Biology 152 Exam 3

The symbols +, -, and o are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and o denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned and the second the second organism. What interaction exists between a fungus and an algae in their relationship as a lichen? A) +/+ B) +/o C) +/- D) o/o E) -/-

+/+

One of the reasons that the release of carbon from Artic sinks (permafrost and methane hydrates) is increasing at a rate that raises concerns about reaching tipping points is that: A) The artic region stores a very large amount of carbon. B) The arctic region is warming at a rate that is twice the global average. C) Both A and B D) None of the above.

Both A and B

If the increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, since the beginning of the industrial revolution, is mostly due to the burning of fossil fuels, then the ratio of C12 to C13 in atmospheric CO2 should: A) Increase B) Decrease C) Stay the same.

Increase

Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, dN/dt = rN , which of the factors accounts for the effect of the moose population? A) r B) N C) rN D) K E) dt

K

Based on these three figures and the information in their captions which of the following can not be confidently concluded? a) The earth's average temperature has been increasing over the last 35 years. b) During the last six years of the dataset global warming stopped. c) For the first 15 years of data the trend is positive. d) Short intervals do not capture the overall trend of warming.

During the last six years of the dataset global warming stopped

Volcanoes are major factor contributing to the increase in CO2 levels since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A) True B) False

False

Plants capture approximately _______________ of the sun's energy while other levels capture about ____________________ of the energy available to them in their food. a. 1%, 10% b. 10%, 60% c. 10%, 1% d. 60%, 10%

1%, 10%

A population of deer mice has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.04 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Estimate the number of individuals added or lost from a population of 1,000 mice in one year. a) 120 added b) 40 added c) 20 added d) 20 lost e) 40 lost

20 added

The level of CO2 in 1880 was approximately _______ ppm and today it has increased to approximately ________ ppm. a) 180 and 300 b) 220 and 460 c) 280 and 390 d) 300 and 630

280 and 390

Based on the diagrams in the figure above and on the large population of baby boomers in the United States, which graph best reflects U.S. population in twenty years? A) A B) B C) C D) D

B

The common edible frog of Europe is a hybrid between two species, Rana lessonae and Rana ridibunda. The hybrids were first described in 1758 and have a wide distribution, from France across central Europe to Russia. Both male and female hybrids exist, but when they mate among themselves, they are rarely successful in producing offspring. What can you infer from this information? A) Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species. B) Prezygotic isolation exists between the two frog species. C) These two species are likely in the process of fusing back into one species. D) The hybrids form a separate species under the biological species concept.

Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species

What would happen if an enzyme inhibitor for the enzyme photodiesterase (PDE) was applied to a vertebrate eye? A) The opsins found in cones would not be differentiated into the red, blue, and green proteins, causing the animals to be color blind. B) The cGMP-gated sodium channels would remain open, glutamate would be continuously discharged at the synapses, and the brain would not detect light absorbed by the rod cells. C) The lens could not be appropriately adjusted to focus light on the retina, resulting in either nearsightedness or farsightedness. D) All of the listed responses are correct.

The cGMP- gated sodium channels would remain open, glutamate would be continuously discharged at the synapses, and the brain would not detect light absorbed by the rod cells.

According to sexual selection theory, female preference for males that are better at providing a resource (such as a nuptial gift or a breeding territory) evolved in some species because (pick the most specific correct answer) a. females exhibiting this preference produced more daughters than females that did not exhibit the preference, and daughters inherited their mother's type of preference behavior. b. females exhibiting this preference produced more sons than females that did not exhibit the preference, and sons inherited their father's ability to provide a resource. c. sexual selection favors traits that help a male compete with other males for access to females. d. sexual selection favors traits that make a male more attractive to females. e. a and b

a and b (females exhibiting this preference produce more daughters than females that did not exhibit the preference, and daughters inherited their mother's type of preference behavior, females exhibiting this preference produced more sons than females that did not exhibit the preference, and sons inherited their father's ability to provide a resource)

At the beginning of this study a keystone predator was present in both areas. In one area the keystone was removed shortly after the study began. In both areas the number of other species of animals was counted. What does the above graph tell you about a keystone species? A) A keystone species has little interaction with other species in an environment. B) A keystone species removed from a community could have drastic effects. C) A keystone species can be any species. D) A keystone species added to a community can make it more robust

a keystone species removed from a community could have drastic effects

What is an adaptation? a) a trait that improves the fitness of its bearer, compared with individuals without the trait b) a trait that changes in response to environmental influences within the individual's lifetime c) an ancestral trait—one that was modified to form the trait observed today d) a trait that is reduced in size or complexity but increases the fitness of its bearer

a trait that improves the fitness of its bearer, compared with the individuals without the trait

Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs (also a crustacean) have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of _____. A) convergent evolution B) a homologous structure C) natural selection D) a vestigial trait

a vestigial trait

Island archipelagos, mountaintops in a mountain range, and a complex of desert oasis tend to have many species unique to a particular habitat island. Many Caribbean islands have their own species of anoles. This pattern is due to what process? (Answer the question using the most specific process) a) sympatric speciation b) temporal reproductive isolation c) adaptive radiation d) post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms

adaptive radiation

The middle ear converts _____. A) air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves B) fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves C) air pressure waves to nerve impulses D) fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses E) pressure waves to hair cell movements

air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves

Animal eggs are generally large and rich in nutrients in comparison to sperm. According to parental investment theory, a consequence of this difference is that a) females will tend to be selective when choosing a mate. b) female reproductive success is limited by ability to produce eggs. c) females are more likely than males to make post-fertilization parental investments. d) female reproductive behaviors will evolve to maximize the success of each fertilization. e) all of the above.

all of the above

As global temperatures increase many species will: A) disperse northward into climate zones that match their climate envelope. B) find themselves in a climate zone in which their survival and reproductive rates are lower. C) become extinct. D) Both a and b are correct. E) All of the above.

all of the above

Global warming is a threat to biodiversity because: A) Some species may not be able to disperse to areas with favorable climate. B) As plant communities change in response to climate, important ecological interactions will be disrupted. C) Shoreline ecological communities (marshes, estuaries) will be destroyed by sea level rise. D) All of the above.

all of the above

Which of the following are characteristics of invasive species? A) They have high dispersal rates. B) The are recognized by few predators or pathogens. C) They have a negative impacts (displace or kill) on native species populations. D) All of the above E) None of the above

all of the above

Why is the movement of energy and matter in an ecosystem described by food webs and not a food chain? a) in nature ecosystems are composed of numerous species representing autotrophs, herbivores, carnivores and decomposers. b) A given carnivore species in an ecosystem may prey on more than one type of organism. c) A given autotroph species in an ecosystem may be consumed by more than one kind of herbivore. d) A given species in an ecosystem is interrelated to several other species, for some species it may be food, for others it may constitute prey. e) All of the above.

all of the above

Human activity has increased the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere by: a) burning of fossil fuels b) production of cement c) deforestation d) breathing e) all of the above except d

all of the above except d

House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City. These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and currently the two populations are nearly in contact. If the two forms are unable to interbreed when their expanding ranges meet, what would this situation illustrate? A) vicariance B) allopolyploidy C) autopolyploidy D) allopatric speciation E) sympatric speciation

allopatric speciation

Imagine the following sequence of events. Two populations are divided into two geographically isolated subpopulations. The subpopulations begin to accumulate independent genetic changes in their gene pools. Some of those changes result in prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms. What process is described above? A) Convergent evolution B) The evolution of homologous traits C) Allopatric Speciation D) Sexual selection E) Sympatric Speciation

allopatric speciation

Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes ocean chemistry. The result is _________ and __________ in the ocean water. a) an increase in carbonic acid concentration and an increase in carbonate concentration b) an increase in carbonic acid concentration and a decrease in carbonate concentrationc) a decrease in carbonic acid concentration and an increase in carbonate concentration d) a decrease in carbonic acid concentration and a decrease in carbonate concentration

an increase in carbonic acid concentration and a decrease in carbonate concentration

The loss of vertebrate biodiversity in the Minimum Critical Ecosystems Project (Tropical Deforestation Experiment) was due to: a. an increase in predation by third order carnivores. b. a loss of the mutualistic relationship between termites and protozoans. c. an increase in disease due to the decrease of fly population regulation. d. a loss of seed plants that are important in the diet of vertebrate herbivores.

an increase in disease due to the decrease of fly population regulation

Removing the dams on the Connecticut River would likely result in: a) a decrease in the populations of anadromous fish. b) an increase in the populations of anadromous fish. c) No change in the populations of anadromous fish.

an increase in the populations of anadromous fish

The peaks in atmospheric CO2 concentration in this graph coincide in time with: a) an ice age. b) an interglacial period. c) relatively high levels of volcanic activity. d) relatively low levels of volcanic activity.

an interglacial period

Biomagnification (bioaccumulation) of toxic substances like DDT occurs because of: a) the role keystone species play in ecosystems. b) the result of ammonia producing bacteria in soils. c) trophic inefficiencies. d) commensalisms between organisms in different parts of the food web. e) none of the above.

trophic inefficiencies

From Carroll, what is the difference between a fossil and an immortal gene? A) Unlike immortal genes, fossil genes have never had an important function B) Unlike immortal genes, fossil genes no longer have a selective advantage. C) Unlike immortal genes, fossil genes have more sections of repeating nucleotides. D) None of the above.

unlike immortal genes, fossil genes have no longer have a selective advantage

Carbonic acid is formed in the ocean when: A) pH increases B) when the water temperature increases C) when carbon dioxide reacts with water D) none of the above

when carbon dioxide reacts with water

Temporal summation of postsynaptic action potentials occur when: A) an EPSP and an IPSP both occur on the same area of the postsynaptic cell membrane. B) Schwann cells are damaged by Multiple sclerosis. C) when two or more IPSP's occur with a time lag at the same synapse. D) when two or more EPSP's occur in quick succession at the same synapse. E) the action of a neurotransmitter is blocked by a poison.

when two or more EPSP's occur in quick succession at the same synapse

Treehoppers (a type of insect) produce honeydew, which ants use for food. Treehoppers have a major predator, the jumping spider. Researchers hypothesized that the ants would protect the treehoppers from the spiders. In an experiment, researchers followed study plots with ants removed from the system and compared them to a control plot. In the figure above, what can you conclude? A) Ants do somehow protect the treehoppers from spiders. B) Ants eat the honeydew produced by treehoppers C) Ants reduce the numbers of treehoppers. D) No specific conclusions can be drawn from this figure. E) Treehoppers do not produce honeydew in July and are not protected by the ants.

ants do somehow protect the treehoppers from spiders

What is the primary reason the Arctic region is warming at twice the rate of the global average? a) a greater concentration of greenhouse gases in the region b) a change in wind currents c) Arctic amplification d) an increase in aerosols in the region

arctic amplification

If the concentration of potassium in the cytoplasm of a nerve cell with a resting potential of -70mv were elevated above normal, the new resting potential would: a) still be -70mv b) be -69 mV or higher. c) be -71 mv or lower. d) be 0 mv. e) trigger a Hyperpolarization

be -69 mV or higher.

In the human ear, why do different hair cells respond to different frequencies of sound? a) Waves of pressure move through the fluid in the cochlea. b) Hair cells are "sandwiched" between membranes. c) Receptors in the stereocilia of each hair cell are different; each receptor protein responds to a certain range of frequencies. d) Because the basilar membrane varies in stiffness, it resonates in certain places in response to certain frequencies.

because the basilar membrane varies in stiffness, it resonates in certain places in response to certain frequencies

The pattern of movement of a chemical element as it moves through organisms and the global ecosystem is called the _______ cycle. A) biogeochemical B) energy C) greenhouse D) hydrological E) None of the above

biogeochemical

In which group of species have we seen significant northern latitudinal range shifts in Britain and North America over the last 30 years? a) salamanders b) ants c) birds d) mammals e) fish f) kittens

birds

What are the types of processes that can lead to the generation of new species within a population (sympatric speciation)? a) polyploidy b) the shifting of the course of a river. c) sensory drive. d) both a and b e) both a and c

both a and c (polyploidy and sensory drive)

The loss of sea ice in the arctic region acts as a feedback to warming because the lack of ice: a) causes the water to reflect more heat. b) releases nitrogen from the water. c) causes the water to absorb more of the sun's energy. d) releases CO2 from the water. e) none of the above.

causes the water to absorb more of the sun's energy

Evolutionary adaptations to an animal's __________ may allow an animal or plant to remain in its current geographic range even if the local climate becomes warmer than the organism's physiological tolerance range. a) climate envelope b) dispersal abilities c) forcings d) reproductive isolating mechanisms e) radiative albedo

climate envelope

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. The birds do not eat the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants? A) cooperation B) consumption C) commensalism D) parasitism E) mutualism

commensalism

Which of the following is incorrectly paired to its effects on the density of the two interacting species? A) predation - one increases, one decreases B) parasitism - one increases, one decreases C) commensalism - both increase D) mutualism - both increase E) competition - both decrease

commensalism- both increase

A large volcanic eruption that injects large amounts of aerosols into the atmosphere would temporarily have what effect on the current trend in global warming? It would: A) decrease the rate of warming. B) increase the rate of warming. C) have no effect at all. D) none of the above.

decrease the rate of warming

The return of wolves to the Yellowstone ecosystem had a _________ negative impact on elk populations. A) direct B) indirect

direct

The return of wolves to the Yellowstone ecosystem had a _________ negative impact on mesopredator populations. A) direct B) indirect

direct

Which of the following human activities could contribute to an increase in atmospheric CO2 levels? A) Riding a bicycle B) Driving a gasoline powered car. C) Exhaling D) All of the above E) None of the above.

driving a gasoline powered car

Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? A) many primary and higher level consumers are opportunistic feeders. B) most predators require large home ranges C) nutrient cycles involve both abiotic and biotic components D) nutrient cycling is limited by decomposition rates E) each energy transfer is less than 100% efficient.

each energy transfer is less than 100% efficient

Why are food chains relatively short? A) Top-level feeders tend to be more numerous than lower-trophic-level species. B) Top-level feeders tend to be small but are capable of conserving more energy. C) Energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient. D) There are only so many organisms that are adapted to feed on other types of organisms. E) Food chain length is ultimately determined by the photosynthetic efficiency of producers.

energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? A) Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. B) The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. C) Two species with the same niche will exclude other competing species. D) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. E) Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.

even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species

If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____. A) eventually become competitively superior to the other species B) change its fundamental niche C) decline in abundance D) become the target of specialized parasites E) expand its realized niche

expand its realized niche

Synchronous dispersal is a more likely response to global warming than asynchronous dispersal. The statement above is: a) true b) false

false

Volcanoes are major factor contributing to the increase in CO2 levels since the beginning of the industrial revolution. A) True B) False

false

Females of sexually reproducing species are generally more selective than males when choosing a mate because a) females lose a larger investment if a mating fails to produce viable offspring. b) eggs cannot be successfully fertilized by low quality males. c) only choosy females can propagate a male's genes. d) males usually outnumber females. e) all of the above.

females lose a larger investment if a mating fails to produce viable offspring

What is the dominant disturbance factor in Boreal forests? a) tornadoes b) flooding c) ice storms d) hurricanes e) fire

fire

Which of the following is not a calcareous organism? a) Mollusk b) Echinoderm c) Fish d) Coral e) Foraminifera

fish

When imbalances occur in the sex ratio of sexual species that have two sexes (that is, other than a 50:50 ratio), the members of the minority sex often receive a greater proportion of care and resources from parents than do the offspring of the majority sex. This is most clearly an example of _____. A) sexual selection B) disruptive selection C) balancing selection D) stabilizing selection E) frequency-dependent selection

frequency- dependent selection

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? A) geographic isolation B) niche differences C) gene flow D) morphological similarity E) molecular (DNA, RNA, protein) similarity

gene flow

In this study lynx and hare population were studied in several locations. In some of those locations, lynx were excluded, in others food was supplemented, and some both factors were manipulated. In addition, several areas were left as controls. Now looking at the above data from the hare/lynx experiment, what conclusion can you draw? A) Hares control lynx population size. B) Lynx control hare population size. C) Lynx and hare populations are independent of each other. D) Hare populations are limited by both predation and food availability.

hare populations are limited by both predation and food availability

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between _____. A) choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live B) producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization C) the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide D) increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care E) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

In many species of animals mature males are larger than mature females. The size difference is attributed to: i. Male-Male competition ii. Female choice of larger males iii. Female choice based on extravagant displays iv. Greater cost of gamete production in males v. Artificial selection A) i and iii B) i and iv C) i and ii D) ii and v E) ii and iv

i and ii

Compared to non-invasive species, what are the key characteristics of invasive species that give them an advantage over native species? i. high dispersal rates ii. low dispersal rates iii. few predators and parasites iv. many predators and parasites v. short life span vi. long life span a) i and vi b) i and iii c) ii and iii d) iii and v e) v and ii

i and iii

Evolution, defined as a change in the frequency of genes and their alleles (varieties of genes), requires which of the following conditions? i. Genetically based variation in a population ii. The presence of reproductive isolating mechanisms iii. Long periods of time iv. That some individuals are reproductively more successful than others in the population. A) i and ii B) i and iii C) i and iv D) ii and iii E) iii and iv

i and iv

Regarding temperature regulation in mammals, which set of responses would you expect if Tbody > Tset? i. sweating ii. shivering iii. increased burning of brown fat iv. vasoconstriction of capillaries near the surface of the skin v. vasodilation of capillaries near the surface of the skin. vi. increased breathing rate A) i, ii, iii B) ii, iii, iv C) i, v, vi D) ii, v, vi E) all of the above

i,v,vi (sweating, vasodilation of capillaries near the surface of the skin, increased breathing rate)

A forest with a certain mix of components will tend to have a relatively high diversity of different species. Which mix of components below would most likely have the greatest biodiversity? i. no gap dynamics versus ii. moderate level of gap dynamics iii. all trees about the same age and size versus iv. a mix of trees of different ages and sizes v. no snags versus vi. has snags a) i, iii, v b) i, iv, vi c) ii, iii, v d) ii, iv, vi e) i, iv, v

ii, iv, vi

Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and ouabain blocks sodium-potassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect? A) immediate loss of resting potential B) immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential C) slow decrease of resting potential and action potential amplitudes D) No effect; the substances counteract each other.

immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential

The forcing causing most of the steep climb in average global temperature since the early 1970's to the present is: a) increasing levels of aerosols b) decreasing levels of aerosols c) increasing greenhouse gas concentrations d) decreasing greenhouse gas concentrations e) steady increases in solar energy output

increasing greenhouse gas concentrations

The _______ rate of absorption of carbon dioxide in the oceans is causing them to become more _______. A) decreasing; acidic B) decreasing, alkaline C) decreasing; productive D) increasing; acidic E) increasing; productive

increasing; acidic

The return of wolves to the Yellowstone ecosystem had a _________ positive impact on bear populations. A) direct B) indirect

indirect

When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the preferred temperature of the body, which general component is being used? A) sensor B) effector C) integrator D) none of the above.

integrator

Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism? A) Mutualism offers more biodiversity to a community. B) Individuals partaking in a mutualistic relationship are more resistant to parasites. C) Interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species. D) Mutualistic interaction lessens competition in communities where it is present. E) Mutualistic relationships allow organisms to synthesize and use energy more efficiently.

interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species

The graph above shows ice core data on global temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last 800K years. The relationship between the two datasets in this graph: A) is correlational evidence that CO2 is a major positive factor on the earth's temperature. B) is causal evidence that CO2 is a major positive factor on the earth's temperature. C) is random.

is correlational evidence that CO2 is a major positive factor on the earth's temperature

Which of the following is a correct statement about the MacArthur/Wilson Island Biogeography Model? A) The more species that inhabit an island, the lower the extinction rate. B) As the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases. C) Competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species. D) Islands far from the mainland receive few new immigrant species compared to near islands. E) Islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates.

islands far from the mainland receive few new immigrant species compared to near islands

What impact did the introduction of the Rosy Wolf Snail have on the Hawaiian biodiversity? a) It helped control the Giant African Snail. b) It destroyed parts of the agricultural industry. c) It carried a virus that killed several species of birds d) It decimated other land snail populations, driving some to extinction.

it decimated other land snail populations, driving some to extinction

If an illness resulted in a slower rate of the binding of retinal to opsin, how would it change physiological processes? a) It results in the inability to effectively control body temperature. b) It would result in difficulties in vision when light intensities were changing. c) It would result in an increase in the amount energy that moves from one trophic level to the next. d) It causes lose of hearing of high frequency sounds. e) It would decrease the ability to see objects that were close to the eyes.

it would result in difficulties in vision when light intensities were changing

In a tide pool, fifteen species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n) _____. A) pathogen B) keystone species C) herbivore D) resource partitioner E) mutualistic organism

keystone species

When carbonic acid concentration increases in the ocean: a) pH increases b) pH decreases c) pH stays the same d). the water temperature increases e) none of the above

ph decreases

In the carbon cycle, which of the following processes is NOT one by which carbon moves from the living to the non-living components of the ecosystem? a) respiration by consumers b) respiration by producers c) respiration by decomposers d) photosynthesis by producers e) forest fires

photosynthesis by producers

Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they _____. A) competitively exclude other predators B) prey on the community's dominant species C) allow immigration of other predators D) reduce the number of disruptions in the community E) prey only on the least abundant species in the community

prey on the community's dominant species

Carbon in terrestrial ecosystems is captured from the atmosphere by: a) primary producers b) decomposers c) tertiary consumers d) none of the above

primary producers

Human gut microbes can do all of the following except: A) compete with harmful bacteria that can infect humans B) regulate immune system functions C) regulate the production of neurotransmitters D) regulate metabolism

regulate the production of neurotransmitters

Which would be the best way to directly test the hypothesis that C. stellatus (a species of barnacle) is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B. balanoides (another species of barnacle)? A) Place individuals of each species in a jar and see which species survives. B) Remove all B. balanoides from the lower intertidal zone. C) Transplant B. balanoides to the upper intertidal zone. D) Clear rocks in an entire area and document recolonization events. E) Remove all C. stellatus from the upper tidal zone.

remove all B.balanoides from the lower intertidal zone.

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of _____. A) mutualism B) character displacement C) Batesian mimicry D) facultative commensalism E) resource partitioning

resource partitoning

Why does the level of CO2 in the atmosphere show a small degree of cycling in a yearly pattern? a) Seasonal changes in industrial output. b) Seasonal changes in plant photosynthesis in the northern hemisphere. c) Seasonal changes in plant photosynthesis in the southern hemisphere. d) Seasonal changes in ocean currents that have an impact on ocean absorption of CO2.

seasonal changes in plant photosynthesis in the northern hemisphere

If the activity of the sodium-potassium pump was completely stopped, what would happen to the neuron's membrane potential? A) immediate loss of resting potential B) immediate loss of action potentials C) slow decrease of resting potential D) no effect

slow decrease of resting potential

From the choices below, which types of species are most susceptible to climate change? A) Species with generation times less than 2 years. B) Species with a wide range of temperature tolerance. C) Species with that are asexual. D) Species that live in mountain top habitats or other island habitats.

species that live in mountain top habitats or other island habitats

How would the carbon balance in the carbon cycle change if anthropogenic emissions of CO2 stopped and forest biomass doubled globally? (Assume all other aspects of the cycle are unchanged, unless changed by the action of these two changes first) a) The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere would increase. b) The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere would decrease. c) The seas would become more acidic. d) There would be more humidity in the middle atmosphere.

the amount of co2 in the atmosphere would decrease

If the amount of industrial aerosols in the atmosphere increases and all other forcings remain the same, how would you predict the climate system would respond? a) the average global atmospheric temperature at the surface would increase b) the average global atmospheric temperature at the surface would decrease c) the average global atmospheric temperature at the surface would stay the same

the average global atmospheric temperature at the surface would decrease

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation? A) The growth rate will not change. B) The growth rate will approach zero. C) The population will show an Allee effect. D) The population will increase exponentially. E) The carrying capacity of the environment will increase.

the growth rate will approach zero

On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. Which two of the following have operated to increase divergence between mosquitofish populations on Andros? 1. improved gene flow 2. bottleneck effect 3. sexual selection 4. founder effect 5. natural selection A) 1 and 3 B) 2 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 3 and 5

3 and 5 ( sexual selection and natural selection)

Given the steps below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at an excitatory chemical synapse? 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into the neuron's cytoplasm. 3. Action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal membrane. 4. Ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 C) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 D) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 E) 5, 1, 2, 4, 3

3,2,5,1,4

The acidity of the oceans has increased by how much since the beginning of the industrial revolution (circa 1850)? a) 3% b) 10% c) 20% d) 30% e) 45%

30%

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the total number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1000 individuals in one year. A) 120 individuals added B) 40 individuals added C) 20 individuals added D) 400 individuals added E) 20 individuals lost

40 individuals added

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere was 265 parts per million. As of 2014, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is approximately _______ parts per million A)100 B) 200 C) 300 D) 400 E) 500

400

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere was 265 parts per million. As of 2015, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is approximately _______ parts per million A)100 B) 200 C) 300 D) 400 E) 500

400

The sodium begins entering the cell at label _____. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

A

Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

A

Which island would likely have the lowest extinction rate? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

A

The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label _____. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

D

Based on the figure above, which of the following statements correctly interprets the data? A) As female density increases, clutch size increases. B) As female density increases, survivorship decreases. C) Clutch size decreases as female density increases. D) None of the above.

Clutch size decreases as female density increases

Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity? A) Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. B) Density-independent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. C) Hormonal changes promote higher death rates in crowded populations. D) Individuals voluntarily stop mating so that overcrowding does not occur. E) The incoming energy decreases in populations experiencing a high rate of increase.

Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality

Which of the following correctly describes the point B on the graph above? A) Overshoot: The sodium voltage gated channels are open. B) Repolarization: Both the sodium and potassium voltage gated channels are open. C)Depolarization: The sodium voltage-gated channels are open and potassium voltage gated channels are closed. D) Depolarization: The sodium voltage-gated channels are closed and potassium voltage gated channels are open. E) Repolarization: The sodium voltage-gated channels are closed and potassium voltage gated channels are open.

Depolarization: the sodium voltage-gated channels are open and potassium voltage gated channels are closed

What is the name of the island in Hawaii where CO2 measurements have been taken since the early 1960's? a) Manu Chao b) Mauna Rio c) Machu Picchu d) Mauna Loa e) Iwannagoa

Mauna Loa

Why can't a female lizard have both high fecundity and high survival? A) In only rare cases, lizards have both high fecundity and high survival. B) Female lizards are able to produce only one set of offspring. C) Competition for resources prevents this. D) The more energy the female devotes to offspring, the less that can be devoted to her survival. E) The female is already maximizing the number of eggs she lays, and if she attempts to nest later in the season, there will not be enough food for her young.

The more energy the female devotes to offspring, the less that can be devoted to her survival

9) Why are homologous traits similar? A) They are derived from a common ancestor. B) They are derived from different ancestors. C) They result from convergent evolution. D) They result from genetic and developmental similarities.

They are derived from a common ancestor They result from genetic and developmental similarities

Evolutionary theory predicts that species are related, not independent. Four of the following examples provide support for this prediction, but one is irrelevant. Which of examples listed below does not support the claim that species are related? a) Many dinosaurs and other organisms went extinct following a huge asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous. b) The endostyle of lancelets (invertebrate chordates) and the thyroid gland of vertebrates develop similarly, and both produce iodinated proteins. c) All prokaryotes and eukaryotes use DNA to carry their genetic information. d) Ground squirrel species found on the North and South sides of the Grand Canyon are very similar to each other. e) Before synthetic insulin was available, diabetics used injections of purified pig insulin to manage their disease.

many dinosaurs and other organisms went extinct following a huge asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous

In house sparrows (Passer domesticus) it is generally found that both males and females care for the eggs and young. However, some male house sparrows do not provide parental care. In addition, it is known that young that receive parental care from both the male and female are more likely to survive to fledging (leaving the nest). Which of the following activities by males that do not provide parental care would represent the most beneficial trade-off for the reduced survival of their offspring? A) attacking the nests of neighboring males B) mating with additional females and fathering more eggs C) eating to build up energy stores for migration D) grooming to eliminate parasites from their feathers

mating with additional females and fathering more eggs

In the real world, a population's carrying capacity _____. A) may change as environmental conditions change B) can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model C) generally remains constant over time D) increases as the per capita growth rate (r) decreases E) can never be exceeded

may change as environmental conditions change

The top graph shows niche use when two closely related species first come in contact. The bottom graph shows the niche use after many generations of living in the same location. What is the term used to describe the process shown in the above graphs? A) competition B) species interaction C) niche differentiation (character displacement) D) niche realization

niche differentiation(character displacement)

In the intertidal zone of the Pacific coat, the carnivorous starfish Pisaster ochracceus, plays a key role in maintaining the balance of all other species in the community. If Pisaster ochracceus is removed from the community, the populations of two mussel species increases unchecked. Without a predator to control their numbers, the mussels soon take over the community and crowd out other species, greatly reducing the community's diversity. Based on the information above, the predatory starfish can be defined as a/an: a) adaptively radiated species. b) invasive species. c) primary consumer. d) none of the above.

none of the above

Which of the following consume other living organisms? I) primary producers II) herbivores III)carnivores IV)decomposers A) only II and III B) only I and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, and III

only II and III

Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two), and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers, so that Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set thanClaytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. Given no other information, if the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time? A) The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time. B) The percentage of white flowers should increase over time. C) The distribution of flower colors should not change. D) The distribution of flower colors should randomly fluctuate over time.

the percentage of pink flowers should increase over time

Many plants and animals successfully made the transitions between the previous ice-age cycles, demonstrating that they can adjust to extreme climate changes. Why are biologists today so concerned that many species will not make the transition to a warmer climate? A) The rate of change is faster than the historical ice-age cycle changes. B) Habitat loss and fragmentation will make it difficult for many species to successfully disperse to climate zones that match their climate envelope. C) Invasive species are competing with native species at the same time they are being stressed by climate change. D) All of the above. E) None of the above.

the rate of change is faster than the historical ice-age cycle changes

The above graph shows the population of cycles of lynx (predator) and hare (prey) in a population of northern Canada. What conclusion can you draw from the above figure? A) Hares control lynx population size. B) Lynx control hare population size. C) Lynx and hare populations are independent of each other. D) The relationship between the populations cannot be determined from this graph.

the relationship between the population cannot be determined from this graph

Two frog populations (same species) living in two neighboring lakes sing slightly different courtship songs. Increased irrigation makes the land between the two lakes wetter, allowing frogs to expand their ranges to the area between the lakes. Females in both populations prefer loud frogs to quieter frogs, but do not distinguish between the two slightly different songs. Assuming that courtship song differences have a genetic basis, predict what will likely happen to the songs of the two frog populations. A) The songs will become more similar to each other. B) Males will become louder. C) Disruptive selection will cause the songs to differentiate even more. D) Genetic drift will cause the songs to differentiate even more. E) You cannot predict a change in the courtship songs at the two lakes.

the songs will become more similar to each other

Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere is true? A) They show no seasonality; they increase more or less linearly. B) They are highest in the summer, because high temperatures accelerate metabolism. C) They are highest in the spring and fall, coinciding with upwelling. D) They are highest in the winter, because air is densest in the winter. E) They are highest in the winter, because winter photosynthesis rates are lower than winter respiration rates.

they are highest in the winter, because winter photosynthesis rates are lower than water respiration rates.

The climate envelope of a species is determined by an organism's adaptations to ambient temperature, precipitation, and seasonality (timings of migrations, hibernation, and reproduction). In regard to seasonality, global warming will have the greatest impact for those organisms that have a genetically based: a) sensitivity to ambient temperatures b) timing for seasonal behaviors based on photoperiod (amount of daylight in a 24 hour period) c) sensitivity to soil moisture. d) dispersal rates.

timing for seasonal behaviors based on photoperiod(amount of daylight in a 24 hour period)