Biology 4

What types of molecules are broken down to make ATP? Which are most often broken down to make ATP?

carbohydrate, lipids, or proteins can be broken down to make ATP. carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.

Explain the functions of electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen in the electron transport chain

electrons help by transporting energy throughout the cell. Hydrogen ions are a product and help keep the concentration gradient. Oxygen is needed to bond with and split up atoms that are used in the etc.

Ruvisco

And enzyme that sets up the Calvin cycle, the most abundant protein on earth

How are lactic acid fermentation an alcoholic fermentation similar? How are they different?

Both are chemical reactions in the pruvates are different

How are ADP and ATP related?

Both play similar roles in cellular respiration

Explain how the Calvin cycle is a bridge between carbon in the atmosphere and carbon-based molecules in the food you eat

Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by plants for photosynthesis. The carbon is incorporated into sugars and other carbon based molecules that are eaten by other organisms.

Summarize the aerobic stages of cellular respiration. Be sure to discuss the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain in your answer.

Cellular respiration as a whole is aerobic(needs oxygen to take place) although Glycolysis is anaerobic (doesn't need oxygen). The Krebs cycle takes glycolysis three-carbon molecule and breaks it down through a cycle of chemical reactions. some ATP is made and CO2 is released as waste. the energy is then taken and transferred through a serious of proteins. In the etc. a large amount of ATP is made. Oxygen enters and is used to make water. the water and some heat are given off as waste products.

What are the roles of chloroplasts and chlorophyll in photosynthesis

Chlorophyll absorbs the sunlight, which allows the plant to obtain energy from the light Chloroplasts are the organelles in a cell where chlorophyll is stored

Protein molecules called cytochromes are part of the electron transport chain. They are nearly identical in every known aerobic organism. How do these molecules show the unity of life on earth

Cytochromes break down

Summarize the process of alcoholic fermentation in Yeast

East has two options when it comes to respiration. Fermentation produce is much less energy but you can still live

Overall, do you think photosynthesis is endothermic or exothermic

Endothermic because energy is entering the plant

How are cellular respiration and glycolysis related?

Glycolysis breaks down glucose to form the reactants of cellular respiration

What is the relationship between glycolysis and fermentation

Glycolysis leads to fermentation if no oxygen is available.

A water molecule is added to an ATP molecule to break down ATP into ADP and a phosphate group write the chemical equation that represents this reaction

H2O+ATP -> ADP+P

Describe the stages of photosynthesis

(light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sunlight) 1. Energy from sun is absorbed & oxygen is released (in the chloroplasts) 2. energy transfers to molecules that carry energy like ATP (across the thylakoid membrane) (light-independent reactions use the energy to make sugars) 3. Carbon dioxide molecules area used to build sugars (Energy from light-dependent reactions is used) 4. simple sugar molecules are formed.

What is the role of pyruvate in cellular respiration?

In cellular respiration, there is a process called Glycolysis. In this process, glucose molecules that are from carbohydrates are broken down into molecules of pyruvate. This later goes into the Krebs Cycle.

Is oxygen necessary for the production of all ATP in your cells? Why or why not?

No, ATP is also formed during glycolysis which can continue without oxygen

Is glucose a reactant in the aerobic stages of cellular respiration?

No, glucose is broken down during glycolysis (anaerobic).

Describe how you get energy indirectly from the food that you eat

The food that you eat doesn't contain ATP that your cells use, first they must be digested. Digestion breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be used to make ATP.

Explain the relationship between the light dependent in the light independent reactions

The light dependent reactions absorb energy from sunlight and transfer the energy to the light independent reactions that produce sugars.

Explain why the chemical equation for photosynthesis is a highly simplified representation of the process. How is the equation accurate? How is it inaccurate

They don't react