Biology 523-Test 1 Quiz Questions

If two homozygous mutants are crossed to each other, what fraction of the F1 is the double mutant? a. 0 b.1/2 c. 1/4 d. 1/16

A: 0

You cross two homozygous mutants to each other. What fraction of the F2 is the double mutant? a. 1/16 b. 1/8 c. 1/4 d. 1/2

A: 1/16

At what temperature does the denaturation step of PCR occur? a. 95° C b. 50° C c. 72° C d. Any temperature

A: 95 degrees C

Which of the following would not be a useful selectable marker? a. A gene encoding a protein that degrades the antibiotic kanamycin. b. A gene encoding a protein that confers resistance to an herbicide. c. A gene encoding a protein that confers resistance to a compound that inhibits protein synthesis. d. A gene encoding a protein that confers resistance to kanamycin.

A: A gene encoding a protein that degrades the antibiotic kanamycin

Bacteria that have evolved a way to transfer DNA into plant cells. a. Agrobacterium tumefaciens b. E. colic. c. Staphylococcus aureusd. d. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (italicized)

Type of transport in which molecules move within cell walls and intercellular space. a. apoplastic b. symplastic c. transcellular

A: Apoplastic

Crytochromes absorb ____________ light. a. blue b. red c. far-red d. UV-B

A: Blue

Function of E3 ubiquitin-ligase enzymes. a. Bring the E2 carrying the ubiquitin in close proximity to the target protein. b. Activate the ubiquitin by binding it on a Cysteine (Cys) residue. c. Degrade target proteins that have a polyubiquitin chain. d. Remove the polyubiquitin tag prior to degradation of the target protein by the 26S proteasome.

A: Bring the E2 carrying the ubiquitin in close proximity to the target protein.

Type of leaf associated with Arabidopsis secondary inflorescences. a. cauline b. rosette c. bract d. petiole

A: Cauline

Which of the following cellular behaviors does not occur in plants? a. cell migration b. cell division c. cell expansion d. cell signaling

A: Cell Migration

The long tough fibers in the cell wall are _____________________. a. cellulose microfibrils b. lignin c. pectin d. hemicellulose

A: Cellulose microfibrils

Genes control development by _____________________. a. controlling where and when particular proteins are synthesized b. acting as enzymes to build proteins c. directly controlling phenotypes, without intermediates or influence from the environment d. containing small preformed body parts and organs that become "expressed" during development

A: Controlling where and when particular proteins are synthesized

A morphogen can make a pattern of different cell types because ______________. a. different cells perceive different threshold concentrations of the morphogen b. all cells divide asymmetrically upon perception of the morphogen c. different cells make different amounts of the morphogen d. only some cells can respond to the morphogen

A: Different cells perceive different threshold concentrations of the morphogen

ABC mRNA is present in the epidermis of a developing leaf while ABC protein is present in the epidermis and palisade mesophyll cells. Where would you expect to see GFP fluorescence in ABC:GFP transgenic plants? a. epidermis b. palisade mesophyll c. epidermis and palisade mesophyll d. spongy mesophyll cells

A: Epidermis

What form(s) of phytochrome is present in Arabidopsis plants that are grown in day light, which consists of approximately equal amounts of red and far-red light? a. equal amounts of Pr and Pfr b. 90% Pr and 10% Pfr c. 10% Pr and 90% Pfr

A: Equal amounts of Pr and Pfr

What generation is examined when performing complementation tests? a. F1 b. F2 c. M1 d. M2

A: F1

The Arabidopsis HY5 gene encodes a transcription factor that promotes light-induced gene expression. How would we designate the protein encoded by HY5? a. HY5 b. hy5 c. HY5 d. hy5

A: HY5

Which of the following is not an advantage of using Arabidopsis as a model plant? a. It is an important crop plant. b. It has a short lifespan. c. It is a small plant. d. It is easy to transform. e. It is easy to grow.

A: It is an important crop plant

Which of the following statements about plant development is false? a. It stops with the formation of a mature embryo in a seed coat. b. It generates the body plan of the plant. c. It generates cellular diversity and cellular organization. d. It assures the continuation of life from one generation to the next.

A: It stops with the formation of a mature embryo in a seed coat

Which of the following is not a component of plant primary cell walls? a. Lignin b. Cellulose microfibrils c. Hemicellulose d. Pectin

A: Lignin

___________________ is the process generating the overall shape and form of an organism. a. Morphogenesis b. Pattern formation c. Cellular differentiation d. Growth

A: Morphogenesis

Which of the following techniques would be used to determine whether transcription of PHYA is light inducible? a. Northern blot b. reverse genetics using insertional mutant lines c. Western blot d. epistasis analysise. immunolocalization

A: Northern Blot

Which of the following photoreceptors exhibits photoreversibility? a. phytochromes b. cryptochromes c. phototropins d. UVR8

A: Phytochromes

Phytochrome is synthesized in the ________ form. This form of phytochrome gets converted to the ________ form upon exposure to red light. a. Pr, Pfr b. Pr, Pf c. Pfr, Pr d. Pf, Pr

A: Pr, Pfr

The plant life cycle has both a sporophytic generation and a gametophytic generation. In the sporophytic generation, __________________. a. spores are produced b. gametes are produced c. gametophytes are produced d. fertilization occurs

A: Spores are produced

The diploid multicellular generation of plants is called the ________________ generation. a. sporophytic b. gametophytic c. gamete d. spore

A: Sporophytic

Which of the following is not true of Agro transformation of plants? a. The entire Ti plasmid is integrated into the plant chromosome. b. The position of integration of the T-DNA into the plant genomic DNA is random. c. The LB and RB sequences of the T-DNA define the region transferred into the plant cell. d. In the wild, Agro causes the formation of crown galls.

A: The entire Ti plasmid is integrated into the plant chromosome

9. Binding of a transcription factor to an enhancer contributes to gene regulation at the _________________ level. a. transcriptional b. post-transcriptional c. translational d. post-translational

A: Transcriptional

The 35S promoter is used to drive constitutive expression of a plant gene. a. True b. False

A: True

The regulatory region of a gene can be separated from the coding region of a gene and used to control the expression of a different gene. a. True b. False

A: True

Which of the following corresponds to the first mutant allele identified for the HY5 gene in Arabidopsis? a. hy5-1 b. hy5-2 c. HY5-1 d. hy5-1

A: hy5-1 (italicized)

Phytochromes promote light regulated development by directly________________. a. interacting with PIFs b. regulating gene expression c. ubiquitinating PIFs d. interacting with kinases

A: interacting with PIFs

The type of growth seen at the apical meristem is known as ___________ growth and will result in an increase in the ____________ of the stem. a. primary, length b. secondary, length c. primary, girth d. secondary, girth

A: primary, length

What form(s) of phytochrome is present in Arabidopsis plants that are grown in a forest where most of the red light is absorbed by tall trees? a. equal amounts of Pf and Pfr b. 90% Pr and 10% Pfr c. 10% Pr and 90% Pfr

B: 90% Pr and 10% Pfr

A(n) __________________ cell division is perpendicular to the surface of the organ/structure. a. asymmetric b. anticlinal c. periclinal d. transverse

B: Anticlinal

Which of the following techniques would be used to determine how many different genes were identified in a forward genetic screen? a. reverse genetics b. complementation test c. epistasis analysis d. mutagenesise. e. cross to wild type

B: Complementation test

Term that refers to the processes generating the body of an organism. a. Pattern formation b. Development c. Morphogenesis d. Cell division

B: Development

Which of the following statements about PCR is false? a. A PCR cycle consists of three steps. b. During denaturation, the primers anneal to a template strand. c. The primers determine the ends of the PCR products. d. A PCR reactions typically consists of about 30 cycles. e. dNTPs and DNA polymerase are required for a PCR reaction.

B: During denaturation, the primers anneal to a template strand.

What generation is examined when performing epistasis analysis? a. F1 b. F2 c. M1 d. M2

B: F2

The 5' UTR is not part of the mature mRNA. a. True b. False

B: False

You have identified a dominant mutation that results in a truncated DELLA protein that is constitutively active and still functions in signaling in response to the plant hormone gibberellin. Which of the following terms best describes this mutation? a. neomorph b. hypermorph c. antimorph d. amorph e. hypomorph

B: Hypermorph

Term used to describe a mutation that results in a partial loss of gene function. a. amorph b. hypomorph c. hypermorph d. antimorph

B: Hypomorph

Which of the following statements about the 26S proteasome is false? a. It consists of a central cylinder (20S complex) and two 19S regulatory complexes on each end. b. It only degrades nuclear proteins. c. It degrades proteins with a polyubiquitin chain. d. It is found in both plants and animals.

B: It only degrades nuclear proteins

________________________ is the generation of a particular spatial arrangement of cell types within an organ. a. Morphogenesis b. Pattern formation c. Cellular differentiation

B: Pattern Formation

Which of the following statements about development is false? a. The fate of a plant cell can be a consequence of either lineage or position. b. Plants set aside germ cells early in embryogenesis. c. Many plant cells are totipotent. d. Most plant development takes place post-embryonically

B: Plants set aside germ cells early in embryogenesis

The mRNA for the Arabdopsis circadian clock gene CCA1 is degraded in red light. This is an example of _____________ regulation. a. transcriptional b. post-transcriptional c. translational d. post-translational

B: Post-transcriptional

Which of the following techniques would be used to determine if a gene related to HY5, called HYH, is involved in light signaling? a. complementation analysis b. reverse genetics using insertional mutant alleles c. epistasis analysis d. forward genetic screen e. PCR

B: Reverse genetics using insertional mutant alleles

Which of the following statements about the cell wall is true? a. The middle lamella is made of pectin and lignin. b. The Golgi is involved in the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides. c. The secondary cell wall is located outside the primary cell wall. d. The plant cell wall is made of cellulose, starch and hemicellulose.

B: The Golgi is involved in the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides

Which of the following statements about a forward (classical) genetic screen is true? a. Most mutations are dominant and thus can only be identified in the M2 generation. b. The M1 plants can be genetic mosaics. c. Seeds from the M1 plants are called the M1 seeds. d. This approach is not possible in self-fertilizing plants like Arabidopsis.

B: The M1 plants can be genetic mosaics

Which of the following is not true of phytochrome proteins? a. They consist of two structural domains separated by a flexible hinge region. b. They can autophosphorylate on Histidine (His) residues. c. They bind a tetrapyrrole bilin called phytochromobilin which allows them to perceive light. d. They become nuclear localized when the plant is grown in light.

B: They can autophosphorylate on Histidine (His) residues

Probe used to detect a particular protein in a Western blot. a. complementary DNA b. complementary RNA c. antibody d. reporter gene

C: Antibody

You have identified a dominant mutation in a gene whose protein product is a receptor that acts in a dominant negative manner. Which of the following terms best describes this mutation? a. amorph b. hypermorph c. antimorph d. neomorph e. hypomorph

C: Antimorph

ABC mRNA is present in the epidermis of a developing leaf while ABC protein is present in the epidermis and palisade mesophyll cells. Where would you expect to see GFP fluorescence in ABC:ABC-GFP transgenic plants?a. epidermis b. palisade mesophyll cells c. epidermis and palisade mesophyll cells d. spongy mesophyll cells

C: Epidermis and palisade mesophyll cells

Which of the following would be used to determine whether two genes work in a common pathway?a. reverse genetics using insertional mutant alleles b. complementation test c. epistasis analysis d. PCR e. forward genetic screen

C: Epistasis analysis

The region of DNA required for transcription of a gene is called a(n) _____-. a. exon b. intron c. regulatory region d. centromere

C: Regulatory region

Which of the following is not part of the radial axis of a plant? a. dermal tissue b. vascular tissue c. root d. ground tissue

C: Root

The part of the Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens that is integrated into the genome of a plant. a. vir genes b. left border only c. T-DNA d. selectable marker e. none of the above

C: T-DNA

Which of the following statements about a forward genetic screen is false? a. The mutagenized Arabidopsis seeds are called the M1 seeds. b. One of two cells in the shoot apical meristem of the M1 seeds must be mutagenized for the mutation to be passed down to the next generation. c. The M1 generation is typically screened for mutant phenotypes. d. Some individuals of the M1 generation will be heterozygous for a mutation.

C: The M1 generation is typically screened for mutant phenotypes

Which of the following statements is false? a. The embryo sac is the female gametophyte. b. The female gametophyte is contained within an ovule. c. The male gamete is a pollen grain. d. The male gametophyte is produced inside the anther of a stamen.

C: The male gamete is a pollen grain

You identify two mutants with similar phenotypes and want to know if they are mutations in the same gene. You cross the mutants to each other. All of the F1 progeny have a wild-type phenotype. This indicates that _________________. a. the mutants are recessive b. the mutants are disrupted in the same gene c. the mutants are disrupted in two different genes d. the mutations are allelic

C: The mutants are disrupted in two different genes

What can you conclude about two mutants if you cross them and observe that the double mutant looks like one of the single mutants? a. they are allelic b. they are not allelic c. they affect the same pathway d. they affect two different pathways e. none of the above

C: They affect the same pathway

Under drought conditions, the mRNAs of a gene called DRY1 are not translated into protein. This is an example of __________________ regulation. a. transcriptional b. post-transcriptional c. translational d. post-translational

C: Translational

Which of the following about Arabidopsis thaliana is false? a. Arabidopsis is a small plant that grows in many parts of the world. b. Arabidopsis is a self-fertilizing plant. c. Arabidopsis can be easily transformed. d. Arabidopsis has a generation time of 6 months.

D: Arabidopsis has a generation time of 6 months

Which of the following is not an element along the apical-basal axis of the plant? a. shoot apical meristem b. leaves c. stem d. dermal tissue

D: Dermal Tissue

Which of the following techniques would be used to identify all genes involved in light signaling pathways? a. reverse genetics using insertional mutant alleles b. epistasis analysis c. complementation tests d. forward genetic screen e. PCR

D: Forward genetic screen

A transcription factor is degraded when plants are grown in the dark. This is an example of _______________ regulation. a. transcriptional b. post-transcriptional c. translational d. post-translational

D: Post-translational

PHYA is a light-labile protein. This means that PHYA is subject to ____________________ regulation. a. transcriptional b. post-transcriptional c. translational d. post-translational

D: Post-translational

What would be the effect on the PCR reaction if any of the following circumstances arose: 1) there are no primers in the reaction, 2) there are no dNTPs in the reaction, 3) there is no DNA polymerase in the reaction? a. PCR would proceed normally. b. Non-specific PCR of random templates will occur. c. The reaction will cease after a few cycles. d. The PCR reaction will not commence.

D: The PCR reaction will not commence

Which of the following lists the correct order of steps in a forward genetic screen? 1. plant the M1 seeds 2. mutagenize Arabidopsis seeds 3. screen the M2 plants for mutant phenotypes 4. collect M2 seeds a. 2, 1, 3, 4 b. 3, 4, 2, 1 c. 4, 3, 1, 2 d. 1, 2, 4, 3 e. 2, 1, 4, 3

E: 2,1,4,3

____________________ occurs when a certain biochemical function is encoded by two or more genes. a. Epistasis b. Dominance c. Pattern formation d. Cellular differentiation e. Genetic redundancy

E: Genetic redundancy

Which of the following statements is false? a. Insertion of a T-DNA into the exon of a gene can result in loss of gene function. b. Insertion of a T-DNA within a promoter region may alter gene function if the insertion alters the transcription of the gene. c. Insertion of a T-DNA within a promoter will not alter gene function if the insertion does not affect transcription of the gene. d. Insertion of a T-DNA within a promoter can result in either increased or decreased transcription of the gene. e. Insertion of a T-DNA within an intron will never result in a loss of gene function.

E: Insertion of a T-DNA within an intro will never result in a loss of gene function