Biology 115 chapter 14 & 13
Define Clone
A clone is a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent
Differentiate between diploid and haploid cells and explain why human cells are diploid
A diploid cell (2n) has two sets of chromosomes.For humans, the diploid number is 46 (2n = 46).A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set of chromosomes and is haploid (n).For humans, the haploid number is 23 (n = 23)
Explain what epistasis is
A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus.
Explain what a karyotype is
A karyotype is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell
Define life cycle
A life cycle is the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism
Explain what alleles are
Alleles are the alternate versions of a gene.
Describe what carriers are
Carriers are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal; most individuals with recessive disorders are born to carrier parents.
Define and differentiate character and trait
Character is when a heritable feature that varies among the individuals and trait is when each variant for a character such as purple or white color for flowers.
Discuss complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance
Complete dominance occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygous are identical. Incomplete dominance is the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties. Codominance two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate.
Discuss recombinant chromosomes
Crossing over produces recombinant chromosomes, which combine DNA inherited from each parent
Describe the law of independent assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of allele during gamete formation
Explain what fertilization is
Fertilization is the union of gametes (the sperm and the egg)
Explain why meiosis is important for fertilization
Gametes are the only types of human cells produced by meiosis, rather than mitosis. Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles to maintain chromosome number
Define genes and explain the significance of their locus
Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA. A gene's specific position along a chromosome is called the locus
Describe different methods of testing and treatment for genetic disorders
Genetic disorders can be detected at birth by a simple test that are now routinely performed in most hospitals in the united states.
Define and differentiate between heredity, variation and genetics
Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next, Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings and Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation
Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous
Homozygous which an organism with two identical alleles for character for the gene controlling character and heterozygous an organism that has two different allele for a gene that controls the character.
Explain what hybridization is
Hybridization is a typical experiment, mendel mated two contrast, true-bleeding varieties.
Discuss the three main types of sexual life cycles
In all three life cycles, the halving and doubling of chromosomes contributes to genetic variation in offspring
Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction
In asexual reproduction, a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes and In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents
Explain the importance of crossing over and when it occurs
In early prophase I each chromosome pairs with its homolog and crossing over occurs
Differentiate between Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis takes place in two consecutive cell divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II.The two cell divisions result in four daughter cells, rather than the two daughter cells in mitosis.Each daughter cell has only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell
Differentiate between monohybrids, monohybrid cross, dihybrids, and dihybrid crosses
Monohybrids is the F1 offspring produced in this cross, Monohybrid cross is a cross between such heterozygotes, dihybrids is crossing two true-breeding parents differing in two characters and dihybrid cross is a cross between F1 dihybrids, can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently.
Differentiate between the P generation, the F1 generation, and the F2 generation
P generation is the true-bleeding parents, F1 generation is the hybrid offspring of the P generation and F2 generation is the individuals self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other F1 hybrids.
Explain what a pedigree is and its usefulness/significance
Pedigrees is a family tree that describe the interrelationships of parents and children across generations and it can be use to make predictions about future offspring.
Explain what alternation of generations is and its significance
Plants and some algae exhibit an alternation of generations.This life cycle includes both a diploid and haploid multicellular stage
Be able to complete a Punnett square and understand its significance
Possible combinations of sperm and egg. A capital letter represents a dominant allele and a lowercase letter represents a recessive allele.
Explain what polygenic inheritance is
Quantitative variation usually indicates polygenic inheritance an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype.
Describe recessively inherited disorders
Recessively inherited disorders show up in only in individuals homozygous for the allele.
Understand how the following diseases are inherited: sickle-cell disease, cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease,
Sickle-cell disease which cause by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells. Cystic Fibrosis is defective or absent chloride transport channels in plasma membranes leading to a buildup of chloride ions outside the cell.Hunting disease is a degenerative disease of the nervous system.
Explain what a testcross is and how one is performed
Testcross is when it determine if the genotype can carry out, breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual.
Describe the benefits of genetic testing
The benefits of genetic test results it enables people to make more informed decisions about having children.
Describe the "blending" and "particulate" hypothesis
The blending hypothesis is where the idea that genetics material from two parents blends together whereas particulate hypothesis is the idea of parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)
Describe the advantages of using peas to study genetic inheritance
The different advantages of using peas to study genetic inheritance it short generation time, large numbers of offspring and mating could be controlled; plants could be allowed to self-pollinate or could be cross pollinated
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype
The different between phenotype and genotype is that phenotype is physical appearance and genotype is genetic makeup.
Differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles
The dominant allele which determines the organisms appearance and recessive allele has no noticeable affect on appearance.
Explain what a zygote is and its significance
The fertilized egg is called a zygote and has one set of chromosomes from each parent The zygote produces somatic cells by mitosis and develops into an adult
Differentiate between sex chromosomes and autosome
The sex chromosomes, which determine the sex of the individual, are called X and Y. The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes
Explain what homologous chromosomes are and their significance
The two chromosomes in each pair are called homologous chromosomes, or homologs Chromosomes in a homologous pair are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters
Explain what true-breeding is
True-bleeding is when plants produce an offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate.
