Biology 2 Test 2
Select all true statements about lycophytes.
Despite resembling true mosses, lycophtes have vascular tissues; in lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant
A form of embryonic development where the cells specialize into tissues early in the process is called _______ development.
Determinate
Categorize animals as deuterostomes or protostomes.
Deuterostomes: Animals with indeterminate development; Animals whose cells are totipotent (capable of giving rise to any cell type) even after several cleavages Protostomes: Animals with determinate development; Animals whose cells' fate are determined very early in development (even before cleavage)
One of the distinguishing features of tapeworms, which differentiates them from flukes, is that they don't have a(n) ___________ ___________; instead, they absorb nutrients through their outer surface.
Digestive; cavity
Ginkgo produces male and female reproductive structures on different trees, so it is said to be
Dioecious
Angiosperms produce fruits in order to
Disperse seeds
A mature male gametophyte in pine is composed of
A germinated pollen grain with two sperm cells
What type of skeleton do annelids have?
A hydrostatic skeleton
All prokaryotic cells have which of the following structures?
A plasma membrane and ribosomes
The genome of a mitochondrion is typically composed of
A single, circular, closed molecules of DNA, similar to that in bacteria
Choanoflagellates have
A single, emergent flagellum
A fern embryo is produced when
A sperm swims to an egg
Which of these is NOT a beneficial role of prokaryotes?
Ability to cause disease
Seed-bearing plants in which the ovules are enclosed during pollination are called ________.
Angiosperms
Seeds with hard seed coats are likely dispersed by
Animals
Segmented organisms with jointed legs and a hard exoskeleton composed of chitin make up what phylum?
Arthropoda
Ecdysozoa contains which of the following phyla?
Arthropoda, nematoda
Select possible characteristics of the mesoglea of cnidarians.
Can be acellular; can contain many cells; found between the epidermis and the gastrodermis
Prokaryotes are involved in the cycling of many different elements. From the list below pick the two elements, which are required by all living things and can only be fully recycled with the help of prokaryotes.
Carbon, nitrogen
The skeleton of many sponges consists of sharp spicules formed of calcium ________ or ________.
Carbonate; silica
Select the terms that accurately describe an organism that obtains energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms.
Carnivore, detritivore, omnivore, heterotroph
The gynoecium of a flower is often divided into compartments called __________.
Carpels
Plants are dependent on microorganisms for
Changing atmospheric nitrogen to a usable form
Green algae include which of the following protist groups?
Charophytes, chlorophytes
What are the four extant classes in the phylum Arthropoda?
Chelicerata, crustacean, hexapoda, myriapoda
In individuals infected with chlamydiae, immune system cells can attack cardiac muscle fibers causing inflammation of the heart because
Chlamydiae produce a peptide that is similar to one produced by cardiac muscle
Early in evolution, green algae most likely resembled
Chlamydomonas
An innovation that occurred early in protist evolutionary history was endosymbiotic bacterial cells giving rise to _________ and _________, organelles found in modern protists.
Chloroplasts, mitochondria
Which sponge cell type resembles a protist with a single flagellum surrounded by a collar?
Choanocyte
Match each sponge cell type to its description.
Choanocytes = Flagellated, collar cells that circulate water and trap food particles Epithelial cells = Flattened cells that surround the body of the sponge, sometimes contracting to close the ostia to protect the inner cells of the sponge Amoeboid cells = Cells found within the mesohyl of the sponge that often secrete spicules or spongin Egg and sperm cells = Cells that are involved in sexual reproduction, joining and developing into a ciliated larva
Bilaterian flatworms have __________ flattened bodies and exhibit a bilateral symmetry. They can be free-living or __________.
Dorsoventrally; parasitic
The three clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, pterophytes, and _______ plants.
Seed
Select all reasons that seeds represent an important adaptation in higher plants:
Seeds contain stored food for young plants; Seeds provide protection to young plants; Seeds act as dispersal vehicles; Seeds remain dormant under unfavorable conditions
Which of the following are seed adaptations for survival?
Seeds released from cones after a fire; germination after leaching of growth inhibitors
Match each insect sensory receptor with its stimulus
Sensory setae = mechanical and chemical stimulation Tympanum = sound Ommatidia = vision
Place the whorls of a flower in order, from outer to inner layers.
Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels
The outermost whorl of a flower contains green leaflike structures called ________, while the next whorl to the inside is composed of _________, which are often colorful.
Sepels, petals
_________ reproduction allows for frequent genetic recombination which generates genetic variation -- the starting point of evolution.
Sexual
Liverworts reproduce through
Sexual and asexual means
Select all functions of flowers
Sexual reproduction, attract pollinators
Protists can exhibit both ________ and ________ reproduction.
Sexual, asexual
Match each structure found in mollusks with its function
Shell = provides structural support and protection Ctenidia = Used for gas exchange with the environment Visceral mass = Contains the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs Mantle cavity = Gas exchange Radula = Used in feeding
One of the most fundamentally important vertebrate evolutionary advances of the late __________ period was the development of jaws
Silurian
Which is the most fundamental characteristic of a prokaryotic cell?
Simple interior organization
Choanoflagellates have (a) _________ emergent flagella(um).
Single
The protists are divided into how many supergroups?
Six
Prokaryotes are usually _________ in size and _________ numerous than their eukaryotic counterparts.
Smaller, more
Due to their shells, Foraminifera resemble tiny
Snails
A vascular system is typically found in
Sporophytic tissue only
Tracheophytes transport water through specialized tissues called
Xylem
The vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals is called __________, while the vascular tissue that conducts sucrose and hormones is called __________.
Xylem, phloem
Women with chlamydia infection usually experience no symptoms until after the infection has become established, therefore chlamydia is referred to as
a silent STD
When is indeterminate development observed?
When the cells formed during cleavage have not yet lost their totipotency. When each cell formed during cleavage retains the ability to develop into a complete embryo.
In mosses, the gametophyte generation is usually green and _________.
free-living
Prokaryotes adhere to a surface using protein containing, threadlike structures, called
pili
In the life cycle of the oriental liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, the sporocyss develops into a nonciliated, elongated larva known as a(n) __________.
redia
Match each embryonic germ layer in eumetazoans to the tissues to which it gives rise.
Ectoderm = Epidermis and nervous system Endoderm = Gastrodermis Mesoderm = Muscles
The main function of seed production is
Embryo dispersal
Some bacteria survive harsh conditions in a dormant state, existing in structures called
Endospores
Structures with tough protein coats that are produced inside bacterial cells in response to environmental stress, are called
Endospores
The outer covering of the animal body is known as the _________.
Epidermis
The incidence of horizontal gene transfer plants is likely enhanced by associations with
Epiphytes
The body of a sponge is bounded by flattened ________ cells.
Epithelial
Protists are
Eukaryotes
All animals can be classified into two basic groups. ________ are characterized by the presence of true tissues and some kind of body symmetry, while _________ lack both of these traits.
Eumetazoa, parazoa
Select all types of leaves found in vascular plants
Euphylls, lycophylls
Select all types of cell surfaces found in protists.
Extracellular matrix, plasma membrane, glassy silica shell
In a flatworm, which of the following are ciliated cells that primarily function in maintaining osmotic balance between internal and external environments?
Flame cells
Which of the following are characteristics of ctenophores?
Many species are bioluminescent; They move by coordinated beating of cilia; They possess colloblasts for prey capture; They may be small and spherical or long and ribbon-like
Choose all features of reproduction in Polychaetes.
Gametes are released in the water, where external fertilization occurs; Development involves the production of a trochophore larva and metamorphosis; cleavage is sprial
A pollen grain is a male __________.
Gametophyte
The ________ is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle.
Gametophyte
Place the following females reproductive structures in order from the fewest cells to the most cells. Start with the structure with the least cells on top.
Gametophyte Integuments Ovule Ovary
Which of the following accurately depicts the sporophyte and gametophyte generations of Ulva?
Gametophyte and sporophyte generations are identical.
Pollen grains are tiny male ________ enclosed by walls.
Gametophytes
Select all features of liverworts
Gametophytes contain rhizoids; they may be leafy or lobed
What is the name of the digestive tissue that develops from the embryonic endoderm in eumetazoans?
Gastrodermis
The high level of diversity of seed plants is likely due in large part to
Genome duplication
Which of the following are examples of conifers?
Hemlock, Sequoia, Pinus
Individuals that are capable of producing both sperm and eggs are known as:
Hermaphrodites
Many cyanobacteria fix nitrogen using specialized cells called ________, which act to reduce nitrogenase exposure to oxygen.
Heterocysts
Protists in the Foraminifera are:
Heterotrophic, marine
Prokaryotes that obtain at least some of their carbon from organic molecules such as glucose are which of the following?
Heterotrophs
Some prokaryotes are _______ which means they obtain some of their carbon from organic molecules. Typically, those organisms also obtain their energy from pre-made organic molecules, such as glucose.
Heterotrophs
Arthropods that have three tagmata (head, thorax, and abdomen), six walking legs, a single pair of antennae, and often two pairs of wings make up what class?
Hexapoda
Insects and some other animals, such as the soil-dwelling Collembola belong to which class?
Hexapoda
Which feature distinguishes the conifers from the other gymnosperm phyla?
It is the largest phylum
All of the following statements about extracellular digestion are true EXCEPT:
It is the main method of digestion used by sponges
Select all true statements about endosperm.
It is triploid in most angiosperms; it is multicellular; it provides nutrition for the embryo
Which of the following accurately describes the function of the radula in mollusks?
It is used in feeding
The most common type of liverwort is
Leafy
Which of the following statements accurately describe flatworm reproduction?
Many flatworms have to copulate and exchange sperm; Many flatworms have specialized ducts along which sperm can travel to the eggs
Which of the following are used by foraminifera to reinforce their tests?
Pieces from shells of marine invertebrates; calcium carbonate; sand grains
Match the class of annelids with its major characteristics
Polychaeata = Parapodia present; many setae Clitellata = Clitellum present
Tubeworms, scaleworms, and lugworms are all members of which annelid class?
Polychaeta
Which of the following are important features of eukaryotes that distinguish them from prokaryotes?
Presence of compartments, which include the nucleus and organelles; presence of a cytoskeleton
In which capacities do nematocysts function?
Prey capture, defense
Match each type of endosymbiosis with its description.
Primary = A prokaryote is engulfed and retained by a heterotrophic host cell. Secondary = A eukaryote that possesses a chloroplast is engulfed and retained by another eukaryote host cell. Tertiary = A eukaryote with a secondary chloroplast is engulfed and retained by another eukaryote host cell.
Match the different types of algae with the mechanism, by which they acquired their chloroplasts.
Primary endosymbiosis = green algae, red algae Secondary endosymbiosis = brown algae, red algae
Which of the following are key features that characterize amphibians?
Pulmonary veins; legs; cutaneous respiration; partially divided heart; lungs
Identify gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in this image.
Purple cells = gram-negative bacteria Red cells = gram-positive bacteria
Which of the following types of symmetry is characteristic of animals that are organized such that any longitudinal plane that cuts through their central axis will result in two equal halves?
Radial symmetry
United States has experienced a resurgence of TB since
the mid-1980s
How many species of gingkophytes are alive today?
1
Place the stages in the life cycle of the intestinal roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, in the correct order, starting after fertilization
1) An adult female releases fertilized eggs into its host's gut 2) Eggs are shed in feces 3) Eggs are carried onto food, etc. via dust 4) Embryos hatch and become larvae 5) Larvae metamorphose into adults
Summarize the Gram stain procedure by the steps below in chronological order.
1) Bacteria is applied to slide and heated to help them adhere. 2) Slide is exposed to crystal violet, and then iodine. 3) Slide is washed with alcohol. 4) Slide is exposed to safranin.
Order the species below in the correct order starting with the species most closely related to humans and ending with the species least closely related to humans
1) Chimpanzee 2) Gorilla 3) Orangutan 4) Gibbon 5) Colobus monkey
Order the events in the sexual reproduction of sponges as they occur.
1) Choanocytes transform into sperm cells 2) Sperm cells are carried to another sponge of the same species 3) Sperm cells are captured by choanocytes 4) Sperm cells are transferred to the mesohyl, where fertilization occurs 5) Fertilized eggs develop into free swimming larvae 6) Larvae attach to a surface and metamorphose into adults
Order the major events in a generalized life cycle of a cnidarian as they occur starting with gamete formation at the top.
1) Gamete formation by the medusa form 2) Fertilization 3) Development of a planula larva 4) Polyp formation 5) Asexual production of medusae
Identify the four key areas that differentiate bacteria and archaea.
1) Gene expression 2) Plasma membrane 3) DNA replication 4) Cell walls
Place the steps in the life cycle of the oriental liver fluke (clonorchis sinensis) in order, with the first step after fertilization at the top of the list.
1) Miracidium 2) Sporocysts 3) Redia 4) Cercaria 5) Metacercaria
Which of the following are ways in which microbiologists study diversity in the Domains Archaea and Bacteria?
1) Morphological observation in the laboratory 2) Using molecular techniques 3) Metabolic observation in the laboratory
Identify two characteristics of prokaryotes that differentiate them from eukaryotes.
1) No membrane-bound organelles 2) No internal compartments
Put steps in the nutrition of heterotrophic protists called phagotrophs in the correct order.
1) Phagotrophs ingest small particles of food into intracellular vesicles called food vacuoles 2) Food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes 3) Food inside the food vacuoles is digested by enzymes released from lysosomes 4) Nutrients are absorbed across the vacuolar membrane
Place the steps of molting in the proper order beginning with the first step in the process on top
1) The animal's body swells until the hard exoskeleton cracks open and is shed 2) The soft exoskeleton is expanded using body fluids or air 3) The soft exoskeleton hardens
A staining process called the Gram stain classifies bacteria into
2 groups
Which of the following are present in all bony fishes?
A bony skeleton; scale-covered skin
Vertebrates can be differentiated from the tunicates and the lancelets on the basis of several features. Which two of the following are the most important differentiating features?
A vertebral column; a distinct head
Red algae contain phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin, which act as
Accessory pigments
Identify two functions of bacterial capsules.
Adherence; evading a host's immune system
In angiosperm evolution, Archaefructus and Amborella are
Ancient extinct and extant relatives, respectively
Prior to advances of molecular techniques Rhizaria were classified based on their locomotion in which of the following supergroups
Amoebozoans
_______ were the first terrestrial vertebrates.
Amphibians
Each stamen of a flower is composed of
An anther and a filament
Unlike tunicates and lancelets, vertebrates have which of the following?
An endoskeleton; certain internal organs
What is the mantle of a mollusk?
An epidermal sheet covering the dorsal side of the body
Which of the following are characteristics of hard corals?
An exoskeleton of calcium carbonate; polyp form is dominant; symbiotic photosynthetic zooxanthellae
In mosses, male gametangia are called ___________, while female gametangia are called ___________.
Antheridia; archegonia
What cnidarian class contains solitary or colonial polyps with hollow tentacles and mesenteries that compartmentalize the gastrovascular cavity?
Anthozoa
There are three orders of living amphibians
Anura, caudata, apoda
The types of metabolism seen in bacteria and archaea are more diverse than which of the following?
Any other group of organisms
What are pedipalps?
Appendages possessed by chelicerates that have various sensory, predatory, or reproductive functions
Bacteria and ________ are collectively known as prokaryotes.
Archaea
Which groups of organisms have small, simple cells, yet are the most abundant life forms on Earth?
Archaea, bacteria
In a pine cone, the mature female gametophyte consists of thousands of cells, with two to six ______ located near the mycropylar end.
Archegonia
In a pine cone, the mature female gametophyte consists of thousands of cells, with two to six ___________ located near the mycropylar end.
Archegonia
A fern gametophyte produces eggs and sperm in
Archegonia and antheridia, respectively
Select all features that may be found in chlorophytes.
Asexual reproduction, flagella, unicellular
Sea stars are in the class ________.
Asteroidea
If you consider only their carbon source (and not their energy source), prokaryotic organisms that are ________ are able to produce all of the organic compounds they need from CO2.
Autotraphic
Photosynthetic protists are
Autotrophs
Long, thin pseudopods supported by axial rods of microtubules are called _________.
Axopodia
Match each fruit type to its example
Berry = tomato Drupe = peach Aggregate = blackberry Legume = pea Samara = maple Multiple = pineapple
Match these terms with their description.
Bacillus = rod shaped Coccus = spherical shaped Spirillum = Helical shaped
Which terms refer to bacterial morphology?
Bacillus, spirillum, coccus
Prokaryotes, such as _______ and archaea, are usually unicellular organisms.
Bacteria
Tooth decay is caused by what present in the plaque?
Bacteria
The current classification of prokaryotes contains two main domains, which are
Bacteria and archaea
Choanoflagellates feed on _________, which they strain out of the water using filaments in their _________.
Bacteria, collar
Which crustaceans are sessile?
Barnacles
Bacteria reproduce asexually via _________ ________.
Binary fission
Mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate by _________ _________.
Binary fission
The use of microorganisms to break down of organic compounds in wastewater, industrial discharges, and oil spills is called _________.
Bioremediation
All animal zygotes undergo the same initial developmental stages which result in the formation of a ball of cells called the _________.
Blastula
Animals within which of the following phyla have a feeding structure called a lophophore?
Brachiopod; Bryozoa
Which of the following is greatly enlarged in birds, which have evolved the ability for powered flight?
Breastbone
Which of the following is not one of the currently existing phyla of seed plants?
Bryophyta
All of the following are examples of vascular plants EXCEPT
Bryophytes
Conspicuous, photosynthetic gametophytes, and the lack of tracheids, are features of
Bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of what informal grouping of nonvascular plants
Bryophytes
Which of the following are types of reproduction found in Protista?
Budding, asexual reproduction, schizogony, sexual reproduction
How do ferns produce haploid spores?
By meiosis in sporangia
The skeleton of a sponge may be composed of
Calcium carbonate spicules; spongin fibers; silica spicules
What organism are included in the class Myriapoda?
Centipedes and millipedes
Which of the following are not found in red algae?
Centrioles, flagella
There is a strong correlation between bilateral symmetry and (choose all that apply)
Cephalization; the ability to move in a consistent direction
Which of the following phyla belong to the Deuterostomes?
Chordates, Echinoderms
Which of the following are methods and/or structures that protists utilize to swim?
Cilia, flagella
The flagellum of choanoflagellates is surrounded by a funnel-shaped contractile _________ composed of closely placed _________.
Collar, filaments
The largest class of ________ is Anthozoa.
Cnidaria
A body cavity derived entirely from mesoderm is called a _________.
Coelom
Animals can be classified based on the development of a body cavity. Match each type of animal with the correct definition.
Coelomate = animal with a fluid-filled cavity lined with tissue from the mesoderm Acoelomate = Animal that lacks a body cavity Pseudocoelomate = Animal with a body cavity not completely lined with tissue from the mesoderm
An association where one organism receives benefits while the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed is called
Commensalism
Which of the following are characteristics of members of class Anthozoa?
Compartmentalization of the gastrovascular cavity by mesenteries; Tentacles are hollow
Nitrifying bacteria make nitrogen available for plants by
Converting ammonia to nitrate
A nauplius is the first larval stage of ________, which is very different in appearance from the adult form.
Crustaceans
Put these steps of the Gram stain in order from first to last.
Crystal violet is applied. Gram's iodine is applied. Alcohol wash is applied. Safranin is applied.
Comb jellies make up the phylum ________.
Ctenophora
The animal phylum that includes members that are often bioluminescent, live in marine environments, and use cilia for movement and colloblasts for prey capture is _________.
Ctenophora
Which of the following is a feature that differentiates ctenophores from cnidarians?
Ctenophores propel themselves using cilia
Even though chloroplasts of different algae are not monophyletic, it is thought that all chloroplasts derived from a single line of
Cyanobactera
Which of the following was responsible for adding oxygen to Earth's atmosphere billions of years ago?
Cyanobacteria
This group of gymnosperms resembles palm trees
Cycads
Which of the following organisms are gastropods?
Nudibranchs, snails, slugs
Chemical elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur are released from dead organisms back to the physical environment by prokaryotes and fungi that are called
Decomposers
The scientist usually considered the first to see microorganisms, which he called "animalcules", was
Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek
The key characteristics of birds are the presence of ________ and a light ________ which consists of bones that are thin and ________.
Feathers, skeleton, hollow
Thin, branching protrusions found in some protists are known as
Filopodia
Of the six supergroups of protists, how many are monophyletic?
Five
In the process of ________, an element is transformed from an inorganic form to an organic form, which can then be used by heterotrophic organisms.
Fixation
Nitrogen ______ is the removal of nitrogen from the gaseous phase, transforming it into ammonia, which eventually becomes organic nitrogen.
Fixation
A ________ may be found on the outer surface of a prokaryotic cell in order to propel or move the organism.
Flagella
In eukaryotic cells, locomotor extensions called ________ are longer and present in lower numbers per cell than are cilia.
Flagella
A distinguishing characteristic of red algae is that they lack ________ and _________.
Flagella, centrioles
A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with _________; for that reason, those plants require free water for _________.
Flagella; fertilization
Unlike multicellular green plants, the fusion of gametes in unicellular chlorophytes (such as, for example, Chlamydomonas) is
Followed by meiosis, not followed by mitosis
Which of the following are mechanisms of digestion in non-parasitic flatworms?
Food particles are digested by enzymes in the gut; cells in the gut engulf food particles by phagocytosis
Cercozoa use flagella or pseudopods
For locomotion
Heterotrophic marine protists, which make characteristic pore-studded shells (called tests) of organic material encrusted with calcium carbonate, belong to the phylum __________.
Foraminifera
Each microspore mother cell in pine produces
Four microspores, all of which develop into pollen grains
Land plants evolved from
Freshwater algae
Which of the following are characteristics of leeches?
Freshwater habitats, hermaphroditic, reduced coelom, usually lack chaetae, clitellum present during breeding season, sucks at one or both ends of the body
A fruit contains three genotypes in one structure. Match each genotype to its location in the fruit.
From the prior sporophyte generation = fruit and seed coat Remnants of the gametophyte generation that produced the egg = developing seed The next sporophyte generation = the embryo
The leaves of ferns are called _________.
Fronds
In angiosperms, the ovary matures into a(n)
Fruit
Select all extant gymnosperm phyla
Gnetophytes, cycads, conifers
The condition of having separate sexes (an individual is either male or female, not both) is known as ________.
Gonochorism
Identify three major examples of sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria.
Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis
Select all plant groups that produce seeds.
Gymnosperms, angiosperms
A typical land plant has a(n) _________ life cycle, which includes a multicellular haploid and diploid stage.
Haplodiplontic
Which of the following are negative effects of climate change on corals?
Higher CO2 in the atmosphere leads to lower pH in the ocean water which makes calcium-carbonate less available for corals. Coral bleaching (loss of zooxanthellae) can occur if the water is warmer than usual.
A plant is said to be _________ if all of its spores are similar in appearance.
Homosporous
Select all evolutionary mechanisms that were very important in the early evolution of eukaryotes.
Horizontal gene transfer, engulfing other cells
Select all of the following that are members of the informal group called bryophytes.
Hornworts, liverworts, mosses
The ________ are seedless vascular plants with hollow jointed stems.
Horsetails
What cnidarian class contains members that exhibit both the polyp and medusa stages of the life cycle, may be solitary or colonial, and may live in freshwater?
Hydrozoa
Which of the following statements about earthworms are TRUE?
Ingested soil and organic matter passes through the earthworm and is excreted in mounds in the soil called castings; Earthworms use their strong, muscular pharynx to ingest soil and organic matter; Earthworms contribute to the loosening, aeration and enrichment of soil
In seed-bearing plants, an extra layer of sporophytic tissue called the ________ forms the outer portion of the ovule and eventually develops into a protective seed coat.
Integument
Select all components of an ovule.
Integument, egg
________ develop into a seed coat.
Integuments
In __________ digestion, food particles must be small enough to be engulfed and digested by cells whereas in _________ digestion, larger food items are first broken down with digestive enzymes before the particles are engulfed by the cells.
Intracellular; extracellular
What would be an advantage of segmentation in adult organisms?
It allows each region to operate independently of the other body regions; It allows for a more efficient locomotion
Which of the following is an advantage of multicellularity?
It fostered the specialization of cells.
What are the functions of a hydrostatic skeleton in animals lacking a skeleton of shell or bone?
It gives shape to the animal; it provides a rigid structure against which muscles can operate
Which of the following accurately describes the pseudocoelom?
It is a body cavity that develops embryologically between the mesoderm and endoderm.
Which of the following describes the horizontal transfer of genes?
It is between different bacteria.
Which of the following is TRUE of chitin?
It is chemically similar to cellulose
Which of the following accurately describes the coelom in mollusks?
It is in spaces around the excretory organs, the heart, and part of the intestine; it is highly reduced
Select all true statements about angiosperm pollen.
It typically contains 2 nuclei, it is produced when a microspore undergoes mitosis, it is haploid
In the 1540s, who suggested that disease was caused by unseen organisms?
Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro
The evolutionary advent of hinged _______ was significant because it enabled animals to grip prey more firmly, and to attack larger species, thus increasing the available food supply.
Jaws
What vitamins are produced for humans by bacteria in the large intestine?
K, B
Which of the following are key characteristics of Anurans?
Large head and a broad, compact body; Rear limbs specialized for jumping; Tailless body
Match host plants to their nitrogen-fixing symbionts
Legumes = Rhizobium Woody shrubs = Frankia Water ferns = Anabaena
Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water.
Less water availability in a terrestrial environment; higher levels of UV light on land
Most centipedes actually have ____ than 100 legs, and millipedes actually have ____ than 1000 legs.
Less; less
Endosymbiotic bacteria are bacteria that can
Live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells
Amphibians are thought to have evolved from which of the following?
Lobe-finned fish
Match each fish with its description
Lobe-finned fishes = Largely extinct group of bony fishes; ancestral to amphibians Ray-finned fishes = Most diverse group of vertebrates; swim bladder and bony skeletons Sharks, skates, rays = Cartilaginous skeletons, no swim bladders; internal fertilization Lampreys = Mostly extinct group of jawless fish with no paired appendages; parasitic and nonparasitic Hagfishes = Jawless fishes no paired appendages; scavengers; mostly blind Armored fished = Jawed fishes with heavily armored heads Spiny fishes = Fishes with or without jaws; paired find supported by sharp spines; head shields made of bone
Which of the following organisms are members of the class Crustacea?
Lobsters, pill bugs, shrimps
Because they possess _______ muscles but lack _______ musculature, nematodes exhibit a characteristic wriggling pattern of locomotion
Longitudinal; circular
Spiralia can be divided into two monophyletic groups; _______ and ______.
Lophotrochozoa; platyzoa
Which scientist settled the argument over spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
The theory of endosymbiosis was originally proposed by Mereschkowsky and found widespread support after it was championed by _________ _________ in the 1970s.
Lynn Margulis
The structures that remove nitrogenous wastes from arthropods include
Malpighian tubules and gills
Which of the following are involved in excretion in arthropods?
Malpighian tubules; gills
Which of the following are features that are unique to mammals among vertebrates?
Mammary glands; hair
In a mollusk, the _______ secretes the shell, while the muscular ________ is used for locomotion.
Mantle; foot
Select all true statements about protists.
Many are unicellular, but some are multicellular. Most are microscopic, but some are large. They vary in the way they obtain nutrients.
In land plants, the gametophyte
May be larger than the sporophyte
The ______ is a gelatinous, protein-rich matrix found between the inner and outer cell layers in a sponge. Amoebocytes and eggs are found within this matrix
Mesohyl
The microspores of pines develop within
Microsporangia
In seed plants, small spores called _______ develop into pollen.
Microspores
The cells of which of the following organisms lack cell walls?
Millipede, butterfly
Which of the following organisms are chelicerates?
Mites, ticks, spiders, horseshoe crabs
Select all lines of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by binary fission.
After the megaspore mother cell of an angiosperm divides, four haploid megaspores are produced. Three of the megaspores soon disappear, while the remaining one produces gametophyte through
Mitosis
Select all features shared by the charophytes and land plants
Mitosis and cytokinesis, nonmotile egg cells
During growth of a pine pollen tube, the generative cell divides by
Mitosis to produce two sperm cells
Which of the following are the two major phyla within the group Lophotochozoa, which are characterized by forming a trochophore?
Mollusca, annelida
The protostome clade Ecdysozoa contains animals that ________.
Molt
Roots likely evolved
More than once
Bacteria and archaea are the _________ organisms on Earth and arose about _________.
Most ancient; 3 billion years ago
Which of the following accurately describes chelicerates?
Most are carnivorous; have four pairs of walking legs; bodies consist of two tagmata; mouthparts can be modified as pincers or fangs
Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell walls of which microbes?
Most bacteria
Endosperm is produced by
Most flowering plants
Which of the following accurately describe bilaterian flatworms?
Most have a digestive system with only one opening; They have dorsoventrally flattened bodies; they have some of the most complex life cycles among animals
The polyp form of cnidarians has a tubular body with a _________ that is surrounded by _________.
Mouth; tentacles
Although some animals are sessile, a characteristic which is unique to most animals is their ability to _______ rapidly.
Move
Common characteristics of animals include:
Multicellularity, heterotrophic, sexual reproduction, missing cell walls
Multicellularity has arisen
Multiple times amongst the eukaryotes
Which of the following organisms are bivalves?
Mussels, clams, cockles
A symbiotic relationship in which both parties benefit is known as _________.
Mutualism
Gymnosperms get their name from the Greek "gymnos" and "sperma" meaning ________ _______, which describes their seed structure.
Naked seed
The unique stinging intracellular structures that assist a typical cnidarian in defense and prey capture are known as __________.
Nematocysts
Unsegmented worms that are round in cross section, have longitudinal muscles, and are covered by a flexible, thick cuticle that is molted as they grow, make up what phylum?
Nematoda
Which of the following are the major flatworm groups?
Neodermata; turbellaria
The scolex of tapeworms often bears sucks and hooks, but has no mouth or concentrates __________ tissues, and is therefore not considered a __________.
Nervous; head
Match microbes to their role in the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen fixer = converts molecular nitrogen into ammonia Nitrifier = converts ammonia into nitrate Decomposer = releases ammonia from dead organisms Denitrifier = converts nitrate into molecular nitrogen
Which of the following is not a shared derived characteristic of vertebrates?
Notochord
Prokaryotes have their genes encoded within a single stranded ring of DNA that is condensed and forms a visible region of the cell called the _________ region.
Nucleoid
The DNA in a bacterial cell is in which of the following areas and is in direct contact with the cytoplasm of the cell?
Nucleoid region
Which of these does not differentiate bacteria and archaea?
Nucleotides
Discriminate between older and newer methods used by microbiologists for assessing the diversity of the bacteria and archaea.
Old technology = Observe structural and metabolic differences among cultures growing in the laboratory Current technology = Look for molecular differences of organisms collected in the field
The largest and most abundant class of echinoderms is the class
Ophiuroidea
Choose all features of the algal ancestor of land plants.
Photosynthetic; lived in freshwater
Which of the following are nutritional strategies found in Protista?
Phototrophs, osmotrophs, phagotrophs, mixotrophs
Many different nutritional strategies are found in protists; they can be phagotrophs (ingest particles), _________ (ingest soluble nutrients), phototrophs, or _________ (both hetero- and phototrophs).
Osmotrophs, mixotrophs
The ______ membrane of Gram-negative bacteria enables these organisms to resist the effects of antibiotics in the penicillin family.
Outer
The pericarp is composed of three layers of
Ovary wall
Gymnosperms produce naked seeds, which means that
Ovules are not enclosed during fertilization
Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms because, at pollination, their __________ are enclosed within diploid tissues, the carpel. The capel eventually develops ino a __________, a unique angiosperm feature.
Ovules; fruit
A seed will not germinate until the embryo is exposed to water and _________.
Oxygen
Ancient cyanobacteria are thought to have generated the first _________-rich atmosphere on Earth, paving the way for the rise of eukaryotes.
Oxygen
Which of the following are key (defining) features of jawed fish?
Paired appendages; nutritional deficiencies; internal gills; a vertebral column; single-loop circulation
The class Polychaeata of the phylum Annelida consists of members that possess _______ for movement and have many _______ bristling out of their body
Parapodia; chaetae
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other is known as _________.
Parasitism
Which of the following diseases is not caused by an infection of a pathogenic bacteria?
Parkinson disease
Which of these is the most common compound in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
The diversity in fruit dispersal mechanisms is due to variability in the layers of the ovary wall, collectively called the _________.
Pericarp
A mixotroph uses which of the following means to obtain nutrition?
Photoautotrophy and heterotrophy.
The genus that provides a typical example of a conifer life cycle is:
Pinus
Which of the following are a part of the subclass Theria?
Placental mammals; marsupial
In cnidarians, the planktonic ciliated larva that metamorphoses into a polyp is known as a
Planula
Bacterial cells commonly contain chromosomal DNA and which of the following structures?
Plasmids
Animals withing the phylum _________ include planaria, tapeworms and parasitic flukes.
Platyhelminthes
The thin cytoplasmic projections used in foraminifera for locomotion and feeding are called
Podia
Select all that participate in double fertilization:
Polar nuclei; egg; sperm
The male gametophyte in seed plants is called a
Pollen grain
In some seed-bearing plants, the need for water during fertilization has been eliminated because the sperm moves to the egg by traveling through a(n) _______ ________.
Pollen tube
The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma is called ________.
Pollination
In cnidarians, the body form that may exist colonially or singly is the _______.
Polyp
Match each mollusk class with its major characteristics.
Polyplacophora = Unsegmented body with a shell made of eight sets of plates Gastropoda = Torsion during larval development Bivalvia = Two shells hinged dorsally Cephalopoda = Closed circulatory system
Match each class of mollusks with the correct description
Polyplacophora = body covered with eight overlapping dorsal plates Gastropoda = May be terrestrial Bivalvia = Lacks a radula Cephalopoda = Foot modified into a series of arms
Identify the two primary components of a biofilm on teeth.
Polysaccharide matrix, bacterial cells
The only animals that lack any form of body symmetry are _______.
Porifera
What organisms feed by capturing, engulfind, and digesting small food particles and plankton in the water column using flagellated cells known as choanocytes?
Poriferans
Gram-_________ bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls.
Positive
Match the 4 stages of syphilis with their description.
Primary stage = characterized by appearance of small, painless, potentially unnoticed sore Second stage = characterized by a rash, sore throat, and sores in the mouth Third stage = characterized by latency and may last for several years Fourth stage = characterized by heart disease, mental deficiency and nerve damage
Angiosperm flowers originate as
Primordia
Unlike bryophytes, tracheophytes
Produce a small gametophyte
The gymnosperms differ from other groups of vascular plants because they
Produce seeds but not flowers
Mosses differ from other bryophytes because of their gametophytes
Produce structures that look like leaves and stems
Unlike bryophytes, lycophytes
Produce vascular tissue
______ chromosomes are usually circular and tend to be much shorter than eukaryotic chromosomes.
Prokaryotic
Chelicerates have a body consisting of two tagmata: the anterior _________ and the posterior __________.
Prosoma; opisthosoma
The purpose of resin in pines is to
Protect against insects and fungi
Identify two functions of the S-layer in prokaryotes.
Protection, adhesion
Eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified in the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms are
Protists
_________ have cells that move apart within the mesoderm to create an expanding coelom, whereas ________ pouch off cells of the archenteron which form into the coelom.
Protostomes; deuterostomes
The archaea do not possess peptidoglycan, but some have a similar structure called ________.
Pseudomurein
Many amoeba move with "false feet," known as __________
Psuedopods
All of the following are functions of the arthropod exoskeleton EXCEPT
Radiation resistance
Place the following lineages in order, from oldest to most recent.
Red algae Green algae Bryophytes Tracheophytes
Which of the following statements are TRUE of nematode reproduction?
Reproduction is usually sexual; fertilization is internal
Choose all components of fern sporophytes.
Rhizomes, fiddleheads, and fronds
Some bacteria and archaea have an additional protein of glycoprotein layer forming a paracrystalline surface called the _______ layer.
S
Which of the following are types of asexual reproduction observed in protists?
Schizogony, budding
Which of the following are members of the class Anthozoa?
Sea pansies, sea anenomes, stony corals, sea fans
Haplodiplontic life cycles are found in
Some chlorophytes and the streptophytes
How do sponges reproduce?
Sperm are released into the water and fertilize eggs in the mesohyl of another sponge, developing into swimming larvae; A small fragment or bud may detach and form new sponge.
Select all that participate in double fertilization
Sperm, egg, polar nuclei
During embryonic development, mollusk zygotes undergo ______ cleavage and are therefore a part of the protostome clade _______.
Spiral; spiralia
After fertilization, a mollusk's zygote undergoes ______ cleavage. The embryo develops into a free-swimming larva called a(n) ________. In most marine snails and in bivalves, a second free-swimming stage is present, known as a(n) ________.
Spiral; trochophore; veliger
Members of which protostome clade undergo spiral cleavage as embryos?
Spiralians
The colonial forms of choanoflagellates strongly resemble freshwater
Sponges
Which of the following best summarizes the life cycle of a sponge?
Sponges reproduce sexually, producing free-living larvae, which attach on a surface and metamorphose into adults.
What tough protein forms fibers that provide skeletal support to some species of sponges?
Spongin
Select all structures produced by mosses.
Sporangia, rhizoids
In plants, meiosis produces haploid
Spores
In this moss life cycle, the circle is enclosing haploid _______ produced by meiosis.
Spores
The product of fertilization in pine is an embryo, which is a member of the
Sporophyte generation
Of the organisms listed, which are members of the Mollusca phylum?
Squid, clams, snails, chitons
Select all components of a carpel:
Stigma, style, ovary
Land plants usually produce many _________ on their leaves to allow gas exchange across the waxy cuticle on exposed surfaces.
Stomata
Which structure allows hornwort sporophytes to regulate gas exchange?
Stomata
Which of the following features enabled the dominance of sharks during the Carboniferous period:
Streamlined paired fins; A modification of the gill arches that reinforced the lower jaw; granules of calcium carbonate in the cartilaginous skeleton
The charophytes and all land plants are collectively referred to as
Streptophytes
Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue.
Sucrose, water, minerals
Osmotic balance is maintained in mollusks by he nephridia which reabsorb ________, ________, ________ and other materials from wastes returns them to the animal's body.
Sugars, salts, water
The general term that describes all relationships in which one organism lives in close association with another is
Symbiosis
Which of the following groups is characterized by the presence of four membranes in the embryonic development that includes the mammals, crocodiles, turtles, birds, snakes, and lizards?
The amniotes
Molecular approaches for classifying prokaryotes rely on which of the following?
The analysis of the amino acid, RNA and gene sequences
Which of the following accurately describes animals with a segmented body plan?
The animals body is divided into nearly identical units.
Which of the following is true of Deuterostomes?
The blastopore develops into the anus
Identify the main body parts of a crustacean.
The cephalothorax and the abdomen
The largest gymnosperm phylum is
The conifers
What structure of the choanoflagellates is closely matched in the sponges?
The contractile funnel-shaped collar
Bilaterally symmetrical animals are divided into protostomia and deuterostomia depending on which of the following?
The development of the embryonic blastopore
Select all times in which genome duplication was prevalent in the evolution of seed plants.
The divergence of seed plants from seedless ancestors; The appearance of the first angiosperms
In cnidarians, what is a medusa?
The free-swimming form that is umbrella-shaped with a mouth on the concave underside, surrounded by tentacles.
Select all features common to bryophytes.
The gametophyte is photosynthetic; the gametophyte is small but specialized
Cephalization is
The localization of sensory structures near the head of the animal
The evolution of the first vertebrates occurred in which of the following places?
The ocean
The thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lacks peptidoglycan. Which of the following are likely to be true of this prokaryotic species?
The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie below pH 7. It is an Archaean.
Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives.
The presence of specialized water transporting tissues; the presence of stomata for gas exchange; the presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces
Which of the following are characteristics unique to poriferans when compared to other animals?
Their cells are able to differentiate from one type to another; They lack true symmetry; When cells are disassociated, they can seek each other out and reassemble; They lack true tissues
In sponges, what is the function of the tiny pores in the body known as ostia?
They allow water carrying oxygen and food to enter the body
Which of the following are characteristics of most mammals?
They are endothermic; they have mammary glands; they have a placenta; they have hair
Select all features of tracheophytes.
They are found in most terrestrial habitats; they produce vascular tissue; the sporophyte generation is dominant
Which of the following is true of all animals?
They are multicellular
Which of the following statements about sponges is true?
They are multicellular but do not have true tissues
What is the function of choanocytes in sponges?
They are specialized cells that assist in the circulation of water and the capture and digestion of food particles.
Select all true statements about the gametophytes of whisk ferns.
They associate with fungi; they are not photosynthetic
Select a feature that distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms.
They do not enclose seeds in fruits?
Which of the following are characteristics of sponges?
They do not have true tissues; They have specialized cells, called choanocytes; they have free-swimming larvae
Which of the following are major features of cercomeromorpha?
They hand on the wall of their host's intestines by means of a terminal attachment structure; they do not have a digestive cavity or digestive enzymes.
Which of he following best explains why animals are considered monophyletic?
They have a common ancestor
Which of the following is true of Cnidarian?
They have distinct tissues
Which of the following are characteristics of animals within the phylum Platyheminthes?
They have no circulatory system; they have a simple body plan; they have no respiratory system
Which of the following are characteristics of cnidarians?
They have radial symmetry; they are diploblastic; they are made of distinct tissues.
Which of the following accurately describes how most chelicerates consume food?
They inject digestive enzymes into solid food to liquefy it, then suck
Red algal polysaccharides are used
To thicken ice cream and cosmetics
Which of the following statements is true about prokaryotic cells?
They lack functional compartmentalization, but may possess invaginated regions of the plasma membrane that function in cellular respiration.
Select all true statements about whisk fern sporophytes.
They lack leaves; they are photosynthetic
Both bacteria and archaea have cell walls, but the cell walls are chemically different between the two. Which describes the cell wall of the Archaea?
They lack peptidoglycan
Select all ways in which moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves.
They lack veins; they lack stomata; most of their surface is one cell layer thick
Which of the following are characteristics of members of class Scyphozoa?
They move by jetting water from the gastrovascular cavity or space beneath it, using the rhythmic contraction of muscles; The medusa is the major body form, with the polyp being greatly reduced or even absent in some species
Noncoelomate invertebrates are evolutionarily important because of which of the following statement?
They possessed the basic animal body plan from which the body plan of all other animals evolved.
Select all features of ginkgophytes
They produce seeds; they are dioecious
Select all adaptive features of seeds.
They protect the embryo; they nourish the embryo
Select all true statements about seeds:
They protect young plants; they provide plant nourishment; they may be dormant
Which of the following are reasons why corals are economically very important to humans?
They serve as refuge sites for the young of many crustaceans and fishes eaten by humans; They protect the coastal regions of many tropical islands
Which of the following is true of the two body forms found in cnidarians (polyp and medusa)?
They share the same basic morphology -- mouth, gastrovascular cavity, and tentacles
Select all true statements about bryophytes.
They undergo meiosis to produce spores; The gametophyte generation is more conspicuous than the sporophyte
How do choanoflagellates use their collar in their feeding?
They use it to filter bacterial cells from the water.
How many genotypes are present in a fruit
Three
In most angiosperms, meiosis of the megaspore mother cell produces four megaspores and
Three of them disappear
Most mollusks have a(n)
Three-chambered heart
TB afflicts the respiratory system, thwarts the immune system, and is easily transmitted from person to person in which way?
Through the air
With the exception of sponges all animals have their cells organized into structural and functional units called ________.
Tissues
The main function of flowers is sexual reproduction. In addition, they are often used by plants.
To attract pollinators
Arthropod exoskeletons are composed of chitin, which is similar to cellulose in that it is both ________ and ________.
Tough; flexible
What are the subgroups of subphylum Neodermata?
Trematoda; cercomeromorpha
The annelid body plan is a(n) ______ within a(n) _____.
Tube, tube
Which of the following accurately describes the number of body forms exhibited by most cnidarians?
Two
Which of the following are not characteristics of insects?
Two to four pairs of antennae
What are the flattened appendages found at the posterior end of a decapod's abdomen?
Uropods
Tracheophytes are dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems because of their ability to produce
Vascular tissue
The first representative of these animals evolved in the oceans during the Cambrian period, roughly 545 million years ago.
Vertebrates
Gnetophytes are the only gymnosperms with efficient conducting cells, called _________ in their xylem.
Vessels
The mammalian subclass Theria consists of ______ mammals. The group includes both placental mammals and marsupials, but excludes the monotremes because they lay _________.
Viviparous; eggs
Which of the following are carried out in the gastrovascular space of cnidarians?
Waste discharge; gas exchange; digestion; gamete production (in most species)
Seeds with air-filled chambers surrounded by impermeable membranes are dispersed by
Water
Select all major limiting factors for the establishment of early terrestrial plant life.
Water availability; carbon dioxide
The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required more
Water loss management
Select all requirements for seed germination
Water, oxygen
Select all ways in which seeds are dispersed:
Water, wind, animals
Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct? a) Prokaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, "packed" with a relatively large amount of protein. b) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained with a nucleus but rather forms a region known as the nucleoid region. c) Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle. d) Prokaryotic genomes are composed of linear DNA.
b) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but rather forms a region known as the nucleoid region.
Which statement about prokaryotes is true? a) They lack ribosomes b) They usually lack a cell wall c) They contain a nucleus d) They do not divide by mitosis
d) They do not divide by mitosis
