Biology 111 Final
a
A chemical reaction that has a positive delta G is best described as______. a)endergonic b)enthalpic c)exergonic d)spontaneous
b
A noncompetitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction by ________. a)acting as a coenzyme for the reaction b)changing the shape of the enzyme's active site c)binding at the active site of the enzyme d)changing the free energy change of the reaction
b
A plant deficient in calcium could experience several problems, including: a)a decreased response to epinephrine b)poor response to signals of stress, drought, or cold c)overactive cycle AMP responses d)B and C only e)A,B, and C
a
A single origin replication on a circular chromosome being duplicated and moving toward opposite poles describes the beginning of _____> a)binary fission b)meiosis c)cytokinesis d)mitosis e)organogenesis
a
A slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to t he slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? a)hydrogen bond b)ionic bond c)hydrophobic bond d)hydrophilic bond e)covalent bond
c
After telophase 1 of meiosis, the chromosomal make up of each daughter cell is______. a)diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of one chromatid b)haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of one chromatid c)haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids d)diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids
d
An inhibitor of which of the following could be used to block the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? a)adenylyl cyclase b)phosphodiesterase c)serine/threonine kinases d)phospholipase C
c
At the conclusion of prophase 1 in a human cell, how many tetrads and chromatids are present? a)23 tetrads; 69 chromatids b)46 tetrads; 92 chromatids c)23 tetrads; 92 chromatids d)46 tetrads; 23 chromatids e)23 tetrads; 46 chromatids
a
At which part of the cell cycle would you be able to observe chromosomes that look like tight? a)M phase b)G0 phase c)S pahse d)G1 phase e)G2 phase
b
Catabolic pathways_______. a)are endergonic b)supply energy, primarily in the form of ATP, for the cell's work c)are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis d)combine molecules into more energy-rich molecules
a
Cooking oil and gasoline (a hydrocarbon) are not amphipathic molecules because they _____. a)do not have a polar or charged region b)are highly reduced molecules c)have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions d)nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
d
Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) is _______. a)inactive or "turned off," in the presence of cyclin b)present only during the S phase of the cell cycle c)the enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of chromosomes to microtubules d)an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins
a
During which phase of mitosis do the chromatids become independent chromosomes? a)anaphase b)metaphase c)prophase d)prometaphase e)telophase
a
Early investigators thought the oxygen produced by photosynthetic plants came from carbon dioxide. In fact, it comes from ____. a)water b)electrons from NADPH c)glucise d)air
d
Enantiomers are molecules that a)are mirror images of each other and have the same biological function b)have identical three-dimensional shape c)are cic-trans isomers d)are mirror images of each other
b
How much YFC, MW=300g/mol, would you need to prepare 250 mL of a 2M solution? a)150kg b)150g c)37.5g d)18.75kg e)2.4g
d
Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are ____. a)polar substances that have an affinity for water b)nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules c)polar substances that repel water molecules d)nonpolar substance that repel water molecules
c
If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for those organisms that spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state? a)synapsis b)DNA replication c)fertilization d)reverse transcript
c
In meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated during _______. a)prophase 1 b)mitosis c)anaphase 1 d)anaphase 2
d
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis moves protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis moves protons from the ______. a)thylakoid space to the stroma b)intermembrane space to the matrix c)matrix tot he stroma d)stroma to the thylakoid space
c
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate (1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, (2) is oxidized to from a two-carbon compound called acetate, and (3) is bonded to coenzyme A. The three listed steps result in the formation of _____. a)acetyl CoA, FADH2, and CO2 b)acetyl CoA, NAD+, ATP, and CO2 c)acetyl CoA, NADH, and CO2 d)acetyl CoA, O2, and ATP
d
In which of the following ways do plant hormones differ from hormones in animals? a)animal hormones are primarily for mating and embryonic development b)plant hormones are typically released into the soil c)animal hormones are only local regulators d)plant hormones most often travel in air as gas
b
In yeast signal transduction, a yeast cell releases a mating factor which_____. a)acts back on the same cell that secreted the mating factor, changing it's development b)binds to receptors on the membranes of other types of yeast cells c)passes through the membranes of neighboring cells, binds to DNA, and initiates transcription d)diffuses through the membranes of distant cells, causing them to produce factors that initiate long-distance migrations
b
Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during______. a)mitosis and meiosis 1 b)meiosis 1 only c)meiosis 2 only d)mitosis and meiosis 2
a
Motor proteins require which of the following to function in the movement of chromosomes toward the poles of the mitotic spindle? a)ATP as an energy source b)synthesis of cohesion c)a microtubule-organizing center d)intact centromeres
e
Once a cell completes mitosis, molecular division triggers must be turned off. What happens to the MPF complex during mitosis? a)it is completely degraded b)it is exported from the cell c)the Cdk component of MPFis degraded and exported from the cell d)the MPF complex stays intact for the duration of mitosis e)the cyclin component of MPF is degraded
c
One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to ____. a)reduce FADH2 to FAD+ b)reduce FAD+ to FADH2 c)oxidize NADH to NAD+ d)reduce NAD+ to NADH
b
One mole (mol) of the amino acid tryptophan (molecular mass-204 daltons) is ____. a)204 kilograms of tryptophan b)204 grans of tryptophan c)1 kilogram of tryptophan dissolves in 1 liter of solution d)204 x 10^23 molecules of tryptophan
d
One of the major categories of receptors in the plasma membrane reacts by forming dimers, adding phosphate groups, and then activating relay proteins. Which type does this? a)steroid receptors b)G protein-coupled receptors c)ligand-gated ion channels d)receptor tyrosine kinases
a
Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reactant's______. a)activation energy b)equilibrium point c)entropy d)free-energy content
b
Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? a)8 b)32 c)16 d)64
c
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are_____. a)2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP b)6CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP c)2NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP d)2FADH2, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP
b
Taxol is an anticancer drug that was originally extracted from the bark of yew trees. The mode of action of taxol is to inhibit depolymerization of microtubules. Which stage of mitosis would be most affected by the action of taxol? a)telophase b)anaphase c)prophase d)metaphase e)prometaphase
d
The M-Phase checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle. If this does not happen, cells would most likely be arrested in ______. a)prometaphase b)telophase c)prophase d)metaphase
c
The bond between two atoms of equal electronegativity is describe as____. a)ionic bonds b)electronic bonds c)nonpolar covalent bonds d)hydrogen bonds e)polar covalent bonds
a
The calvin cycle is responsible for a)producing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and regenerating ribulose biphosphate b)completing the breakdown of glucose and releasing CO2 c)searching for Hobbes d)producing energy in the form of NADPH and ATP e)synthesizing glucose
b
The cholesterol in your blood travels in LDL particles made up of lipids and protein. LDL particles, containing cholesterol, are taken into the cell in bulk amounts. This is an example of______. a)pinocytosis b)receptor-mediated endocytosis c)diffusion d)phagocytosis e)facilitated cytosis
c
The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is a)phosphorylase b)phosphatase c)protein kinase d)ATPase e)protease
a
The mitotic spindle is a microtubular structure that is involved in a)separation of sister chromatids b)triggering the compaction and condensation of chromosomes c)dissolving the nuclear membrane d)the formulation of the cell plate in plants e)splitting of the cell (cytokinesis) following mitosis
a
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to _______. a)act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water b)combine with lactate, forming pyruvate c)combine with carbon, forming CO2 d)yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain
b
The process of transduction usually begins a)when the chemical signal is released from the alpha cell b)when the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way c)after the target cell divides d)when the hormone is released from the gland into the blood e)after the third stage of cell signaling is completed
a
Two species of organisms A and B inhibit a particular geographic location. Organism A reproduces asexually while Organism B undergoes sexual reproduction.Due to natural calamities, there have been major changes in the biogeography of the habitat. Which of the following is true? a)Species A has a greater chance of extinction. b)Species A and B have an equal chance of extinction c)neither species will go extinct because they are from the are. d)Species B has a greater chance of extinction.
c
What compound provides the reducing power for Calvin Cycle reactions? a)NADH b)NADP+ c)NADPH d)ATP
b
When a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes______. a)oxidized b)reduced c)redoxed d)dehydrogenated
a
When homologous chromosomes cross over, what occurs? a)corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged b)maternal alleles are "corrected" to be like paternal alleles and vice versa c)two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA d)the amount of variation in the gametes decreases
c
Which of the following amino acids would most likely be present in the transmembrane domain of an integral membrane protein, and be in contact with the core of the membrane? a)a polar amino acid like serine b)a charged amino acid like lysine c)a hydrophobic amino acid like valine d)an acidic amino acid like glutamic acid
d
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin Cycle? a)CO2 and glucose b)ADP, Pi, and NADP+ c)H2O and O2 d)ATP and NADPH
e
Which of the following best describes the relationship between these atoms? a)they contain 6, 7, and 8 protons, respectively b)they are isomers c)they are polymers d)they each contain 3 neutrons e)they are isotopes
e
Which of the following characterizes the sodium-potassium pump? a)Potassium ions are pumped into a cell against their gradient. b)The pump protein undergoes a conformational change. c)Sodium ions are pumped out of a cell against their gradient. d)Only A and B are correct e)A, B, and C are all correct
a
Which of the following events does not belong with a description of what happens during prometaphase? a)nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those coming from the opposite pole b)cohesion proteis are broken down c)chromosomes become even more condensed d)microtubules attach to the kinetochores e)the nuclear envelope disintegrated
a
Which of the following help water move faster across cell membrane? a)aquaporins b)cholesterol c)the sodium-potassium pump d)peripheral proteins e)ATP
d
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep a membrane more fluid at lower temperatures? a)they're more polar than saturated fats b)the double bonds block interaction between the hydrophilic head groups of the lipids. c)they have a higher cholesterol content d)the double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly
c
Which of the following is characteristic of a steroid hormone action? a)cell-surface receptor binding b)second messenger activation c)internal receptor binding d)protein phosphorylation
c
Which of the following is the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system? a)ER > chloroplasts > mitochondrion > cell membrane b)nuclear envelope > lysosome > golgi >plasma membrane c)rough ER > vesicles > golgi > plasma membrane d)golgi > lysosome > ER > plasma membrane
d
Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=20? a)The species is diploid with 10 chromosomes per cell. b)the species id diploid with 40 chromosomes per cell. c)The species has 20 sets of chromosomes per cell. d)Each diploid cell has 10 homologous pairs of chromosomes. e)A gamete from this species has five chromosomes.
d
Which of the following is true when comparing an uncatalyzed reaction to one with a catalyst? The reaction will______. a)consume all of the catalyst b)have a higher activation energy c)will be slower d)will have the same delta G
e
Which of the following would be inhibited by a drug that specifically blocks the addition of phosphate groups to proteins? a)G-protein-linked receptor signaling b)ligand-gated ion channel signaling c)adenylyl cyclase activity d)phosphate activity e)receptor tyrosine kinase activity
b
Which of the following would most likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? a)glucose b)CO2 c)an amino acid d)K+
c
Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom? a)carbon has 6 to 8 neutrons b)carbon forms ionic bonds c)carbon has a valence of 4 d)A and C only e)A, B, and C
d
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of building large molecules from smaller ones? a)dehydration b)catabolism c)metabolism d)anabolism
c
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? a)The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-carbon linkages. b)The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. c)The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. d)They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.
d
You pull a frozen zygote out of the freezer and allow the zygote to go through a series of three cell divisions. How many cells does this early embryo contain? a)64 b)16 c)32 d)8 e)4
b
You've isolated a new diploid single-celled eukaryote that reproduces sexually. On closer inspection, you find that it has 12 chromosomes. How many different combinations of chromosomes can occur in the gamete of this species? a)4096 b)64 c)24 d)128