Biology 1110 Exam #2
How fast cellular respiration works is also known as _______.
metabolism
Active Transport
molecules again move through a TRANSPORT PROTEIN, but now ENERGY must be expended to move them AGAINST their concentration gradient
Does ATP require energy to be broken down?
no
The cell membrane is selectively permeable. What does this mean?
only certain things can cross, mainly depending on size (monomers and gases are considered small and polymers are considered large)
What does the stomata do during C3 photosynthesis?
open
Chlorophyll a
primary pigment for photosynthesis, absorbs blue-violet and red light, reflects green light
Which component of a cell membrane is likely to function as a receptor in cell to cell signaling?
proteins
Is it worse to eliminate carbs, lipids or proteins from your diet?
proteins because you are not getting nitrogen, you will get CHO with all three
The end result of glycolysis is
pyruvate
Carbon fixation is part of what cycle?
the Calvin cycle
The CO2 animals exhale is produced in:
the Krebs cycle
NADPH-Producing Photosystem
the NADPH-producing photosystem is identical to the water-splitting photosystem, except that electrons are donated by the electron transport chain
Energy
the capacity to do work
Where does all life get energy from?
the sun
What happens to the stroma during the day in plants that need lots of water?
they would keep the stroma open during the day
A leaf on a plant is photosynthesizing rapidly, capturing sunlight to perform the photo reactions. Why will this plant also need to perform the synthesis reactions?
to make glucose (food) for the plant
What is the purpose of beta blocker chemicals?
to prevent adrenaline from binding to the cell
Humans are the reason that less heat escapes into space. True or false?
true
When does the photo reaction occur?
when all input items, especially sunlight, are available
When is bulk transport used?
when solutes are too big to cross the membrane by other means
Respiration without oxygen is called ____________ respiration.
"Anaerobic" means "without oxygen." This process is also called "fermentation."
What do phospholipids contain?
- Glycerol - 2 faNy acids (hydrophobic) - A PO4 group (hydrophilic)
Sugar Creation
-ATP and NADPH are used to rearrange molecules, eventually creating G3P -G3P is used to make lots of stuff in the cell -2 G3P (3 carbon)=1C6H12O6 (glucose;6 carbons)
Fixation
-CO2 from the air is attached to a molecule found in the plant --Rubisco is the enzyme that facilitates this
Regeneration
-Some of the G3P will be used to regenerate the molecule needed for fixation
What actions cause humans to affect the greenhouse effect?
-burning fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil to power -cutting down trees=deforestation -generating waste -farming
Photosystem (PS)
-chlorophyll -electron acceptors
Complications of diabetes
-circulatory problems -blindness -kidney problems -heart disease -immune system problems
Electron transport chains
-connect the photosystems -made of electron carrier molecules (ECMs) -occur along the thylakoid membrane -pass electrons along, releasing small bits on energy as they go -this energy is used for proton (H+) pumping
Explain how plants and photosynthesis would be affected if all animals died.
-could not do synthesis reaction without carbon dioxide (Calvin cycle would not work) so the plant would not produce glucose -plants get H ions from animals
Pinocytosis
-engulfment of dissolved particles and liquids (smaller particles) -The plasma membrane invaginates to create a kind of harbor. The harbor then encloses completely, pinches off as a vesicle, and moves into the cell's cytoplasm, carrying with it whatever material was enclosed.
Phagocytosis
-engulfment of large particles 1. The plasma membrane forms a pocket-like vesicle around a large particle 2. The particle is transported into the cell in a vesicle
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
-holds contents of cell in place -takes in food and nutrients -builds and exports molecules -absorbs and dissipates heat
Symptoms of diabetes
-hungry -glucose in the urine -frequent urination -thirsty
Type I diabetes
-inherited -autoimmune disease -hyperglycemia
Gestational diabetes
-pregnant women -hormones
Type II diabetes
-preventable -over exposure -weight management and exercise help
What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
-primary uses ATP to directly move solutes -secondary is an indirect method of fueling and couples movement of solutes in the opposite direction
Isotonic solution
-solute concentrations are balanced -water movement is balanced
Hypertonic solution
-solute concentrations are higher in the extracellular fluid -water diffuses out of cells -examples: plant cells and red blood cells
Hypotonic solution
-solute concentrations are lower in the extracellular fluid -water diffuses into cells
What is passive transport (osmosis)?
-the diffusion of water -Water moves from the side of the membrane that has high (more) water to the side of the membrane that has low (less) water -required when solutes are too big to move
How have humans impacted the greenhouse effect?
-we enhance it -have caused average temp to rise -called climate change or global warming
What percentage of the energy released by the sun is captured and converted by plants?
1%
6 steps of aerobic CR in order
1. 2 ATP are invested 2. glucose is broken down to pyruvate 3. coenzyme A is added to an acetyl molecule 4. FAD is reduced to FADH2 5. NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons and H+ to the e.t.c. 6. 36 ATP are produced
What are the 3 steps involved in converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
1. A CO2 is removed from pyruvate + acetyl 2. NAD+ picks up e- and H+ to become NADH 3. Coenzyme A attaches to acetyl
What are the 3 steps of the Krebs cycle?
1. Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle (turns twice) 2.Remaining carbons from glucose are released as CO2 3. NAD+ and FAD pick up e- and H+ for e.t.c. (2 ATP are made in the cycle)
What are the 2 major events in the photo reactions?
1. Splitting of H2o 2. Conversion of solar energy to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
Three important helpers in the process of cellular respiration are NAD+, FAD, and CoEnzyme-A. Where do they come from?
B vitamins from our diet
The CO2 you are exhaling right now was produced in this step of cellular respiration
Krebs cycle
What do beta blocker chemicals reduce?
anxiety symptoms
Deforestation leads to:
decreased O2, increased CO2
What are the starting materials of glycolysis?
glucose, ATP, NAD+
Which step of cellular respiration requires an energy (ATP) investment to begin?
glycolysis
The correct order of steps in cellular respiration is
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
What color of light is reflected in photosynthesis?
green
1st Electron Transport Chain
high-energy electrons are used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid, the kinetic energy from the release of these ions is used to build ATP
The major driving force for the formation of a lipid bilayer is _____; once formed the membrane is further stabilized by ________.
hydrophobic forces on the phospholipid fatty acid carbon chains; hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions, van der Waals contacts.
What type of solution is the blood after drinking alcohol?
hypertonic
A living plant is exposed to water labeled with 18O (a radioactive isotope of oxygen that allows us to trace where it goes) and exposed to sunlight. The 18O will end up in where at the end of photosynthesis?
in released oxygen gas
Endocytosis
involves large items moving into the cell
Water-Splitting Photosystem
light energy is used to transfer electrons to the primary electron acceptor , electrons are donated by water releasing oxygen and hydrogen as by-products
The ____ portion of the cell membrane functions as a barrier while the ____ portion determines specific functions, including pumps, receptors, adhesion, etc.
lipid; protein
What is the purpose of proteins in the cell membrane?
Receptor Proteins (bind to external chemicals in order to regulate processes within the cell) Recognition Proteins (provide a "fingerprint" for the cell , so it can be recognized by other cells) Transport Proteins (provide a passageway for molecules to travel into and out of the cell) Enzymatic Proteins (accelerate intracellular and extracellular reactions on the plasma membrane)
The Calvin cycle begins by the attachment of CO2 to which of the following?
RuBP
Crossing a membrane by simple diffusion can be distinguished from facilitated diffusion because:
Simple diffusion is not saturable; facilitated diffusion rates are limited by the number of functional membrane proteins and can be saturated
Diffusion
Small solutes move from side of high concentration to side with low concentration. Example: food coloring
The most important part of the first three steps of aerobic cellular respiration is:
That NAD+ and FAD collect electrons and hydrogen ions for the electron transport chain
The most important part of the first two steps of aerobic cellular respiration is:
That NAD+ and FAD collect electrons and hydrogen ions for the electron transport chain
Plants make ATP during the process of photosynthesis. Why do they also need to do the process of cellular respiration?
The ATP made is photosynthesis is only enough to fuel the dark (synthesis) reactions. The plant had to do cellular respiration to make large amounts of ATP
Co-transport of nutrients across the intestinal cell membranes is an active process that can move glucose against a concentration gradient. The energy requiring step for co-transport:
The Na+K+ ATPase that pumps Na+ from the cell into the blood, maintaining low Na+ levels in the cell.
You just purchased a really cool lamp that has a green plastic shade that surrounds the light bulb. You put a plant under the lamp but it dies within a week. What has happened?
The green light produced by the lamp cannot be utilized for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is to the chloroplast as cellular respiration is to the __________.
The mitochondrion houses respiration, just as the chloroplast houses photosynthesis.
Which cell structure is often called the "powerhouse of the cell" because of its involvement in the extraction of chemical energy from food?
The mitochondrion is where food is converted to usable energy.
While on a trip to the desert, a friend of yours was bitten by a rattlesnake. He nearly died from hemolysis, or breakage of many of his red blood cells. You have analyzed the snake venom and found three enzymes: phospholipase, which degrades phospholipids; neuraminidase, which removes cell surface carbohydrates; and protease which degrades proteins. Which of these enzymes do you think was responsible for his near fatal red blood cell hemolysis? Why?
The phospholipase would degrade the phospholipids, the component of a membrane creating a barrier.
In the fall, most of the trees outside don't have leaves. How are they getting the energy they need to stay alive?
They are only performing cellular respiration
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate are three-carbon molecules produced during the Calvin Cycle. True or false?
True
The Calvin Cycle functions to construct carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. True or false?
True
Placing phospholipids into an aqueous solution immediately results in their forming a lipid bilayer. What is the driving force causing this ordered arrangement ?
Water, when associated with lipids, is forced into an ordered arrangement with fewer hydrogen bonds. Forcing lipids into a bilayer gains freedom of movement for the water.
What are the characteristics of an isotonic solution?
When the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell.
Do photosynthesizing plants have mitochondria? Why or why not?
Yes, to supply ATP to power other activities
Chemical energy
a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds (food)
What is an example of potential energy?
a meal about to be consumed
Greenhouse Effect
a natural occurrence that helps regulate the temperature of our planet
How is ADP formed from ATP?
a phosphate group is lost
What are cell membranes primarily composed of?
a phospholipid bilayer
The system used by protozoa to help control the flow of water into the cell is:
a pump in the cytoplasm that squeezes out water.
What are 2 facts about ATP?
a. it contains a nitrogenous base called adenine b. it contains three phosphates
What are 3 facts concerning energy?
a. potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy b. energy can't be created or destroyed c. energy conversions produce heat
Chlorophyll b
absorbs blue and red-orange light, reflects yellow green light
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
across the inner membrane of the mitochondria
What is the location of the e.t.c.?
across the membrane of the mitochondria
Neurons (cells within the nervous system) contain a high concentration of potassium ions. How could a neuron acquire even more potassium?
active transport
The rate of transport of a substance into a cell is drastically reduced when the formation of ATP is blocked. The transport system must be a form of:
active transport
What is the best way to speed up your metabolism?
activity
Why does your body prefer to perform aerobic respiration as opposed to anaerobic respiration?
aerobic respiration produces far more ATP than anaerobic respiration
Which process, [anaerobic respiration] or [aerobic respiration], extracts more chemical energy from a glucose molecule?
aerobic respiration; Aerobic respiration releases enough energy to make 38 ATP. Anaerobic respiration only produces 2 ATP.
What does exertion without enough oxygen lead to in yeast?
alcohol
Phospholipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas within the same molecule. This dual nature of the molecule is described by the term:
amphipathic.
What does the lack of properly functioning chloride passageway lead to?
an accumulation of thick mucous
Osmosis always moves water from:
an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
When can the synthesis reactions occur?
any time of day as long as the input items are available
Deforestation (removal of trees and vegetation) can ultimately cause a problem for animals because:
atmospheric O2 levels decrease
Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called __________.
autotrophs, producers; Plants undergo photosynthesis to make their own food.
Where are hydrophobic tails directed?
away from the fluid
What is the purpose of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
basic structure
What colors of light does photosynthesis absorb?
blue, violet and orange
What is mainly happening during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
breaking the bonds of glucose so that NAD+ and FAD can gather up the e- and H+ (from glucose) to power the etc.
When a plant grows, where does its mass come from?
carbon dioxide in the air
Name one product of cellular respiration.
carbon dioxide, CO2, water, H2O, energy, ATP
Prior to entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate loses a ________ and is converted to ________.
carbon dioxide, acetyl-coA
What are the outputs of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide, water, ATP and heat
Photosynthesis is a process that removes _____ from the environment and releases _____ to the environment.
carbon dioxide...oxygen
What is a part of the Calvin cycle (synthesis reactions)?
carbon fixation
What stops the electron transport chain, production of ATP?
carbon monoxide
High GI
carbs that spike the blood sugar fast (and require more insulin to deal with) (white carbs, candy)
What are some products of fermentation?
cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, wine, beer, nail polish remover, rubbing alcohol, vinegar
What type of energy does solar energy convert to?
chemical energy
What does the photo reaction require, causing parts of the plant that are not green to not be able to take part in the reaction?
chlorophyll
What is the main goal of glycolysis?
chop glucose (breaking the bonds) in half so that e- and H+ can be collected for the electron transport chain
How is energy used in the body when ATP is broken down?
contracting muscle, allowing neurons to communicate, cell division, repairing a wound and growing roots
What does alcoholic fermentation do?
converts pyruvate to ethanol and CO2
What does lactate fermentation do?
converts pyruvate to lactic acid
Cotransport systems of the intestinal epithelial cells include the_________ in the intestine facing membrane, the energy requiring _____________ facing the blood, and the ______________allowing facilitated diffusion of glucose out of the cell.
cotransporters, Na+K+ ATPase, permeases
What stops you from producing ATP?
cyanide
What disease is related with faulty membranes?
cystic fibrosis
What is the location of glycolysis?
cytoplasm
Where does fermentation occur?
cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis and fermentation occur?
cytoplasm
The difference between diffusion and osmosis is that:
diffusion moves small substances from high to low concentration while osmosis moves water from high to low concentrations
What are antioxidants believed to have an impact on?
disease
What pumps the H+ against the concentration gradient?
e-
What powers up the e.t.c.?
e- and H+ from NADH and FADH2 that are then converted to NAD+ and FAD (from glucose)
How does cellular respiration start in humans?
eat food, digest it, absorb glucose into bloodstream, deliver glucose to the cells, do cellular respiration
The most ATP is formed during this step of cellular respiration
electron transport chain
What is the only step in cellular respiration that requires oxygen?
electron transport chain
What takes place in the inner bag studded with molecules in the mitochondria?
electron transport chain that enables ATP production
During cellular respiration the primary items needed from glucose are __ and the waste product created from glucose will be___.
electrons and hydrogen ions; carbon dioxide
During cellular respiration, the primary items needed form glucose are ______ and the waste product created from glucose will be _______.
electrons and hydrogen ions; carbon dioxide
What do electron carrier molecules (ECMs) carry?
electrons and protons (H+)
What are the 2 types of bulk transport?
endocytosis and exocytosis
Kinetic
energy being used now to do work
What are 3 facts about the laws of thermodynamics?
energy is never lost, never gained and conversions are not 100% efficient
What are photons?
energy packets, kinetic energy, compose light energy
What is LDL broken down into via receptor-mediated endocytosis in the liver?
estrogen and testosterone
What does cellular respiration?
every living organism
Best combination for weight loss:
exercise, reasonable decrease in calories, making sustainable changes
Cell membrane components are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, transported as vesicles to the Golgi apparatus where they are modified, and then are transported to the cell surface where they deliver their contents to the cells exterior and become a part of the cell membrane in a process called ____________. The reverse of this process, bringing nutrient containing particles from out side to the inside of the cell is called _________.
exocytosis; endocytosis
Since there is no e.t.c. in anaerobic CR, when is NADH recycled to NAD+?
fermenation
Ethanol and lactic acid are produced by
fermentation
What happens at the end of glycolysis if oxygen is not available?
fermentation
How can you avoid the need for constipation or diarrhea medicines?
fiber and raw fruits and vegetables in your diet
What are the steps in the synthesis reactions?
fixation, sugar creation, regeneration
What will the glucose that was made in photosynthesis be used for?
for energy for the plant and to make cell structures
What determines your rate of metabolism?
genetics, age, lifestyle (diet and activity)
What is broken down in cellular respiration?
glucose
What is the major end product of photosynthesis?
glucose
What is the source of electrons in cellular respiration?
glucose
What is the preferred source for calories?
glucose (4 cal/g) 45-65%
What are the inputs of cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
What does photosynthesis produce?
glucose and oxygen
Glycolysis literally means "________ ________." (2 words)
glucose breaking; Glycolysis breaks the 6-carbon glucose molecule in half, converting it into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.
A cell contains 5% glucose, 20% starch, and 10% protein. The solution surrounding the cell contains 15% glucose, 5% starch, and 5% protein. _______________ will move by diffusion ________ the cell, while water will move __________ the cell due to the effects of osmosis.
glucose; into; into
A cell contains 5% glucose, 10% starch, and 5% protein. The solution outside the cell contains 10% glucose, 5% starch, and 20% protein. The only item that can move by diffusion will be _____. Water will move _____ the cell due to the _______ solution surrounding the cell.
glucose; out of; hypertonic
Which of these items would be too large to cross the cell membrane via diffusion? (oxygen gas, water, glucose, glycogen, an amino acid, a fatty acid)
glycogen
What are some examples of substances that are too large to cross a cell membrane via diffusion?
glycogen, chitin, cellulose and starch (polymers made of monomers)
Anaerobic organisms can only generate ATP via ________.
glycolysis
When a person receives a blood transfusion, the blood type must be "matched" for substances that identify the red blood cells. These identifiers on the cell membrane of the cells would be:
glycoproteins
Low GI
have a slow release (fruits, veggies, whole grains)
Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from the foods they eat are called __________.
heterotrophs, consumers; Animals are heterotrophs because they must consume food to get energy.
What are some organisms that perform cellular respiration?
humans, bacteria, plants and insects
A sample of cells is placed in a salt solution. The cells shrink and the membrane is distorted. Relative to the cell, the solution is probably:
hypertonic
Bath water shrivels the skin. What type of solution is bath water?
hypotonic
How is active transport used in the body?
in response to eating, the cells lining your stomach use ATP to pump large #s of H+ ions into the stomach
Where is chlorophyll found?
in the thylakoids
What can lactic acid cause in humans?
inflammation in the muscles which can cause soreness
What is an example of exocytosis?
insulin moving out of pancreatic cells
The ability of a cell membrane to allow hydrophilic molecules to pass into a cell is determined by:
integral membrane proteins
What are the 2 places in the mitochondria that material can lie?
intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
Hydrophilic heads extend towards the __________ and __________ fluid.
intracellular; extracellular
Exocytosis
involves large items moving out of the cell
What happens when adrenaline binds with beta receptors on cells?
it causes a faster heartbeat and increased blood pressure
Where does a plant's mass come from when it grows?
it comes from the carbon dioxide in the air that is converted into glucose
What happens to the green pigment in leaves in the Fall?
it is broken down and stored in branches
What happens to the majority of energy that is released by the sun?
it is lost in the form of heat
Glucose is not directly made in the photo or synthesis reactions of photosynthesis. Where does it come from?
it is made from joining 2 G3P molecules that are made during the Calvin cycle
What are 2 negative things about anaerobic CR?
it makes less ATP and creates toxic waste products
Why do venus fly traps capture flies when plants have the ability to produce their own food, energy and carbon?
it mines its food primarily for essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus in particular) that are in short supply in its boggy, acidic habitat.
The splitting of water in photosynthesis is critical to us as animals because:
it produces oxygen
Does breaking a bond release or require energy?
it releases energy
Does building a bond release or require energy?
it requires energy
What happens when water leaves the cell?
it shrivels
What happens to the oxygen that you are breathing right now?
it turns into water
Which type of cells would most likely experience an increase in the production of ATP while you run laps in gym? (see below) -brain cells -leg muscle cells -reproductive cells
leg muscle cells; Your leg muscle cells would respire faster to replace the energy consumed by running.
What are the inputs of photosynthesis?
light, water and carbon dioxide
The primary fuel for cellular respiration is glucose however, your diet is made up of other components such as _____________________ that can be used as cellular fuels.
lipids and proteins
How is receptor-mediated endocytosis used in the body?
liver cells use this to ingest low-density lipoprotein, LDL
Thylakoid
location of "photo" reaction, where light energy is converted into chemical energy
Stroma
location of "synthesis" reaction, where chemical energy is synthesized into sugar
Where does pyruvate convert to acetyl-CoA?
matrix of mitochondria
Where does the Kreb's Cycle occur?
mitochondria
Is ADP a primary source of potential energy for all organisms?
no
Is the cell membrane involved in protein production?
no
What does the stomata do during CAM photosynthesis?
open at night and closed during day
A lack of _________________ limits the rate at which mitochondria can break down fuel and produce ATP. The slow down occurs because aerobic cellular respiration is halted.
oxygen
Animals rely on photosynthesis for:
oxygen and glucose
What are the outputs of photosynthesis?
oxygen and glucose
A plant is kept in a sealed container by itself (assume it has light and water). What would happen to the gases in the container?
oxygen would increase and carbon dioxide would decrease
Is passive transport desirable or not when trying to move wastes from a high concentration outside the cell to a low concentration inside the cell?
passive transport is not desirable in this situation
What are the 3 types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis
Energy is released from ATP when a ___________ is removed. (see below) -adenine base -ribose sugar -phosphate group
phosphate group; When the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken, usable energy is released.
What is in the cell membrane?
phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids
What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?
photo (light reaction) and synthesis (calvin cycle or dark reactions)
Do plant cells have chloroplasts and/or mitochondria?
plant cells have both chloroplasts and mitochondria
Why don't plant cells explode in hypotonic solutions like animal cells do?
plant cells have rigid cell walls that limit cellular expansion
Photosynthesis
plants capture energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds of sugars and other food molecules
Why do photosynthesized plants still have mitochondria?
plants need to make more ATP
How much ATP does the payoff phase of glycolysis produce or use?
produces 4 ATP (2 NAD+ is converted to 2 NADH)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
receptors on the cell surface must recognize a molecule before it can enter
Carotenoids
reflects yellow, red and orange wavelengths, antioxidants (oranges, pumpkin, carrots)
The most abundant protein in the world is the enzyme that initiates the fixation of carbon in the Calvin cycle (synthesis reactions). This enzyme is called:
rubisco
What enzyme brings in carbon dioxide?
rubisco
What is the most common enzyme on the whole planet?
rubisco
3 facts about O2 in the e.t.c.
serves as an electron acceptor, it picks up used H+, it becomes H2O
Is ATP used for [long-term] or [short-term] energy storage?
short term
What does the stomata do during C4 photosynthesis?
slightly open
Why is the passing of electrons important?
solar energy excites electrons which carry energy that can be used for ATP production
What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
stabilization; fluidity
Potential
stored energy
The Calvin Cycle takes place in the ________ of chloroplasts.
stroma
Metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions
What are the 2 inputs of the photo reactions?
sunlight and H2O
What are the inputs into photosynthesis?
sunlight, carbon dioxide and water
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
the # of calories required per day to fuel cellular activity only (at rest)
Why does more ATP need to be made in cellular respiration?
the ATP made in photosynthesis was used to synthesize glucose
What does H+ moving against the concentration gradient power?
the ATP synthase enzyme, allowing a PO4 to be attached to ADP=ATP
What are the synthesis reactions also known as?
the Calvin cycle
What happens in stressful situations?
the adrenal glands pump out adrenalin
Why do leaves change color in the fall?
the amounts of chlorophyll decrease relative to the carotenoids
Since none of the light energy from the sun can be used directly to fuel cellular work, what must it be captured in first?
the bonds of a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What is the "fluid mosaic model"?
the cell membrane structure
The drug DNP destroys the H+ gradient that forms in the electron transport chain (so that the H+ can't build up). The most likely consequence would be:
the cells will be forced to perform fermentation
Your have purchased two nearly identical plants for your dorm room. One plant will be a control plant receiving only water. The second plant will receive both water and a recommended dose of fertilizer. Two months later, you find that the fertilized plant is a little bigger than the control plant. What is the best explanation for this?
the fertilizer contained elements needed for the plant to produce more chlorophyll
Plants are particular about the type of light they can use for photosynthesis. If you were to use a filter on a light so that they plant only received green wavelengths of light, what would you expect to happen?
the light (photo) reactions of photosynthesis should slow way down
What are the possible outcomes after a liver transplant?
the liver is rejected or the liver is accepted after drugs are administered to suppress the immune system
Facilitated Diffusion
the passage of materials is aided both by a concentration gradient and by a TRANSPORT PROTEIN
The faster the process of photosynthesis occurs, the faster_______________.
the plant will grow
What happens at the end of glycolysis if oxygen is available?
the pyruvates move to the mitochondria to continue aerobic respiration (these remnants of glucose will be released as CO2)
Oral rehydration therapy saves the lives of millions of victims of cholera and other diarrhea-producing diseases. This therapy, which requires feeding dilute salts and glucose, is successful because:
the secondary active transport or cotransport systems of the intestine are still functioning
The primary determining factor as to whether a substance can move across the cell membrane is:
the size of the substance
The primary factor that determines if a substance can cross the cell membrane is:
the size of the substance
What is the primary factor that determines if a substance can cross a cell membrane?
the size of the substance
Glycemic Index (GI)
the speed at which carbs are broken down and enter the bloodstream and increasing blood sugar
The determining factor as to whether proteins reside in the cell membrane or go through the lipid bilayer is:
the tertiary structure of the protein
What is the determining factor if proteins stay in the cell membrane or go through the lipid bilayer?
the tertiary structure of the protein
Why can't HIV be spread through casual contact?
the virus cannot bind to skin cells because they do not have CD4 markers
In aerobic CR, what is the "big picture" significance of the first 2 steps of the process?
they allow for e- and H+ to be collected for use in the e.t.c.
How are the pyruvates prepared for the Krebs cycle?
they are converted to acetyl-CoA
What happens to the electrons when chlorophyll is hit by a photon of light?
they are moved into an excited state
What happens to the food molecules of the food that we consume?
they are released as CO2
What is the unique property of phospholipids that makes them well suited to forming the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)?
they contain polar and nonpolar regions
Your friends are trying their luck at making wine. They have added yeast and glucose to grape juice. A week later the notice that the sugar has been used up by the yeast but there is no alcohol (ethanol) in the mixture. The best explanation is:
they should have lowered the oxygen supply to stimulate ethanol production
What happens when cells take up water?
they swell and burst
The light (photo) reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ________________ while the dark (synthesis) reactions occur in the ________________.
thylakoids, stroma
The cell junctions respectively that exclude the passage of water between cells, maintain tissue form and strength, and allow the exchange of small molecules between cells are:
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
What is the job of the chlorophyll?
to absorb solar energy
What is the main point of the synthesis reactions?
to convert CO2 to C6H12O6
Why do organisms perform cellular respiration?
to extract energy from chemical bonds in food
A leaf on a plant is photosynthesizing rapidly, capturing sunlight to perform the light (photo) reactions. Why will this plant also need to perform the dark (synthesis) reactions?
to make glucose (food) for the plant
A leaf on a plant is photosynthesizing rapidly, capturing sunlight to perform the light reactions. Why will this plant also need to perform the dark (light independent) reactions?
to make glucose (food) for the plant
Why do organisms conduct photosynthesis?
to produce energy, glucose
Why do plants split water molecules during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
to provide electrons for the light (photo) reactions and hydrogen atoms needed in the synthesis (dark) reactions
Why do plants split water molecules during the photo reactions of photosynthesis?
to provide electrons for the synthesis reactions
Why do we do cellular respiration?
to recycle our ATP to power our cells
Why does photosynthesis need to perform the the light reactions?
to release oxygen to the environment
What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?
to utilize NAD+ and FAD as much as possible so that there is potential to make ATP in the electron transport chain
True or False - Plants undergo cellular respiration.
true; Plants, like all living things, must break down food (glucose) and get the energy out.
How much ATP does the preparatory phase of glycolysis produce or use?
uses 2 ATP (2 NAD+ molecules are present)
What is broken down in photosynthesis?
water
What is the source of electrons in photosynthesis?
water
How is osmosis involved in the body?
water absorption in the intestinal track—the root of both diarrhea and constipation—involves osmosis
What causes the cell to stiffen and retain its shape?
water entering the cell (hypotonic)
What causes the cell body to shrink and pull away from the cell wall?
water leaving the cell (hypertonic)
Keeping stomata open to allow in CO2 has a cost=
water loss
When two solutions that differ in solute concentration (assume the solutes are large) are placed on either side of a semi-permeable membrane and osmosis is allowed to occur, which of the following will be observed?
water will move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
A green plant can carry out photosynthesis if given nothing more than:
water, light and air
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration rely on electron carrier molecules to provide electrons to ultimately help produce ATP. In photosynthesis the source of electrons is from ___ and in cellular respiration the source of electrons is from ____.
water; glucose
A molecule of chlorophyll increases in potential energy:
when one of its electrons is boosted to a higher-energy excited state after absorbing a photon of light.
What does alcoholic fermentation?
yeast (used in beer)
Can photosynthesis be adjusted in plants to prevent too much water loss?
yes
Do carnivore plants photosynthesize?
yes
Can energy be converted from one type to another?
yes, it can switch from potential to kinetic
Can a synthesis reaction take place when there is no sunlight?
yes, it can take place at anytime
All organisms need ATP to carry out their daily activities. Since the photo reactions produce ATP, do plants need to make additional ATP?
yes: the ATP made in photosynthesis was used up to synthesize glucose
What is your cells preferred fuel for cellular respiration?
your cells prefer to use glucose to fuel this process
What are the 4 rules in the law of thermodynamics?
• Energy can never be created or destroyed. • It can only change from one form to another. • Every conversion of energy includes the transformation of some energy into heat. • Heat is almost completely useless to living organisms
What are some characteristics of passive transport?
• Occurs spontaneously • No energy required (high to low) • Moving with the concentration gradient • Slow • Stops at equilibrium • Examples: O2 CO2
What does the plant do with the glucose that is produced in the synthesis reactions?
1. Break it down in cellular respiration 2. Store it as starch 3. Use it to make other molecules in the cell (cellulose,etc.)
What is the 3 step process of exocytosis?
1. Molecules are packaged in a vesicle within a cell. 2. The vesicle fuses with the cell's plasma membrane. 3. Vesicle contents are released for use throughout the body.
What is the fate of electrons?
1. electron returns to resting, unexcited state 2. excited electrons are passed to other atoms
What are the 3 steps in aerobic cellular respiration?
1. glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. electron transport chain
What are the 2 steps in anaerobic cellular respiration?
1. glycolysis 2. fermentation
What are the 2 steps of anaerobic cellular respiration?
1. glycolysis 2. fermentation (lactate or alcoholic)
Which of the three major stages of cellular respiration DOES NOT take place in the mitochondrion? (Enter the number--see below) 1. glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. electron transport chain and ATP synthase action
1. glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell
What percentage of calories is needed for digestion?
10%
What percentage of calories should come from protein?
10-15% (4 cal/g)
Consider a bacterial cell that performs anaerobic respiration. If that bacterial cell had access to 6 molecules of glucose to use, how many ATPs would it be able to produce?
12 ATP
Suppose an experiment is performed in which plant #1 is supplied with normal CO2 but with water that is labeled with radioactive oxygen atoms. Plant #2 is supplied with normal water but with CO2 that contains radioactive oxygen atoms. Each plant is allowed to perform photosynthesis and the oxygen gas and G3P molecules are analyzed for the presence of radioactive oxygen. Plant # ___ will produce radioactive oxygen gas and plant # ___ will produce radioactive G3P.
1; 2
Suppose an experiment is performed in which plant #1 is supplied with normal CO2 but with water that is labeled with radioactive oxygen atoms so that we can trace their location. Plant #2 is supplied with normal water but with CO2 that contains radioactive oxygen atoms. Each plant is allowed to perform photosynthesis and the oxygen gas and G3P (or glucose) molecules are analyzed for the presence of radioactive oxygen. Plant # ___ will produce radioactive oxygen gas and plant # ___ will produce radioactive G3P.
1;2
How many ATP are created in anaerobic cellular respiration?
2
In order to "kick start" the process of glycolysis, an initial input of ______ ATP molecules is required.
2
What is the net ATP gain of glycolysis?
2
How many carbons are in alcoholic?
2 (one is released as CO2)
What are plasma membranes made up of?
2 layers that are filled with a variety of pores, molecules and channels
What moves to the next step from glycolysis?
2 pyruvate molecules
What percentage of calories is needed for activity?
20%
How many calories should the average person consume per day?
2000-2500
What percentage of calories should come from fat?
25-30% (9 cal/g)
How many times does the Krebs cycle "turn" for each molecule of glucose broken down by aerobic cellular respiration?
2; Each "turn" of the Krebs cycle produces 3 carbon dioxides, 1 ATP, 3 NADHs, and 1 FADH2s
ATP consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and ___ phosphate groups.
3
How many carbons are in lactic acid?
3
How many carbons (of the 6 from glucose) go to the preparatory and payoff phase in glycolysis?
3 each (pyruvate)
What does the electron transport chain consist of?
3 protein complexes and an ATP synthase enzyme
Which of the three major stages of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? (Enter the number--see below) 1. glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. electron transport chain and ATP synthase action
3. The electron transport chain and ATP synthase action produces 34 total ATP.
What of the three major stages of aerobic cellular respiration involves the facilitated diffusion of hydrogen ions? (enter the number -- see below) 1. glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. electron transport system
3. electron transport system; Hydrogen ions pass across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion through transport proteins called "ATP synthase."
What is the net gain of ATP in the e.t.c.?
32
How many calories is 1 pound of fat?
3500
Out of the 38 ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration, how many are actually produced inside the mitochondrion?
36, The other two come from glycolysis in the cytoplasm.
How many ATP are created in aerobic cellular respiration?
38
When oxygen is present, cellular respiration yields a total of ______ ATP (according to your textbook).
38; Produced in glycolysis (2), the Krebs Cycle (2) and the Electron Transport Chain (34).
Which of the three major stages of aerobic cellular respiration DOES NOT produce the electron carrier NADH? (enter the number -- see below) 1. glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. electron transport chain and ATP synthase
3; In step 3, NADH transfers electrons from the original glucose molecule to the electron transport chain.
What would be the temperature of Earth of there were no greenhouse gases?
60 degrees fahrenheit colder and would not support life as we know it
What percentage of calories needed per day are to fuel your BMR?
70%
ATP = _____ + P
ADP
What does ATP consist of?
ADP + Phosphate group + energy release
How do we store the energy extracted from the bonds of glucose?
ATP
Light hits the water-splitting photosystem which causes electrons to be excited to a high energy level. These electrons are picked up by an electron acceptor and passed through an electron transport chain where _____________ is made.
ATP
What abbreviation do we use for the molecule adenosine triphosphate?
ATP
The Calvin Cycle uses ________, which are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
ATP and NADPH
What are the inputs of the synthesis reactions?
ATP and NADPH (from photo) and CO2 (from CR)
What moves onto the synthesis reactions from the photo reactions?
ATP and NADPH (the energy storing molecules)
Where does coenzyme A (CoA) come from?
B vitamins
With regards to special mechanisms of photosynthesis in hot or dry climates, ________ photosynthesis separates carbon dioxide capture and the Calvin cycle physically and uses a special enzyme with a greater attraction for carbon dioxide while plants that use_________ photosynthesis keep their stomata closed during the day to prevent water loss.
C4, CAM
What do cells ONLY within the human body have? This is what HIV binds to.
CD4 markers
What is the major event that occurs during the synthesis reactions?
CO2 is converted to glucose (C6H12O6)
An animal is kept in a sealed container by itself. What would happen to the gases in the container?
CO2 would increase and O2 would decrease
What is an example of a greenhouse gas?
CO2, water vapor, ozone, methane, and nitrous oxide
What is the byproduct of e.t.c.?
H2O
When oxygen is used to perform aerobic cellular respiration, what molecule does that oxygen eventually become part of?
H2O
2nd Electron Transport Chain
High-energy electrons are passed to NADP+, creating NADPH, a high-energy electron carrier
The burning of fossil fuels is related to increased levels of atmospheric CO2 levels. This might seem like a good thing for plants, but in reality it is not. Which would be the best explanation for this?
Increased CO2 levels trap heat in the atmosphere which may change climates and prevent certain plant species from surviving.
Explain why you would not expect Venus flytraps to occur in areas with nutrient rich soils.
It mines its food primarily for essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus in particular) that are in short supply in its boggy, acidic habitat. Venus fly traps occur in areas that frequently experience forest fires which ruins the nutrients in the soil. This plant has adapted and is able to get the nutrients from capturing flies.
Pyruvate must be modified to acetyl-CoA prior to entering
Krebs cycle
When oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the ________ ________.
Krebs cycle This cycle was named after Hans A. Krebs, who discovered it in 1937.
What removes cholesterol from the bloodstream and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease?
LDL molecules
Simple Diffusion
Materials move down their concentration gradient through the phospholipid bilayer
Facilitated Diffusion
Molecules move across the plasma membrane with the help of a carrier molecule. (High to low) Example: glucose
Name 2 electron carrier molecules that are critical to cellular respiration, recycled and used repeatedly, and both are made in your cells from B vitamins
NAD+ and FAD
During the electron transport chain, which molecules will be providing high energy electrons?
NADH and FADH2
What moves on from the Krebs cycle?
NADH and FADH2
What are the starting items of the e.t.c.?
NADH, FADH2 and O2
What are the 2 photosystems?
NADPH-producing (PS1) and Water splitting (PS2)
What is released from the plant once the photo reactions are completed?
O2
What is the terminal electron acceptor in the e.t.c.?
O2
What are the 3 outputs of the photo reactions?
O2, ATP, NADPH
At the end of the electron transport chain, the final acceptor of the electrons is ______, which will then produce a molecule of ______.
O2; H2O
If a cell suddenly became incapable of producing enzymes, which of the following processes could still occur? (see below) -photosynthesis -Krebs cycle -osmosis -glycolysis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through the cell membrane, which does not involve an enzyme.
Cellular Respiration
Plants, animals and fungi release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules and use it as fuel