Which of the following large organic molecules includes table sugar? A) Carbohydrates B) Lipids C) Proteins D) Nucleic acids Topic: 2.7, 2.9 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

A) Carbohydrates

The chemical name for table salt is sodium chloride, or simply NaCl. What type of chemical is NaCl? A) Compound B) Element C) Molecule D) Ion [Topic: 2.1] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

A) Compound

5) What is the most common element in your body? A) Oxygen B) Water C) Carbon D) Sugar [Topic: 2.2] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

A) Oxygen

45) Which would have the highest concentration of C-H bonds? A) Saturated fat B) Unsaturated fat C) Trans fat D) Cholesterol Topic: 2.11 Skill: Application/Analysis

A) Saturated fat

39) Which polysaccharide consists of individual long, twisted, unbranched chains of glucose? A) Starch B) Cellulose C) Glycogen D) This does not describe a polysaccharide. Topic: 2.9 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

A) Starch

51) Identify the substrate in the following reaction: Sucrose → Fructose + Glucose A) Sucrose B) Fructose C) Glucose D) Fructose and glucose Topic: 2.13 Skill: Application/Analysis

A) Sucrose

How is the nuclear membrane different from the plasma membrane? A) The nuclear membrane has two phospholipid bilayers, whereas the plasma membrane has one. B) The nuclear membrane is completely sealed, whereas the plasma membrane is not. C) The nuclear membrane has no structural proteins, whereas the plasma membrane has structural proteins. D) The nuclear membrane is chemically active, whereas the plasma membrane is not.

A) The nuclear membrane has two phospholipid bilayers, whereas the plasma membrane has one.

7) The majority of the elements essential to life are found in what part of the periodic table? A) The top third B) The middle third C) The bottom third D) Evenly distributed throughout the periodic table [Topic: 2.2] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

A) The top third

27) Something with a pH of 5 would be ________. A) acidic B) basic C) neutral D) alkaline [Topic: 2.6] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

A) acidic

22) Water is the lightest (least dense) when it ________. A) freezes B) is just above freezing C) is at room temperature D) is just below boiling [Topic: 2.5] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

A) freezes

32) The breaking of a large organic molecule into smaller individual subunits involves multiple ________. A) hydrolysis reactions B) osmotic reactions C) dehydration synthesis reactions D) hydrosynthetic reactions Topic: 2.8 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

A) hydrolysis reactions

What is the chemical equation for glucose? A. C16H12O6 B. C8H16O8 C. C2H4O2 D. C4H8O4

A. C6H12O6

Certain molecules, such as RNA, are able to leave the nucleus while DNA is not. A. True B. False

A. True

Heat is classified as... A. a highly disordered form of energy B. a highly ordered form of energy C. the form of energy that fuels life's processes D. the ultimate source of potential energy

A. a highly disordered form of energy

What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not? A. chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall B. chloroplasts, cell wall, lysosome C. chloroplast, central vacuole, lysosome D. mitochondrion, cell wall, central vacuole

A. chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall

Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell? A. endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome B. mitochondrion, chloroplast, plasma membrane C. plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, endomembrane D. nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

A. endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome

Identify the stage of cellular respiration when glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. A. glycolysis B. calvin cycle C. electron transport chain D. citric acid cycle

A. glycolysis

What is the role of light in photosynthesis? A. it energizes electrons B. it splits ATP molecules, which generates energy C. it is the source for electrons D. it fixes carbon

A. it energizes electrons

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm? A. mRNA B. ribosomes C. Rough ER D. DNA E. ATP

A. mRNA

Where in a cell is ATP made? A. mitochondria B. lysosomes C. cytoskeleton D. nucleus E. ribosomes

A. mitochondria

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell? A. mitochondrion B. central vacuole C. plasma membrane D. Golgi apparatus E. chloroplast

A. mitochondrion

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored? A. nucleus B. rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) C. lysosomes D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) E. Golgi apparatus

A. nucleus

Water behind a dam has a certain amount of stored energy that can be releasedterm-213 as the water falls over the top of the dam. It may be enough energy to turn a mill wheel or an electricity-generating turbine. Choose the term that best described the type of energy stored in the water at the top of the dam. A. potential B. chemical C. radiant D. kinetic

A. potential

What is the role of mitochondria in plants? A. produce ATP B. produce sugars C. photosynthesis D. none, as plants do not have mitochondria

A. produce ATP

Predict what would happen as the entropy system approached 100% A. randomness would be maximized B. heat would decrease C. all motion would stop D. order would become maximized

A. randomness would be maximized

In what ways are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria? A. the functions of both chloroplasts and mitochondria depend on deeply folded membranes that form fluid filled spaces B. both require a supple of water and carbon dioxide C. both release O2 as a waste product D. there is only one mitochondrion or one chloroplasts per cell

A. the functions of both chloroplasts and mitochondria depend on deeply folded membranes that form fluid filled spaces

Why does yogurt taste sharp? A. the taste is from the lactic acid it contains, and acids taste sharp B. it has not been aged long enough to mellow C. the taste is from the small amount of alcohol it contains, and alcohol taste sharp D. the taste is from the large amount of carbon dioxide it contains and carbons dioxide taste sharp

A. the taste is from the lactic acid it contains, and acid taste sharp

Which of the following is typically true in the US? A. without federal subsidies, electricity produced from wind or solar power is more expensive than electrically produced from fossil fuels B. the price of electricity from wind or solar power cannot be compared to the price of electricity from fossil fuels C. without federal subsidies, electricity produced from wind or solar power is less expensive than electricity produced by fossil fuels D. electricity produced from all sources is the same, because, in the end, it is all electricity and distributed through the same system

A. without federal subsidies, electricity produced from wind and solar power is more expensive than electricity produced from fossil fuels

Select the term which best defines the movement of an object against an opposing force. A. work B. entropy C. energy D. play

A. work

Organize the following steps of the light reaction in order.

Absorb sunlight, split water, produce oxygen, produce high-energy electron carriers

Shape

Active sites of enzymes can change what to control the rate of enzyme chemical reaction?

Requires energy from the cell, molecules move against their concentrations gradient

Active transport

Potential

All cells rely on the ______ energy stored in ATP

Endocytosis

Allows a cell to ingulf fluids and large molecules into vesicles to bring them into the cell

50%

Almost ____ of energy is spent on the sodium potassium pump

Activation energy

An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering what?

57) Penicillin is a competitive inhibitor produced by a fungus in order to kill invading bacteria. It does this by mimicking the substrate required by the bacterium to build and repair its cell wall. Describe how mimicking the substrate would result in the death of the bacterium. Topic: 2.13 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation

Answer: Possible Answer: As a competitive inhibitor, it must bind to the active site of the bacterial enzyme where the correct substrate typically binds. Binding to the active site blocks the correct substrate from binding and prevents the correct products from being formed. Without these products, the bacterium cannot repair its cell wall and will die.

54) Which of the three gasses is the easiest to break apart, nitrogen gas (N2), oxygen gas (O2), or hydrogen gas (H2)? Which is the most difficult to break apart? What accounts for the differences? Topic: 2.4 Skill: Application/Analysis

Answer: Possible Answer: Hydrogen gas, with a single covalent bond, is the easiest to break apart. Nitrogen gas, with a triple covalent bond, is the most difficult. Oxygen gas has a double covalent bond which is intermediate in strength to the weaker single and stronger triple.

53) An old home remedy for anemia was to drink from a jug of water into which was added a handful of iron nails. Why might this have been effective at treating certain forms of anemia? Topic: 2.2 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation

Answer: Possible Answer: Iron is an essential nutrient and the water would have contained iron. If the anemia was the result of an iron deficiency, drinking from the nail water could have added the essential element to the diet.

55) Why does sweating cool your skin on a hot, dry day but makes you feel warmer on a hot, humid day? Topic: 2.5 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation

Answer: Possible Answer: The evaporative cooling of sweat cools the skin as the water and the heat it has absorbed move from the skin to the drier air. Sweat does not evaporate as well on a humid day, tending instead to build up on the skin, insulating the body rather than cooling it.

56) Individual amino acids have unique chemical qualities but these do not directly determine the function of an enzyme. What then is the role of the individual amino acid's unique chemical qualities and what then directly determines the function of an enzyme? Topic: 2.12, 2.13 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation

Answer: Possible Answer: The side groups of an amino acid are what give the amino acid its unique chemical qualities. These allow specific amino acids in the polypeptide chain to bind to other specific amino acids, which fold and twist the polypeptide into a specific three-dimensional shape. The shape may include an indentation called the active site that directly functions as the binding site for the substrate. Active sites often include cofactors and coenzymes that improve its functionality. They will not function without these factors even if the amino acid sequence and folding pattern are correct.

Coupled reactions

Are simultaneous reactions in which one provides energy that drives the other

During photosynthesis in a eukaryotic cell, an electrochemical gradient is formed across the ______. (eText Concept 10.2) A. chloroplast outer membrane B. thylakoid membrane C. chloroplast inner membrane D. stomata E. cristae

B

During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from _____ via a series of reactions associated with _____. (eText Concept 10.2) A. CO2 ... photosystem II B. H2O ... photosystem II C. CO2 ... the Calvin cycle D. H2O ... photosystem I E. CO2 ... both photosystem I and the Calvin cycle

B

In photosynthesis, plants use carbon from _____ to make sugar and other organic molecules. (eText Overview) A. water B. carbon dioxide C. chlorophyll D. the sun E. soil

B

In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is combined with _____. (eText Concept 10.3) A. a 2-carbon compound to form a 3-carbon compound B. a 5-carbon compound to form an unstable 6-carbon compound, which decomposes into two 3-carbon compounds C. a 7-carbon compound to form two 4-carbon compounds D. a 5-carbon compound to form a stable 6-carbon compound that can be converted directly to glucose E. two 2-carbon compounds to form a 5-carbon compound

B

Molecular oxygen is produced during _____. (eText Concept 10.1) A. glycolysis B. noncyclic electron flow during the light reactions C. the Calvin cycle D. cyclic electron flow during the light reactions E. re-energization of electrons by PSI

B

What is the range of wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the pigments in the thylakoid membranes? (eText Concept 10.2) A. green, which is why plants are green B. blue-violet and red-orange C. the entire spectrum of white light D. the infrared E. the range absorbed by carotenoids

B

What structure is formed by the reaction center, light-harvesting complexes, and primary electron acceptors that cluster, and is located in the thylakoid membrane? (eText Concept 10.2) A. the fluorescence center B. the photosystem C. the electron transport chain D. NADP+ reductase E. ATP synthase

B

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? (eText Concept 10.3) A. The light reactions produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH, all of which are used in the Calvin cycle. B. The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, both of which are used in the Calvin cycle. C. The light reactions produce ADP and NADP+, both of which are used in the Calvin cycle. D. The light reactions produce water, ATP, NADPH, all of which are used in the Calvin cycle. E. The light reactions produce carbon dioxide and water, all of which are used in the Calvin cycle.

B

Why are C4 plants more suited to hot climates than C3 plants? (eText Concept 10.4) A. They do not close their stomata in hot, dry weather. B. Unlike C3 plants, they keep fixing carbon dioxide even when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaf is low. C. They evolved in cold weather but migrated to the tropics, where they were more suitable. D. They suspend photosynthesis in the heat. E. The same cells that bind carbon dioxide perform the Calvin cycle.

B

You have a large, healthy philodendron that you carelessly leave in total darkness while you are away on vacation. You are surprised to find that it is still alive when you return. What has the plant been using for an energy source while in the dark? (eText Concept 10.4) A. Even though it can't carry out the light reactions, the plant can still produce sugars because the Calvin cycle doesn't require light. B. While it did have access to light, the plant stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, and it was able to derive energy from the stored molecules during your vacation. C. Even though the plant received no visible light, it was able to use the short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum (gamma rays and X-rays) to carry out photosynthesis. D. When light energy is not available, plants can derive energy from inorganic molecules. E. None of the listed responses is correct.

B

10) Which number represents the atomic weight of carbon? A) 6 B) 12 C) 18 D) Not enough information given [Topic: 2.2] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

B) 12

16) What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit into the innermost shell of an atom? A) 1 B) 2 C) 8 D) 16 [Topic: 2.4] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

B) 2

3) How many HCl molecules are required to balance the following reaction? Zn + ___ HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 [Topic: 2.1] [Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation]

B) 2

36) Which of the following is not made from long chains of glucose? A) Starch B) Glycerol C) Glycogen D) Cellulose Topic: 2.9 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

B) Glycerol

35) What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates? A) Triglycerides B) Polysaccharides C) Polypeptides D) Nucleotides Topic: 2.9 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

B) Polysaccharides

23) A needle can be made to "float" on the surface tension of water. What causes this surface tension to form? A) The adhesion of water molecules to the needle B) The cohesion of water molecules to each other C) The solubility of water D) The heat capacity of water [Topic: 2.5] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

B) The cohesion of water molecules to each other

52) What will be accomplished by lowering the activation energy of a reaction? A) The reaction will proceed more slowly. B) The reaction will proceed more quickly. C) The reaction will stop completely. D) The reaction will reverse. Topic: 2.13 Skill: Application/Analysis

B) The reaction will proceed more quickly.

47) To a large extent, a protein's function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a protein's shape? A) The location of the active site B) The sequence of amino acids C) The concentration of carbon-to-hydrogen single bonds D) The number of carbon-to-carbon double bonds Topic: 2.12 Skill: Application/Analysis

B) The sequence of amino acids

21) Why is one side of a water molecule partially negative while the other side is partially positive? A) Uneven sharing of electron pairs occurs due to the strong pull of hydrogen. B) Uneven sharing of electron pairs occurs due to the strong pull of oxygen. C) Oxygen donates its electrons to hydrogen. D) Hydrogen donates its electrons to oxygen. [Topic: 2.4] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

B) Uneven sharing of electron pairs occurs due to the strong pull of oxygen.

43) Which of the following dietary fats is considered to be the most healthy? A) Saturated fat B) Unsaturated fat C) Trans fat D) Cholesterol Topic: 2.11 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

B) Unsaturated fat

15) In chemical bonding, when the bonded atoms share electrons, it is specifically called ________. A) an ionic bond B) a covalent bond C) a hydrogen bond D) a polar bond [Topic: 2.4] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

B) a covalent bond

50) Organic molecules that end in the suffix "-ase" often function as ________ molecules. A) structural B) enzymatic C) transport D) storage Topic: 2.13 Skill: Application/Analysis

B) enzymatic

13) The 2+ in Cu2+ tells us that this atom ________. A) has two more neutrons than protons B) has two more protons than electrons C) has two more electrons than neutrons D) has two more electrons than protons [Topic: 2.3] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

B) has two more protons than electrons

19) Individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak ________ bonds. A) covalent B) hydrogen C) ionic D) nonpolar [Topic: 2.4] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

B) hydrogen

A new local power company provides 10,000 kwh of electricity annually. How much credit will it receive if it makes full use of the production tax credit? A. $220.00 B. $2200.00 C. $22,000.00 D. $220,000.00

B. $2200.00

Calculate how many calories (spelled with a lower case "c") are in a 10 Calorie (spelled with a capital "C") cracker. A. 1,000 B. 10,000 C. 1/10 D. there is no difference, they are equivalent unites

B. 10,000

Predict how many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced from the mitochondrial "burning" of one molecule of glucose? A. 1 B. 6 C. 12 D. not enough information provided

B. 6

Which molecules stores the energy of electrostatic repulsion? A. NADP+ B. ATP C. NADPH D. pyruvate

B. ATP

You live in the path of the Keystone XL pipeline. Where do you live? A. Alaska B. Nebraska C. North Carolina D. California

B. Nebraska

...... are found only in plant cells, but ...... are found in both plant and animal cells. A. chloroplasts; central vacuoles B. Central vacuoles; ribosomes C. plasma membranes; mitochondria D. cell walls; chloroplasts E. lysosomes; plasma membranes

B. central vacuoles; ribosomes

The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in which cellular organelle? A. ribosomes B. chloroplasts C. mitochondria D. nucleus

B. chloroplasts

Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ...... harnesses light energy to create sugars and ...... break down these sugars to create ATP. A. chloroplasts; ribosomes B. chloroplasts; mitochondria C. ribosomes; chloroplasts D. mitochondria; chloroplasts

B. chloroplasts; mitochondria

A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of... A. exocytosis B. facilitated diffusion C. endocytosis D. active transport E. diffusion

B. facilitated diffusion

Where does cellular respiration occur? A. in the chloroplasts B. in the mitochondria C. in the airways of the respiration system D. in the nucleus

B. in the mitochondria

What happens to the ATP molecule after it has been used to do work? A. it is completely destroyed B. it loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP C. it is split into two molecules of pyretic acid D. it breaks down into carbon dioxide and water

B. it loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles? A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) B. lysosomes C. Golgi apparatus D. mitochondria E. rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

B. lysosomes

Which of these sub-cellular structures is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? A. a nucleus B. ribosomes C. nucleoid D. mitochondria

B. ribosomes

You were an engineer for the now defunct company Solyndra. What did you design? A. electric cars B. solar modules C. wind turbines D. fuel-cell vehicles

B. solar modules

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole? A. converting light energy into chemical energy B. storing compounds produced by the cell C. working with mRNA to synthesize proteins D. separating the cell from its surroundings E. storing the genetic information of the cell

B. storing compounds produced by the cell

Why do some leaves change color (red, yellow, orange, etc.) in the fall? A. the chlorophyll molecule is modified to absorb different wavelengths of light B. the chlorophyll molecule breaks down and other pigments now become visible C. because the leaves are dead D. cold weather denatures the chlorophyll molecule and it begins to reflect different colors

B. the chlorophyll molecule breaks down and other pigments now become visible

Plants, fungi, and some prokaryotic cells have rigid cell walls that help maintain the shape of the cell. What structure provides this function in animal cells? A. a large central vacuole B. the cytoskeleton C. the cell membrane D. the extracellular matrix

B. the cytoskeleton

In a recent newspaper article promoting the eating of seaweed and seaweed products, the argument was made that doing so was a more efficient use of energy than eating animals. Why would eating seaweed be more energy efficient than eating an animal? A. plant matter contains more energy per unit volume than does animal matter B. the energy found in animal matter represents a fraction of energy found in the plant matter eaten by the animal. It would be better to just eat the plant and skip a step C. plant matter contains more energy per unit weight than does animal matter D. the conversion of plant matter to animal matter produces less waste than converting animal material to animal material

B. the energy found in animal matter represents a fraction of the energy found in the plant matter eaten by the animal. It would be better to just eat the plant and skip a step

Which of the following best described the chemical equation for photosynthesis? A. carbon dioxide + sugar + energy = oxygen + water B. water + carbine dioxide + energy = sugar + oxygen C. oxygen + sugar = water + carbon dioxide + energy D. oxygen + water + carbine dioxide = sugar + energy

B. water + carbon dioxide + energy = sugar + oxygen

Which group includes photosynthetic members?

Bacteria Protists Plants All of these

Second law of thermodynamics

Because of entropy, this law states that the universe is increasing

Steps of cellular respiration

Before you jump into the nitty-gritty details, get the big picture of cellular respiration. Learn about the different stages of this process and how they fit together.

Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.

Both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the sugars that will be "burned" to fuel the energy of life.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Both of these use electron transport chains

A photon of which of these colors would carry the most energy? (eText Concept 10.2) A. green B. yellow C. blue D. orange E. red

C

Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle? (eText Concept 10.3) A. Light energy is converted to chemical energy. B. ATP and NADPH are synthesized. C. CO2 is reduced. D. Excited electrons are conveyed from chlorophyll to an electron acceptor. E. Photons are absorbed.

C

The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from _____. (eText Concept 10.2) A. the oxidation of sugar molecules B. splitting water C. movement of H+ through a membrane D. carbon fixation E. fluorescence

C

The reactions of the Calvin cycle are not directly dependent on light, but they usually do not occur at night. Why? (eText Concept 10.1) A. It is often too cold at night for these reactions to take place. B. Carbon dioxide concentrations decrease at night. C. The Calvin cycle requires products only produced when the photosystems are illuminated. D. Plants usually open their stomata at night. E. At night, no water is available for the Calvin cycle.

C

When chloroplast pigments absorb light, _____. (eText Concept 10.2) A. they become reduced B. they lose potential energy C. their electrons become excited D. the Calvin cycle is triggered E. their photons become excited

C

Which of the following groups of organisms contains only heterotrophs? (eText Overview) A. Bacteria B. Protozoa C. Fungi D. multicellular algae E. unicellular algae

C

You could distinguish a granum from a crista because the granum, but not the crista, would _____. (eText Concept 10.2) A. be inside a mitochondrion B function in energy transformation C. have photosynthetic pigments D. contain protein but not lipids E. Two of the listed responses are correct.

C

11) How many neutrons in a carbon-14 atom? A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 14 [Topic: 2.3] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

C) 8

17) While the maximum number of electrons required to fill the outermost shell of an atom varies depending on the size of the atom, almost all of the smaller atoms (atomic numbers 2-20) are considered stable (nonreactive) when they contain ________ electron(s) in the outermost shell. A) 1 B) 2 C) 8 D) 16 [Topic: 2.4] [Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation]

C) 8

4) What is a trace element? A) An element that is very rare B) An element that is evenly distributed on the planet C) An element that is required in miniscule amounts for life D) An element that is used to identify the location of other elements [Topic: 2.2] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

C) An element that is required in miniscule amounts for life

28) How do buffers minimize change in the pH of biological systems? A) By absorbing H+ ions when there is an excess B) By donating H+ ions when there is a shortage C) Both of these D) Neither of these [Topic: 2.6] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

C) Both of these

2) Identify the reactants in the following chemical reaction: C10H8 + 12 O2 → 10 CO2 + 4 H2O A) C10H8 and 10 CO2 B) 12 O2 and 4 H2O C) C10H8 and 12 O2 D) 10 CO2 and 4 H2O [Topic: 2.1] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

C) C10H8 and 12 O2

6) Which is not one of the four atoms that make up the bulk of living organisms? A) Oxygen B) Nitrogen C) Calcium D) Carbon [Topic: 2.2] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

C) Calcium

41) Which combination describes the plasma membrane? A) Hydrophilic interior, hydrophobic exterior B) Hydrophilic interior and exterior C) Hydrophobic interior, hydrophilic exterior D) Hydrophobic interior and exterior Topic: 2.10 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

C) Hydrophobic interior, hydrophilic exterior

Alcohol is a waste product produced by yeast in the presence of sugar and the absence of ________. A) CO2 B) H2O C) O2 D) ATP

C) O2

25) Select the most complete explanation of what the pH scale actually measures. A) The acidity of a solvent B) The alkalinity of a solvent C) The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution D) The concentration of hydroxide ions in a solute [Topic: 2.6] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

C) The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

44) Oil hydrogenation can produce a product, such as vegetable shortening or margarine, that is spreadable at room temperature. What is the name of this category of lipid? A) Saturated fat B) Unsaturated fat C) Trans fat D) Cholesterol Topic: 2.11 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

C) Trans fat

30) If you remove all of the functional groups from an organic molecule such that it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, the molecule is called ________. A) a carbohydrate B) an inorganic molecule C) a hydrocarbon D) polar [Topic: 2.7] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

C) a hydrocarbon

29) The functional group -NH2 is called the ________ group. A) methyl B) alcohol C) amino D) carboxyl [Topic: 2.7] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

C) amino

40) Lipids are all ________. A) hydrophonic B) hydrophilic C) hydrophobic D) hydrolytic Topic: 2.10 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

C) hydrophobic

The label on a box of fudge-covered cookies indicated that a serving size is three cookies, and the number of calories in a serving size is 170. Calculate the approximate number of Calories in a single cookie. A. 105 B. 510 C. 57 D. 12

C. 57

A fudge-covered cookie contains 9 grams of fat, and there are three cookies in a serving. Calculate how much fat you would consume if you ate nine cookies. A. 27 grams B. 105 grams C. 81 grams D. 9 grams

C. 81 grams

Alcohol is a waste product by yeast in the presence of sugar and the absence of... A. H2O B. CO2 C. O2 D. ATP

C. O2

Which of the following is a waste product of photosynthesis? A. CO2 B. H2O C. O2 D. all of these

C. O2

Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration. A. both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the heat necessary to sustain life B. both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the oxygen necessary to sustain life C. although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP D. both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the sugars that will be "burned" to fuel the energy of life

C. although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of.. A. diffusion B. exocytosis C. endocytosis D. passive transport E. active transport

C. endocytosis

The ......... builds compounds, whereas the ....... breaks things down. A. Golgi apparatus; lysosome B. Golgi apparatus; central vacuole C. endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome D. endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus

C. endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome

Animal cells are surrounded by a(n)........ whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n)....... A. endomembrane; cell wall B. nuclear membrane; endomembrane C. plasma membrane; cell wall D. plasma membrane; endomembrane

C. plasma membrane; cell wall

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by... A. the cytoskeleton B. mitochondria C. ribosomes D. the Golgi apparatus E. the extracellular matrix

C. ribosomes

Where are lipids made in the cell? A. ribosomes B. Golgi apparatus C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) D. mitochondria E. rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Name a product of the Calvin cycle. A. ATP B. O2 C. sugar D. CO2

C. sugar

Select the ultimate source of energy for nearly every organism on this planet. A. heat B. plants C. the sun D. sugars

C. the sun

Explain how molecules other than glucose can be used as energy source. A. they have their own unique metabolic pathways B. they can't; cellular respiration is limited to glucose C. they are modified first and then enter the same metabolic pathway as glucose D. fats, proteins, and other carbohydrates are similar enough to glucose that they utilize the same metabolic pathway without any modifications

C. they modified first and then enter the same metabolic pathway as glucose

How does CO2 enter a plant? A. through the stroma B. through the roots C. through the stomata D. through the grana

C. through the stomata

Temperature or pH

Can affect an enzymes activity

Heat energy

Cannot be converted back to useful energy

Inhibitors

Cells can call what to block active sites?

Regulated cytoplasm compositions, created internal pressure, and stored cell compounds.

Central Vacuole

Plastids are storage organelles. A chloroplast is a type of plastid. What does a chloroplast store?

Chlorophyll

Why do some leaves change color (red, yellow, orange, etc.) in the fall?

Chlorophyll Breaks Down: But in the fall, because of changes in the length of daylight and changes in temperature, the leaves stop their food-making process. The chlorophyll breaks down, the green color disappears, and the yellow to orange colors become visible and give the leaves part of their fall splendor. At the same time other chemical changes may occur, which form additional colors through the development of red anthocyanin pigments. Some mixtures give rise to the reddish and purplish fall colors of trees such as dogwoods and sumacs, while others give the sugar maple its brilliant orange.

Makes food by converting light energy into chemical energy.

Chloroplast

During photosynthesis, an electron transport chain is used to _____. (eText Concept 10.2) A. transport NADPH from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle B. transport excited electrons from P700 to an electron acceptor C. transport excited electrons from P680 to an electron acceptor D. transport electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I E. transport excited electrons from P700 to an electron acceptor and transport excited electrons from P680 to an electron acceptor

D

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf? (eText Concept 10.1) A. through the chloroplasts B. through the roots C. through the thylakoids D. through the stomata E. through the vascular system

D

Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle? (eText Concept 10.3) A. Light energy is converted to chemical energy. B. ATP is oxidized and NADPH is reduced. C. ATP is reduced and NADPH is oxidized. D. ATP is hydrolyzed and NADPH is oxidized. E. Noncyclic electron flow produces the materials required for the fixation of carbon from carbon dioxide.

D

The Calvin cycle occurs in the _____. (eText Concept 10.1) A. thylakoid membrane B. thylakoid lumen C. stroma D. stomata E. matrix

D

The source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis has been identified through experiments using radioactive tracers. The oxygen comes from _____. (eText Concept 10.1) A. carbon dioxide B. glucose C. radioisotopes D. water E. light

D

26) The difference in pH units between two acidic solutions is three. How much more acidic is the stronger acid than the weaker acid? A) 3 times more acidic B) 30 times more acidic C) 100 times more acidic D) 1,000 times more acidic [Topic: 2.6] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

D) 1,000 times more acidic

18) What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 [Topic: 2.4] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

D) 4

49) What might lead to a protein that does not function properly? A) Incorrect folding of the amino acid chain B) The active site becoming blocked C) The active site becoming distorted D) All of these Topic: 2.12, 2.13 Skill: Application/Analysis

D) All of these

33) What are the monomers of proteins? A) Hydrochloric acids B) Nucleic acids C) Carboxylic acids D) Amino acids Topic: 2.8, 2.12 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

D) Amino acids

48) Proteins are diverse molecules that perform a wide variety of functions. Which of the following is not a typical function of proteins? A) Defense B) Catalyze reactions C) Movement D) Energy storage Topic: 2.12 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

D) Energy storage

34) What is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called? A) Catabolism B) Anabolism C) Embolism D) Metabolism Topic: 2.8 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

D) Metabolism

20) The electronegativity of an atom is determined by how strongly outermost electrons are pulled toward the nucleus. Somewhat like gravity, the electronegativity will be stronger in atoms with larger nuclei and closer outermost electrons. Which element has the strongest electronegativity? A) Boron B) Carbon C) Nitrogen D) Oxygen [Topic: 2.4] [Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation]

D) Oxygen

24) Water "beads up" on synthetic fabric like polyester but binds to cotton. What is the most likely explanation for this? A) Polyester is not a naturally occurring substance, whereas cotton is a naturally occurring substance. B) Polyester is more flexible than cotton. C) Polyester fibers are thinner than cotton fibers. D) Polyester is nonpolar, whereas cotton is polar. [Topic: 2.5] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

D) Polyester is nonpolar, whereas cotton is polar.

14) Identify the part of the atom that most determines the chemical reactivity of the atom. A) The number of shells B) The number of protons C) The number of neutrons D) The number of electrons [Topic: 2.3] [Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension]

D) The number of electrons

46) What gives an amino acid its unique chemical properties? A) The different amino groups B) The sequence of amino acids in a chain C) The bond that forms between amino acids D) The side group Topic: 2.12 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

D) The side group

12) If the number of protons in an atom does not match the number of electrons, the atom is specifically called an ________. A) element B) isotope C) isomer D) ion [Topic: 2.3] [Skill: Application/Analysis]

D) ion

Which of the following is most likely to happen if the production tax credit fails to be extended? A. the creation of jobs in the wins and solar energy industries B. a creation of jobs in the wind industry, and a loss of jobs in the solar industry C. a loss of jobs in the wind industry, and a creation of jobs in the solar industry D. a loss of jobs in the wind and solar energy industries

D. a loss of jobs in the wind and solar energy industries

Choose the pencil that has the lowest potential energy. A. a pencil hitting the ground after falling from your desk B. a pencil on your desk C. a pencil falling from your desk D. a pencil laying on the ground

D. a pencil laying on the ground

Organize the following steps of the light reaction in order. A. absorb sunlight, produce high energy electron carriers, produce oxygen, split water B. absorb sunlight, produce high energy electron carries, split water, produce oxygen C. absorb sunlight, produce oxygen, split water, produce high energy electron carriers D. absorb sunlight, split water, produce oxygen produce high energy electron carriers

D. absorb sunlight, split water, produce oxygen, produce high energy electron carriers

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of... A. exocytosis B. facilitated diffusion C. diffusion D. active transport E. passive transport

D. active transport

Which types of cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane made of two layers of phospholipids and integrated membrane proteins? A. animal cells, but not plant cells or prokaryotic cells B. prokaryotic cells C. plant cells D. all cells

D. all cells

Which group includes photosynthetic members? A. protists B. bacteria C. plants D. all of these

D. all of these protists, bacteria, plants

What is a photosystem? A. stacks of thylakoids B. a leaf or any green part of the plant C. double membrance organelle containing thylakoids D. clusters of pigments and proteins that capture light energy

D. clusters of pigments and proteins that capture light energy

We use energy in many ways. Describe one thing we cannot do to energy. A. store it B. waste it C. convert it D. destroy it

D. destroy it

How do we know green light is not absorbed by chlorophyll? A. green light has such a small wavelength that most of it goes straight through the leaves without interacting with the chlorophyll B. not enough of the green light penetrated the ozone layer and makes it to the plant C. green light dos not have enough energy to excite an electron in the photosystem D. green ligt is the wavelength of light that is reflected instead of absorbed by the chloroplasts

D. green light is the wavelength of light that is reflected instead of absorbed by the chloroplasts

Which of the following statements about heat is false? A. it can be a measurement of the inefficiency of an energy conversion B. it increases the amount of entropy of the system C. it is a form of kinetic energy D. it is a highly organized form of energy

D. it is a highly organized form of energy

What is the role of chloroplasts in animals? A. photosynthesis B. produce ATP C. produce sugars D. none, as animals do not have chloroplasts

D. none, as animals do not have chloroplasts

President Obama has proposed selling leases for drilling to obtain which of the following in the Gulf of Mexico? A. natural gas B. nothing C. oil D. oil and natural gas

D. oil and natural gas

What is the definition of energy? A. the movement of an object B. the amount of order in a system C. particles moving in waves through a system D. the capacity to do work

D. the capacity to do work

Identify the principle role of cellular respiration. A. to confer the chemical energy of sugars into heart to maintain an elevated body temperature B. to convert solar energy into chemical energy of sugars C. to convert kinetic energy into the chemical energy of sugars D. to convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life's processes

D. to convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life's processes

Osmosis

Determines how much water is in plant cells

A from of passive transport, molecules move across the plasma membrane by crossing the lipid bilayer

Diffusion

Based on the work of Engelmann, the wavelengths of light most effective in driving photosynthesis are referred to as _____. (eText Concept 10.2) A. an effective spectrum B. an absorption spectrum C. an electromagnetic spectrum D. a visible light spectrum E. an action spectrum

E

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is produced in the stroma of chloroplasts. Which of the following statements is most true about this compound? (eText Concept 10.3) A. It is produced from glucose during glycolysis. B. It is a 3-carbon sugar. C. For every three molecules of CO2, six molecules of G3P are formed but only one molecule exits the cycle to be used by the plant cell. D. For every three molecules of CO2, six molecules of G3P are formed but five molecules must be recycled to regenerate three molecules of RuBP E. All of the listed responses are correct.

E

In a rosebush, chlorophyll is located in _____. (eText Concept 10.1) A. chloroplasts, which are in mesophyll cells in the thylakoids of a leaf B. mesophyll cells, found within the thylakoids of a leaf's chloroplasts C. thylakoids, which are in mesophyll cells in the chloroplasts of a leaf D. chloroplasts, which are in thylakoids in the mesophyll cells of a leaf E. thylakoids, which are in chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells of a leaf

E

In photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms present in CO2? They end up _____. (eText Concept 10.1) A. as molecular oxygen B. in sugar molecules C. in water D. as molecular oxygen and in sugar molecules E. in sugar molecules and in water

E

The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in _____. The light reactions also produce _____ and _____. (eText Concept 10.2) A. ATP ... NADPH ... oxygen B. oxygen ... sugar ... ATP C. chlorophyll ... ATP ... NADPH D. water ... sugar ... oxygen E. NADPH ... ATP ... oxygen

E

The use of non-C3 and non-CAM plants as crops may be limited in some regions because on hot, dry days, they close their stomata. What happens as a result of closing their stomata? (eText Concept 10.4) A. It reduces water loss. B. It prevents carbon dioxide from entering the leaf. C. In a process called photorespiration, rubisco binds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. D. It builds up oxygen from the light reactions in the leaf. E. All of the listed responses are correct.

E

What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis? (eText Concept 10.2) A. It assists chlorophyll in capturing light. B. It acts as the primary electron acceptor for the photosystems. C. As part of the electron transport chain, it manufactures ATP. D. As a component of photosystem II, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of water. E. It is reduced and then carries electrons to the Calvin cycle.

E

What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis? (eText Concept 10.3) A. It helps produce ATP from the light reactions. B. It absorbs light energy. C. It forms part of photosystem II. D. It is the primary electron acceptor. E. It forms NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle.

E

Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come from? (eText Concept 10.2) A. chlorophyll molecules in the antenna complex B. ATP C. the electron transport chain D. light E. water

E

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system? A. flagellum B. mitochondria C. cytoskeleton D. ribosomes E. Golgi apparatus

E. Golgi apparatus

The structural framework in a cell is the.... A. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) B. extracellular matrix C. plasma membrane D. endomembrane system E. cytoskeleton

E. cytoskeleton

The plant cell wall... A. regulated the composition of the cytoplasm B. makes food by converting light energy into chemical energy C. is found just inside the plasma membrane D. is very similar to the animal cell wall E. is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils

E. is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils

In active transport, A. a vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell B. no energy input is required from the cell C. the plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell D. molecules move a gross the plasma membrane by crossing the lipid bilayer directly, rather than by using a transport protein E. molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient

E. molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient ch 3 mastering bio number 8, Part A

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell? A. nuclear envelope B. cytoskeleton C. extracellular matrix D. endomembrane system E. plasma membrane

E. plasma membrane

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast? A. the chloroplast serves as a protein manufacturing facility B. the chloroplast created internal pressure for a cell C. the chloroplast stores compounds produced by the cell D. the chloroplasts functions as the site of lipid synthesis E. the chloroplast converts light energy into chemical energy

E. the chloroplast converts light energy into chemical energy

Water crosses the plasma membrane.. A. through con transport B. using a process that required energy from the cell C. against its concentration gradient D. through active transport E. through facilitated diffusion or diffusion

E. through facilitated diffusion or diffusion

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains metrical from outside the cell.

Endocytosis

A vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell

Exocytosis

A from of passive transport. Molecules move across the plasma membrane using a transport protein.

Facilitated diffusion