Biology Animals Unit 10
How can imprinting be harmful to a species?
If a animals imprints on something that is not their mother it can be dangerous toward the newborn since they don't have the real mother to care for it
What is the significance of behavior in the evolution of animal species?
If a behavior that is influenced by genes increases and individual's fitness, that behavior will tend to spread through a population. Over many generations, various kinds of adaptive behaviors can play central roles in the survival of populations and species.
Hydrostatic
consists of fluids held in a gastrovascular cavity that can alter the animals body shape by working with contractile cells in its body wall
prehensile tail
a long tail that can coil tightly enough around a branch to serve as a "fifth hand"; common on new world monkeys
Homeostasis
controlled internal conditions
vertebrate
chordates with backbones
medulla oblongata
controls the functioning of many internal organs
How do mammals and some amphibians eliminate ammonia?
convert ammonia into a nitrogenous compound called urea
In what form do insects and arachnids excrete nitrogenous waste?
convert ammonia into uric acid and is passed through ducts into a cavity that also receives digestive wastes from the gut
Which body system delivers waste products to the respiratory and excretory system?
circulatory system
List the three major groups of mammals and give an example of each.
monotremes - duckbill platypus; marsupials - kangaroos; placentals - humans
What are the three types of mammals?
monotremes, marsupials, placentals
What animals use a open circulatory system?
most arthropods and mollusks
Why would you be unlikely to find a notochord in an adult chordate?
most chordates only have a notochord when they are embryos
intracellular digestion
the process in which food is digested inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to other cells by diffusion
What is meant by "chewing the cud"?
the process of regurgitating food that has been partially digested in the rumen, chew it again, and re-swallow it
zygote
fertilized egg
neuron
specialized nerves that make up the nervous system
Short Answer: List the unique characteristics of hominines. Give an example of a hominine.
-walk upright -opposable thumbs -large brains -shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints allow us to swing and grab things from different angles -An example of a hominine is homo sapiens, homo neanderthals, and homo australopithecus
Name some invertebrates that reproduce by internal fertilization and some that reproduce by external fertilization.
1) internal fertilization - many aquatic animals and nearly all land animals (humans, bears, turtles) 2) external fertilization - a wide range of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species (corals, worms, mollusks)
What are two advantages of an exoskeleton?
1) jointed exoskeletons enable some arthropods to swim, fly, walk, crawl, and leap 2) provides physical protection from predators
What is the function of joints and ligaments?
1) joints - enable animals to move parts of their skeleton with respect to each other 2) ligaments - enable bones to move without painful friction
List 8 features of animal body plans.
1) levels of organization 2) body symmetry 3) differentiation of germ layers 4) formation of body cavities 5) patterns of embryological development 6) segmentation 7) cephalization 8) limb formation
Describe the essential functions performed by all animals.
1) maintaining homeostasis - must keep their internal environment relatively stable 2) gathering and responding to information - think nervous system (imagine if you couldn't feel that your hand was on fire --> burn) 3) obtaining and distributing oxygen and nutrients - must be able to breath and eat 4) collecting and eliminating CO2 and other wastes - must be able to get rid on toxic
List the 6 groups of chordates.
1) nonvertebrates and the vertebrates: 2) fishes 3) amphibians 4) reptiles 5) birds 6) mammals
Give two examples of endoskeletons not made of bone.
1) sea stars and other echinoderm have an endoskeleton made of calcified plates 2) vertebrates have an endoskeleton made of cartilage or a combination of bone and cartilage
What are three examples of innate behaviors?
1) spider spinning its web 2) the suckling of a newborn mammal 3)newly hatched birds beg for food moments after hatching 4) dogs shaking off water
What is the advantage of the double loop system?
1) the capillaries became larger 2) there are 2 pumps which for larger more active animals is a necessity since pumping blood through only 1 pump would be impossible to sustain the animal
When did the first mammals appear?
220 million years
Short Answer: List two advantages and disadvantages of exoskeletons and endosekeltons.
A - Advantages of an exoskeleton: is 1) jointed exoskeletons enable some arthropods to swim fly, walk, crawl, and leap 2) provides physical protection from predators Disadvantages of an exoskeleton: 1) When an animal needs to grow it must shed its external skeleton which puts the animal in danger as it grows its new skeleton 2) the larger arthropods get the heavier the skeleton B - Advantages of an endoskeleton: 1) allows the animals to swim fly, walk, crawl, and leap. 2) provides strong lightweight support, 3) an animal can grow as big as they need without molting. Disadvantages of an exoskeleton: 1) since the endoskeleton does not grow around the body it cannot protect the body like a exoskeleton can 2) (NEED 1 MORE DISADVANTAGE FOR ENDOSKELETON)
Differentiate between single and double loop circulatory systems.
A single-loop circulation only has one pump that forces the blood in 1 direction while a double-loop circulation has 2 pumps that force the blood throughout the body.
Differentiate between zygote, blastula, protostomes and deuterostomes.
A zygote is a fertilized egg and the embryo grows to become more complicated as a ball of cells called a blastula. Protostomes are animals where the blastopore becomes the mouth and deuterostomes are the opposite where the blastopore becomes the anus.
Why did their evolution increase dramatically after the Cretaceous period?
After the extinction of the dinos it gave other groups of animals to come to dominate the Earth
Why is the interdependence of body systems essential?
All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Without just one system (i.e. respiratory, digestive) the body no longer works.
What are the trends in nervous system evolution?
Animal nervous systems exhibit different degrees of cephalization and specialization.
How do animals manage toxic nitrogenous waste?
Animals either eliminate ammonia from the body quickly or convert it into other nitrogenous compounds that are less toxic.
How do animals communicate with others in their environment?
Animals may use a variety of signals to communicate with one another. Some animals are also capable of language.
Short Answer: Why is bilateral symmetry an important development in the evolution of animals?
Animals with bilateral symmetry usually have specialized anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral regions. Sense organs are clusters at the head end, encounter the environment 1st and give the animal an advantage in orientation, navigation, feeding and defense.
How do asexual and sexual reproduction in animals compare?
Asexual reproduction requires only one parent, so individuals in favorable environmental condition can reproduce rapidly. But since offspring produced asexually carry only one single parents DNA, they have less genetic diversity than do offspring produced sexually. Sexual reproduction maintains genetic diversity in a population by creating individuals with new combinations of genes.
How do social behaviors increase an animal's evolutionary fitness?
Choosing mates, defending or claiming territories or resources, and forming social groups can increase evolutionary fitness.
Short Answer: What does the current evidence suggest about the evolution of endothermy?
Current evidence suggests that endothermy has evolved at least twice among vertebrates. It evolved once along the lineage of ancient reptiles that led to birds, and once along the lineage of ancient reptiles that led to mammals.
Why do people feel that evolution towards endothermy has happened twice?
Current evidence suggests that endothermy has evolved at least twice among vertebrates. It evolved once along the lineage of ancient reptiles that led to birds, and once along the lineage of ancient reptiles that led to mammals.
How do internal and external fertilization differ?
During internal fertilization, eggs are fertilized inside the body of the egg producing individual. In external fertilization, eggs are fertilized outside the body of the egg producing individual.
How can being an ectotherm be an advantage for an animal?
Ectothermic animals need much less food than similarly sized endotherms; in environments where temperatures stay warm and constant ectothermy is a more energy-efficient strategy
What are the most ancient chordates?
Embryological studies suggest that the most ancient chordates were related to the ancestors of echinoderms.
Where do embryos develop?
Embryos develop either inside or outside the body of the parent in various ways. Animals many be oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous.
What is the difference in how muscles are attached in exoskeletons and endoskeletons?
Exoskeletons: muscles are attached on the inside of bones Endoskeletons: muscles are attached on the outside of bones
oviparous
species in which embryos develop in eggs outside the parents bodies.
Which two species are considered humans?
Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens
What are the three types of skeletons?
Hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton
How do open and closed circulatory systems compare?
In an open circulatory system, blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels as it travels through the body (many hearts). In a closed circulatory system, blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body (one heart).
How do aquatic animals eliminate wastes?
In general aquatic animals can allow ammonia to diffuse out of their bodies into surrounding water, which dilutes the ammonia and carries it away.
How do muscles enable movement?
In many animals, muscles work together in pairs or groups that are attached to different parts of a supporting skeleton
How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis while processing nitrogenous wastes?
In order to eliminate nitrogenous wastes while conserving water many animals use kidneys to separate wastes and excess water from blood.
What is an innate behavior?
Innate behaviors appear in fully functional form the first time they are performed, even though the animal has had no previous experience with the stimuli to which it responds.
Short Answer: What characteristics distinguish invertebrates from nonvertebrate chordates?
Invertebrates are all species that lack a backbone, while non vertebrate chordates are species that have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail that extends beyond their anus.
A classmate is looking at a unicellular organism under a microscope. She asks you if it is an animal. What would you say and why?
It is not an animal because all animals are multicellular
How do environmental changes affect animal behavior?
Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior.
How do aquatic animals breathe?
Many aquatic invertebrates and most aquatic chordates other than reptiles and mammals exchange gases through gills. Aquatic reptiles and aquatic mammals, such as whales, breathe with lungs and must hold their breath underwater.
How do many complex behaviors arise?
Many complex behaviors combine innate behavior with learning.
Why do people feel that birds evolved from dinosaurs?
Many fossils have been found that are classified as dinos except for its highly evolved feathers. Modern birds have this same characteristic , so many scientists believe they are birds ancestors.
What is the current scientific thinking about the genus Homo?
Many species in our genus existed before our species, Homo sapiens, appeared. Furthermore, at least three other Homo species existed at the same time as early humans.
How do animals control their body temperature?
Most reptiles, invertebrates, fishes, and amphibians are ectotherms that regulate body temperature primarily by absorbing heat rom, or losing heat to, their environment.Endotherms, such as birds and mammals, have high metabolic rates that generate heat, even when they are resting.
How do the patterns of circulation in vertebrates compare?
Most vertebrates with gills have a single-loop circulatory system with a single pump that forces blood around the body in one direction. Most vertebrates that use lungs for respiration have a double-loop, two pump circulatory system.
What characteristics do all animals share?
Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, lacks cells with walls
Trace the path of a drop of blood through a double loop system.
Oxygen poor blood is forced from the heart to the lungs, once oxygenated it returns to the heart. Then the other side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood through the secondary loop and to the rest of the body. Once blood has circulated through the body the oxygen poor blood returns to the heart and the cycle begins again.
Name the group of animals whose ancestors were related to the earliest chordates.
Pikaia
How are the limb bones of Proterogyrinus different from those of Ichthystega?
Proterogyrinus was a true tetrapod and was mobile in water and on land. Ichthystega probably used their feet more to paddle in water than walk on land. It may have moved like a seal.
How are terrestrial vertebrates adapted to reproduction on land?
Reptiles, birds, and a few mammals have evolved amniotic eggs in which an embryo can develop outside its mother's body, and out of water, without drying out. The three groups of mammals - monotremes, marsupials, placentals - differ greatly in their means of reproduction and development, but nourish their young with milk.
What respiratory structures enable land animals to breathe?
Respiratory structures in terrestrial invertebrates include skin, mantle cavities, book lungs, and tracheal tubes. But all terrestrial vertebrates - reptiles, birds, mammals, and the land stages of most amphibians - breathe with lungs
What characteristics do the respiratory structures of all animals share?
Respiratory structures provide a large surface area of moist, selectively permeable membrane. Respiratory structures maintain a difference in the relative concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide on either side of the respiratory membrane, promoting diffusion.
Why was Pikaia considered to be an early chordate?
Scientists determined that it had a notochord and paired muscles arranged in series like those of simple modern chordates.
How do sensory neurons, muscles, interneurons, and motor neurons work together to generate a response to a stimulus?
Sensory neurons get the information; interneurons process it and decide what the animals should do;the motor neurons take the directs to the muscles that carry out the action.
What are some types of sensory systems in animals?
Sensory systems range from individual sensory neurons to sense organs that contain both sensory neurons and other cells that help gather information.
Why must waste products produced by metabolic processes by eliminated?
Some of theses waste products can be toxic to the body, particularly nitrogen and ammonia
How do land animals remove wastes while conserving water?
Some terrestrial invertebrates, including annelids and mollusks, produce urine in nephridia. Other terrestrial invertebrates, such as insects and arachnids, convert ammonia into uric acid. Mammals and land amphibians convert ammonia into urea, which is excreted in urine. In most reptiles and birds, ammonia is converted into uric acid.
relatively long fingers, toes with nails instead of claws, arms that can rotate, around shoulder joints, a strong clavicle, binocular vision, a well-developed cerebrum
What are the characteristics of primates?
Short Answer: In what ways do the digestive and respiratory systems depend on the circulatory system to carry out the functions of obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes?
The circulatory system picks up nutrients from the digestive system and oxygen from the respiratory system and takes these essential materials to all cells in the body, it also removes CO2 from cells and carries it to the respiratory system for elimination.
What can we learn by studying the cladogram of chordates?
The cladogram of chordates presents current hypotheses about relationships among chordate groups. It also shows at which points important vertebrate features, such as jaws and limbs, evolved.
What are the major types of learning?
The four major types of learning are habitual, classical conditioning, operant conditioning , and insight learning.
Short Answer: The Hydra does not swim toward their prey. Instead they capture prey carried by water currents. How is this behavior related to their body plan?
The hydra's body plan is extremely simple. The hydra does not have any control in its movements; they are all involuntary. Because of this the best way to capture food for the hydra since it is so simple is to wait for some food to swim or pass by since it physically can't go out and get some.
Shows evolutionary relationships among major groups and indicates the sequence in which major things evolved
What does the cladogram of invertebrates show?
Short Answer: List the three major types of neurons and compare their roles.
The three types of neurons are sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Sensory neurons detect the stimuli and then the interneurons process the information and decide what the organism should do. The motor neurons take theses directions to the muscles who carry out the actual actions.
Short Answer: What adaptations allow birds to live in environments that are colder than those in which most reptiles lived?
There are many adaption that allow birds to live in cold environments. For example 1) down feathers for insulation so it can generate its own body heat. 2) birds have warm blood 3) and the feet of birds don't needs to be warm since there are no muscles in the feet
How do sensory neurons help and animal respond to stimuli?
These sensory neurons help in detecting specific things such as light, heat or chemicals
How do the offspring of animals that provide little parental care survive?
This reproductive strategy succeeds in circumstances favoring populations that dispose and grow rapidly
How is the body shape of Tiktaalik different from that of most tetrapods today?
Tiktaalik was not quite fish and not quite tetrapod. It had stubby front fins with flexible wrists that likely enabled it to prop itself up on land. It had gills and lungs.
heart
a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood around the body
Give an example of how humans learn through classical conditioning.
When a human eats a certain food and gets sick, and continues to get sick every time they eat it the human learns not to eat the food
How do animals respond to events around them?
When an animal responds to a stimulus, body systems - including the nervous system and the muscular system- work together to generate a response.
courtship
a behavior during which members of one sex (usually male) advertise their willingness to mate, and members of the opposite sex choose which mate they will accept
coelom
a body cavity that develops within the mesoderm and is completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm
pseudocoelom
a body cavity that is only partially lined with mesoderm
metamorphosis
a developmental process that leads to dramatic changes in shape an form
a cladogram
a diagram showing clades or the evolutionary relations between organisms
What are four characteristics of chordates?
a dorsal (hollow nerve chord), a notochord, a tail that extends beyond the anus, and pharyngeal pouches
trochophore
a free-swimming larval stage
Cambrian explosion
a geologically brief period between 530 and 515 million years ago, during which most major animal phyla appeared
tetrapod
a group of ancient lobe-finned fishes evolved into the ancestors of four-limbed vertebrates
society
a group of animals of the same species that interact closely and often cooperate
blastula
a hollow ball of cells like an inflated balloon; stage after zygote
rumen
a pouch-like extension for an organisms esophagus in which symbiotic bacteria digests cellulose
imprinting
a process where in an animal recognizes and follows the first moving object that they see during a critical time in their early lives
molting
a process where in to increase in size arthropods break out of their exoskeleton and grow a new one
bilateral symmetry
a single imaginary plane divides the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of one another
gastrovascular cavity
a single opening through which the organism both ingests and expels waste
placenta
a specialized organ that enables the exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes between the mother and her developing young.
territory
a specific area that animals occupy
cartilage
a strong connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone
endoskeleton
a structural support system in the body, like ours
feedback inhibition
a system in which the product or result of a process limits the process itself
language
a system of communication that combines sounds, symbols, and gestures according to rules about sequence and meaning such as grammar and syntax
kin selection
a theory that helping relatives can improve an individuals evolutionary fitness because related individuals share a large proportion of their genes
aggression
a threatening behavior that animals show in order to exert their dominance over others
digestive tract
a tube which has 2 openings, 1 for food going in and the other for digested food waste going out
reptile
a vertebrate with dry scaly skin, well developed lungs, strong limbs, and shelled eggs that do not develop in water
learning
changes in behavior as a result of experience
Differentiate between acoelom, pseudocoelom and coelom. Give an example animal in each area.
acoelom: no body cavity pseudocoelom: body cavity partially lined with mesoderm coelom: body cavity completely lined with mesoderm tissue
What two features define animal phyla?
adult body plan and patterns of embryological development
How is bird respiration different from mammals and reptiles?
air flows mostly in only one direction
invertebrates
all animals that lack a backbone or vertebral column; 95% of animals are invertebrates
How was bipedal locomotion important to hominine evolution?
allowed both hands for use of tools
opposable thumb
allows the digits to grasp and handle objects
How does the evolution of alveoli greatly increase the efficiency of the mammalian lung?
alveoli provide an enormous surface area for gas exchange
What dangerous waste product is produced during protein metabolism?
ammonia
endotherm
an animal whose body temperature is regulated, at east in part, using heat generated by its body
ectotherm
an animal whose regulation of body temperature depends mostly on its relationships to sources of heat outside of the body
Nutritional symbiants (explain parasitic and mutulastic)
animals that rely on other for their nutritional needs; parasitic - parasites that live on or in a host where they feed on tissues, blood, or other body fluids
What are the three surviving orders of amphibians today?
anura: frogs and toads urodela: salamanders apoda: caecilians
radial symmetry
any number of imaginary planes down through the center of the body could divide the animal into equal parts
Why is multicellularity, not the same as tissues?
because organisms can lack tissues and be multicellular
circadian rhythm
behavioral cycles that occur daily
closed circulatory system
blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body
open circulatory system
blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels as it travels through the body
marsupials
born early in development so most of the young are carried in a pouch for continued care
alveolus (singular) or alveoli (plural)
bubble-like structures inside mammalian lungs; used to provide an enormous surface area for gas exchange
Why would some phyla body plans, over time, become extinct?
by natural selection (if it does not function well enough over time)
How does having a closed circulatory system benefit a larger, more active animal?
can be pumped under higher pressure and circulated more efficiently
Carnivores
eats other animals
Herbivores
eats plants in terrestrial and aquatic habitats
What is the difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm?
ectoderms body temperature is regulated by outside sources of heat; endotherms body temperature is regulated using heat generated by itself
gill
feathery structures that expose a large surface area of thin, selectively permeable membrane to water; used by many aquatic invertebrates and most aquatic chordates other than reptiles and mammals to breath
Detritivores
feed on detritus (decaying parts of plants and animal material) often obtaining extra nutrients from the bacteria , algae, and other microorganisms that grow on and around it
Why is it important that respiratory surfaces are moist and selectively permeable?
gases diffuse and exchange most efficiently across a thin, moist membrane that is permeable to those gases
Which groups of aquatic animals breathe with gills? With lungs?
gills- many aquatic invertebrates and most aquatic chordates lungs - aquatic reptiles and aquatic mammals
exoskeleton
hard body covering much of a compl carbohydrate called chitin
anthropoids
humanlike primates, includes monkeys, great apes, and humans
nymph
immature forms of an insect that resembles an adult, but lack functional sexual organs and some other adult structures such as wings
Describe incomplete metamorphosis and give an example.
immature nymph forms resemble adults, but lack functioning sex organs and some adult structures like wings; they molt several times into adults; Ex: Chinch bug
larva
immature stages
stimulus
information in the environment that causes the organism to react
endoderm
innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system
How do insects change and eliminate ammonia?
insects change ammonia into a sticky white compound called uric acid
What structures are inside the gill filaments that connect the gills with the rest of the body?
inside gill membranes is a network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called capillaries
olfactory bulbs
involved in the sense of smell
optic lobes
involved in vision
chordate
members of the clade known as Phylum Chordata (has a dorsal, notochord, tail that extends beyond the anus, and pharyngeal pouches); less than 5% of animals
What adaptations launched the adaptive radiation of the cartilaginous fishes?
jaws (allowed for biting and chewing plants and animals) paired fins (offer more control of body movements)
What is the defining characteristic of invertebrates?
lack a backbone or vertebral column
acoelom
lacking a body cavity
Describe complete metamorphosis and give an example.
larva looks nothing like their parents and they feed differently; they change little in appearance till they undergo a final molt as a pupa where the entire body is remolded - indeed and out; the insect emerges as an adult; Ex: ladybug
monotremes
lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young like marsupials and placental mammals
mesoderm
middle layer; becomes muscles and much of the circulatory, reproductive, excretory systems
amphibians
live in water as larvae and land as adults; vertebrates; require water for reproduction, breathe with lungs as adults, have skin with mucous glands, lack scales and claws
When does the fossil evidence indicate that the first animals evolved?
long before the Cambrian Expulsion
notochord
long supporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve cord; most chordates only have when embryos
State the characteristics unique to mammals.
mammary glands in females; produce milk to nourish young; have hair; have four chambered hearts; regulate their internal body temperature
behavior
manner in which an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment
What animals use a closed circulatory system?
many larger more active invertebrates and all vertebrates
What is the difference between marsupials and placentals?
marsupial's young are born at a very early stage of development and they stay in their mothers pouch till they can survive on their own; Placentals young are born at a fairly advanced stage of development so that it does not need as much care
Describe the adaptations of the mouthparts and digestive systems of leaf-eaters and meat-eaters.
meat-eaters: sharp strong mouth parts(grab and rip fatty meat) leaf-eaters: incisors (grinding)
How are nonvertebrate chordates different from the vertebrates?
nonvertebrate chordates don't have backbones
What is the difference between a nymph and pupa?
nymphs in incomplete metamorphosis very gradually in different stages become more and more like adults; while a pupa in complete metamorphosis is the last stage where the insect completely changes and comes out completely different than how it started
insight learning
occurs when an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation, without a period of trial and error
operant conditioning
occurs when an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, to receive a reward or avoid a punishment
extracellular digestion
the process in which food is broken down outside cells in a digestive system and then absorbed
kidneys
organs in the excretory system used by many animals to to separate wastes and excess water from the blood in order to eliminate nitrogenous wastes while conserving water
lung
organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
ectoderm
outermost layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and the outermost layer of the skin
Pharyngeal pouches
paired structures in the throat section, which is also called the pharynx
motor neuron
specialized nerve cells that carry directions from the interneurons to the muscles who carry out the actual action.
interneuron
specialized nerve cells that process information (detected by the sensory neurons) and determine how an animal responds
In what form do Annelids and mollusks excrete nitrogenous waste?
produce urine through nephridia
cerebellum
region of the brain that coordinates movement and controls balance
endocrine gland
regulates body activities by releasing hormones into the blood; hormones are carries by blood or by body fluids to organs; these hormones control growth, development, and metamorphosis in insects
How do reptiles and birds change and eliminate ammonia?
same as insects; change ammonia into a sticky white compound called uric acid
What happened to the Neanderthals?
scientists still don't know what happened to neanderthals
ganglion (plural ganglia)
small structures composed of grouped interneurons and they connect to one another
sensory neuron
specialized cells that detect stimuli (get the info)
ovoviviparous
species in which embryos develop within the mother's body, but they depend entirely on the yolk sac of their eggs. The young do not receive any additional nutrients from the mother.
viviparous
species in which embryos obtain nutrients from the mother's body during development
response
specific reaction to a stimulus
Differentiate between a spider's respiratory system and a grasshoppers.
spiders: book lungs made of parellel sheet like layers of thin tissues with blood vessels grasshoppers: spiracles/tubes pump air in and out
Filter feeders
strains food from water; most catch algae and small animals by using modified gills or other structures as nets that filter food items out of water
ligaments
strong connective tissues that connect joints and bones; enable bones to move without painful friction
appendage
structures such as long legs or antennae protruding from the body
Malpighian tubules
structures which concentrate the wastes and add them to digestive wastes traveling through the gut
hominoids
the "great apes"; includes gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps, and humans
binocular vision
the ability to combine visual images from both eyes, providing depth perception and a three dimensional view of the world
deuterostomes
the animals where the blastopore becomes the anus
protostomes
the animals where the blastopore becomes the mouth
ventricle
the chamber of the heart in a closed circulatory system that pumps blood out of the heart and to the gills
atrium
the chamber of the heart in an open circulatory system that receives blood from the body
cephalization
the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at their anterior end
joint
the places where parts of a skeleton are held together in ways that enable them to move with respect to each other
excretion
the elimination of metabolic wastes, such as ammonia
amniotic egg
the embryo develops inside the amnion; the amnion is one of four membranes that surround the developing embryo. The amnion, yolk sac, chorion, and allantois membranes of the amniotic egg, along with its shell, provide a protected environment in which an embryo can develop out of water
Why is a body plan considered an evolutionary experiment?
the evolutionary history shows variation in the body plan as species have adapted to changing conditions
hominines
the hominoids in the lineage that led to humans
How do the immune system and the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?
the immune system distinguishes between "self" and "others" in the body, it attacks the invaders and works to restore homeostasis; In the endocrine system endocrine glands regulate body activities by releasing hormones
How do the bony fishes differ from the cartilaginous fishes?
the material their skeleton was made of ; bony fishes had a bone skeleton and cartilaginous fishes had cartilage skeletons
mammary gland
the milk-producing gland of women or other female mammals
communication
the passing of information from one organism to another
parthenogenesis
the process where in females can reproduce asexually by producing eggs that develop without being fertilized
What adaptations did Reptiles have that allowed them to be better adapted for life on the land?
the reptiles became vertebrates with dry, scaly skin, well developed lungs, strong limbs, and shelled eggs that don't develop in water
migration
the seasonal movement from one environment to another
blastopore
the single opening to the outside from the digestive tract
What early hominine bones changed shape over time, allowing later hominines to walk upright?
the skull, neck, spinal column, hip bones, leg bones
pupa
the stage in which an insect larva develops into an adult; the entire body is remodeled- inside and out
cerebrum
the thinking region of the brain; receives and interprets sensory information and determines a response ; involved in learning, memory, and conscious thought
Why are amphibians considered creatures that lead a double life?
these animals live in water as larvae, but on land as adults; "amphibian" means "double life"
What are two general ways in which nervous systems differ among animal groups?
they cary in their different degrees of cephalization and specialization
Why do some animals actively pump water over their gills?
this helps maintain differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration that promotes diffusion
What two characteristics of early animals explain the scarcity of animal fossils older than the Cambrian Period?
tiny and soft-bodied
What is the function of tendons?
to connect muscle to bone
tendons
tough connective tissue that connects muscles to bones around joints; pull on bones when muscles contract
nephridia (singular - nephridium)
tubelike excretory structures that filter body fluid
bipedal
two-footed locomotion; allowed for both hands to use tools
innate behavior
type of behavior in which the behavior appears in fully functional form the first time it is preformed even though the animal has had no previous experience with the stimuli to which it responds
habituation
type of learning in which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms the animal
classical conditioning
type of learning that occurs when an animal makes a mental connection between a formerly neutral stimulus and some kind or natural reward or punishment
How do vertebrates differ from chordates?
vertebrates are chordates with backbones
placentals
young are born late in development; they are nourished before birth in the mother's uterus through the placenta.