Biology 111 Final Exam Study "Guide"
Which of the following is function mainly as energy storage molecules? (a) proteins, nucleic acids and lipids (b) complex carbohydrates and triglycerides (c) proteins and lipids(incorrect) (d) proteins, complex carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
*one quizlet set said fats and oils....
Which of the following is TRUE concerning membrane fluidity? QUIZ 2
-The degree of membrane fluidity varies depending on the composition of the membrane. -Phospholipids are relatively free to move around laterally within the membrane. -Unanchored proteins are relatively free to move around laterally within the membrane.
Which of the graphs correctly illustrates the relationship between the degree of saturation of phospholipid fatty acid side chains and the fluidity of biological membranes?
A
What is a hypothesis?
A tentative explanation that can be tested by experiments
Which of the graphs correctly illustrates the relationship between the number of double bonds present in phospholipid fatty acid side chains and the fluidity of biological membranes?
C
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning membrane fluidity?
Decreased fatty acid side chain saturation and increased temperature increase membrane fluidity.
Which of the following prevents the free passage of most substances across a biological membrane?
The hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer
The saturation of a fatty acid side chains in triglycerides and phospholipids affects the fluidity of the lipid. Indicate whether the following is true or false: Triglycerides with saturated fatty acid side chains are more fluid than triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acid side chains
false
Which of the following correctly identifies this molecule?
fat/triglyceride
Some people like spicy, hot food. Some of these people even grow their own hot peppers to make different kinds of sauces. Imagine that you are one of these people and are growing your own pepper plants from seed. In the past, you noticed the seeds take a long time to germinate (germination is when little plants, called seedlings, emerge from seeds). You read someplace that some seeds germinate more quickly in warmer climates. So you decide to see if warmer temperatures will speed up the germination process. To see if you are right, you place one set of twenty seeds in potting soil on the counter and place a second set of twenty seeds on top of a heating pad on the same counter. You add water, and wait..... Which of the following is the dependent variable in the experiment?
the time it takes the pepper seedlings to appear
The saturation of a fatty acid side chains in triglycerides and phospholipids affects the fluidity of the lipid. Indicate whether the following is true or false: An increase in the number of double bonds in the fatty acid side chains increases the fluidity of the lipid
true
A single covalent bond represents the sharing of how many electrons?
two
Of the subatomic particles that make up atoms, only ______ are directly involved in the formation of chemical bonds.
electrons
Match the following bonds to the macromolecule in which each is found. (a) Ester bond (b) Peptide bond (c) Glycosidic linkage
(a) triglycerides (b) proteins (c) complex carbohydrates
What is the difference between anabolic pathways and catabolic pathways?
Anabolic pathways store energy and catabolic pathways release energy in all cells.
Which of these molecules forms bilayers when placed in water to form cell membranes
see image (phospholipid)
A solution with a pH of 2.0 has _______ as a solution with a pH of 4.0
100 times more hydrogen ions
A solution with a pH of 6 has _________________ hydrogen ions as a solution with a pH of 3.
1000 times fewer
Which of the molecules above is a triglyceride (fat) molecule?
see image (triglyceride)
How many hydrogen atoms are present in a hydrocarbon chain of ten carbon atoms that are held together by six single covalent bonds and three double covalent bonds?
16
How many hydrogen atoms are present in a hydrocarbon chain of ten carbon atoms that are held together by seven single covalent bonds and two double covalent bonds?
18
The maximum number of electrons in present in an orbital of an atom is ________________ .
2
This functional group acts as a weak base
Amino
These functional groups are found in all amino acids
Amino and Carboxyl
Which of the molecules above is primarily an energy storage molecule?
see image (triglyceride)
Which of the hydrocarbon chains below has two double bonds? (a) C8H18 (b) C10H20 (c) C7H12 (d) C6H8
C7H12
Match the structure with the right description hydrophilic/polar, charged
Carboxyl
TRUE or FALSE: Competitive inhibitors of enzymes are examples of allosteric regulators of enzyme activity
False
TRUE or FALSE: In a nonpolar covalent bond between two atoms, the shared electrons spend more time around the nucleus of one of the atoms than the other
False
TRUE or FALSE: On the pH scale, a value of 1 is highly basic, 14 is highly acidic, and 7 is neutral
False
TRUE or FALSE: The lower concentration of hydrogen ions, the lower the pH
False
Two solutions are present in a beaker and are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water, but not permeable to glucose. True or false: The concentration of glucose will decrease in side A and will increase in side B. Side A: 15% Glucose Side B: 50% Glucose
False
Some macromolecules are polymers. Which of the following are monomers used to make polymeric macromolecules?
Glucose, amino acids
The figure to the right represents a beaker containing two solutions of glucose separated by a membrane. Side A is _______ compared to Side B. Side A: 1.2M GLUCOSE Side B: 1.0M GLUCOSE
Hypertonic
Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?
Ionic bonds are stronger in the absence of water than they are in the presence of water
Glucose is assembled into molecules of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following best describes this process?
It is an anabolic pathway that includes mostly endergonic reactions
This functional group is a nonpolar, hydrophobic functional group
Methyl
which of the following correctly reflects the process of science?
Observation -> question -> hypothesis formulation -> experiment -> support or refute hypothesis
Which of these sequences correctly reflects the process of science?
Observation, question, hypothesis formulation, experiment, support or refute hypothesis
This functional group connects the glycerol backbone to the polar head group in one of the three classes of lipid molecules
Phosphate
The unique sequence of amino acids
Primary Structure
The association of two or more polypeptide subunits to make a functional protein
Quaternary Structure
Structures held together by hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the polypeptide chain
Secondary Structure
Two solutions have different concentrations of hydrogen ions (represented by the dots). Which is true of solution A?
Solution A is more acidic and has a lower pH than solution B
Which is true of a polar covalent bond?
The electrons in the bond spend more time around the nucleus of one of the atoms than the other.
which of the following statements about DEHYDRATION REACTIONS are True and which are False?: (a) The assembly of polysaccharides and proteins depends on this type of reaction (b) The breakdown of some macromolecules depends on this type of reaction (c) They use a molecule of water to separate a monomer from a polymer chain
TRUE: -The assembly of polysaccharides and proteins depends on this type of reaction FALSE: -The breakdown of some macromolecules depends on this type of reaction -They use a molecule of water to separate a monomer from a polymer chain
Some people like spicy, hot food. Some of these people even grow their own hot peppers to make different kinds of sauces. Imagine that you are one of these people and are growing your own pepper plants from seed. In the past, you noticed the seeds take a long time to germinate (germination is when little plants, called seedlings, emerge from seeds). You read someplace that some seeds germinate more quickly in warmer climates. So you decide to see if warmer temperatures will speed up the germination process. To see if you are right, you place one set of twenty seeds in potting soil on the counter and place a second set of twenty seeds on top of a heating pad on the same counter. You add water, and wait..... Which of the following is the hypothesis tested in this experiment?
Temperature affects the germination rate of pepper seeds.
The three dimensional conformation assumed by a polypeptide chain
Tertiary Structure
Which of the following statements about dehydration reactions (also called condensation reactions) is true?
The assembly of complex carbohydrates, triglycerides, and phospholipids depends on this type of reaction.
Dehydration reactions (also called condensation reactions) are involved in which of the following?
The synthesis of complex carbohydrate/the synthesis of a protein
The figure to the right represents a beaker containing two solutions of glucose separated by a membrane. The membrane is permeable to water and glucose. Side A: 1.2M GLUCOSE Side B: 1.0M GLUCOSE Which of the following statements is TRUE?
There will be a net diffusion of glucose from B to A.
Which of the following explains why the plasma membranes of the cells in winter wheat plants can remain fluid when it is extremely cold?
They increase the amount of cholesterol present in the membranes.
Saturated fatty acid side chains have fewer double bonds than unsaturated fatty acid side chains
True
TRUE or FALSE: In a polar covalent bond between two atoms, the shared electrons spend more time around the nucleus of one of the atoms than the other
True
TRUE or FALSE: Noncompetitive inhibitors of enzyme activity bind to an allosteric site of the enzyme.
True
TRUE or FALSE: Noncompetitive inhibitors of enzymes are examples of allosteric regulators of enzyme activity
True
TRUE or FALSE: On the pH scale, a value of 1 is highly acidic, 14 is highly basic, and 7 is neutral
True
TRUE or FALSE: The lower concentration of hydrogen ions, the higher the pH
True
Two solutions are present in a beaker and are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water, but not permeable to glucose. True or false: The volume of the solution in side B will gradually increase. Side A: 15% Glucose Side B: 50% Glucose
True
Which of the following descriptions of net diffusion will happen to a cell if it is placed into a hypotonic environment (assuming its membrane is permeable to both water and salt ions)?
Water will leave the cell by osmosis and salt ions will leave the cell by facilitated diffusion
Which of the following must be present if NET DIFFUSION is occurring?
a concentration gradient, the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration, and the random movement of atoms or molecules due to kinetic energy
The association of individual water molecules with other water molecules is called ________ and occurs through _________ bonds between water molecules
adhesion/hydrogen bonds
Which of the following correctly identifies this molecule?
amino acid
Glycogen is made by ______ cells and functions as _______ molecule
animal/an energy storage
Which of the following inputs of photosynthesis are outputs of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide
You are a new graduate student working in a laboratory at the Center for Cellbotic Research, and you are part of a team that is developing an artificial cell called a Cellbot. The goal is to make these cellbots as similar to real cells as possible. Therefore, the four most abundant chemical elements in your cellbots are ________
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Which of the following functional groups acts as a weak acid?
carboxyl group
The lipid components of cellular membranes include:
cholesterol and phospholipids
The association of individual water molecules with other water molecules is called _____________ and occurs through ______________ bonds between water molecules.
cohesion/hydrogen bonds
Which of the following correctly identifies this molecule?
complex carbohydrate/polysaccharide
Which of the following correctly lists the four major groups of biologically important macromolecules?
complex carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
A pet store owner was having trouble keeping new shipments of fish healthy during the first week after their arrival at the store. She thought that if she increased the amount of oxygen in the aquarium water, she could increase the health and survival rate of her new fish stocks. The owner tested this idea on her next incoming shipment of fish. She put half of the new fish in the normal aquaria. She put the other half in tanks hooked up to supplemental oxygen bubblers. She monitored the fish for general health for one week and recorded the survival rate of the fish in each aquarium during that time. The dependent variable is the ______
fish survival rate
The versatility of the carbon atom and the reason it is said to be "the backbone of life" is due to the fact that carbons atoms ___________
have four unpaired electrons in their outer shell
A young girl is staring at the raindrops running down her window. She notices that the raindrops remain more or less intact, even as they cascade down the windowpane. This is a result of:
hydrogen bonds between water molecules
Match the structure with the right description hydrophilic/polar uncharged
hydroxyl
This figure represents a beaker containing two solutions of fructose separated by a membrane. Side A is _________ compared to side B. Side A contains 0.2M of fructose Side B contains 0.9M of fructose
hypotonic
Which of the following are chemical bonds that rely on the attraction of positive and negative charges?
ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds
Match the structure with the right description hydrophobic/uncharged
methyl
Methyl groups and hydroxyl groups confer important chemical properties to large biologically important molecules. That's because methyl groups are ______ and hydroxyl groups are ________
nonpolar/polar
Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: _______ to nucleic acids as amino acids are to ________
nucleotides are/proteins
A pet store owner was having trouble keeping new shipments of fish healthy during the first week after their arrival at the store. She thought that if she increased the amount of oxygen in the aquarium water, she could increase the health and survival rate of her new fish stocks. The owner tested this idea on her next incoming shipment of fish. She put half of the new fish in the normal aquaria. She put the other half in tanks hooked up to supplemental oxygen bubblers. She monitored the fish for general health for one week and recorded the survival rate of the fish in each aquarium during that time. The independent variable of this experiment is the _______
oxygen levels of the water
Which of the following correctly identifies this molecule?
phospholipid
Starch is made by ______ cells and functions as _____ molecule
plant/an energy storage
Molecules containing large numbers of hydroxyl groups are ______
polar
Which of the following holds the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom in a molecule of water?
polar covalent bonds
Which of the following level of protein structure describes the association of two or more polypeptides to form a functional proteins?
quaternary structure
Which of the following correctly describe how enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions? QUIZ 2
raising the activation energy for reactions
Which of the molecules above are monomers used to build polymers
see image (amino acid AND carbohydrate)
Which of the molecules above could be used by a ribosome to build a protein
see image (amino acid)
Which of the molecules could be connected one to another by glycosidic linkages to make starch?
see image (carbohydrate)
Which of the molecules above are lipids?
see image (phospholipid AND steroid AND triglyceride)
Which of the molecules above has at least one saturated fatty acid side chain?
see image (phospholipid AND triglyceride-image above)
An example of a molecule produced by plants to store energy is ____________
starch
Which of the following correctly identifies this molecule?
steroid
Which of the following correctly identifies this molecule?
sugar/carbohydrate
A pet store owner was having trouble keeping new shipments of fish healthy during the first week after their arrival at the store. She thought that if she increased the amount of oxygen in the aquarium water, she could increase the health and survival rate of her new fish stocks. The owner tested this idea on her next incoming shipment of fish. She put half of the new fish in the normal aquaria. She put the other half in tanks hooked up to supplemental oxygen bubblers. She monitored the fish for general health for one week and recorded the survival rate of the fish in each aquarium during that time. The control group in this experiment is ______
the new fish in the tanks without supplemental bubblers
Which of the following must be present if diffusion is occurring?
the random movement of atoms or molecules due to kinetic energy
Some people like spicy, hot food. Some of these people even grow their own hot peppers to make different kinds of sauces. Imagine that you are one of these people and are growing your own pepper plants from seed. In the past, you noticed the seeds take a long time to germinate (germination is when little plants, called seedlings, emerge from seeds). You read someplace that some seeds germinate more quickly in warmer climates. So you decide to see if warmer temperatures will speed up the germination process. To see if you are right, you place one set of twenty seeds in potting soil on the counter and place a second set of twenty seeds on top of a heating pad on the same counter. You add water, and wait..... Which of the following is the control in the experiment?
the seeds on the counter without a heating pad
Which of the following properties is not associated with living things?
the storage of genetic information in proteins
