Biology B - Unit 6 - Plants
What is the correct sequence for fertilization in angiosperms?
A pollen grain lands on the stigma. The tube cell inside the pollen grain elongates to form a pollen tube. The two sperm cells travel through the pollen tube to reach the ovule and the female gametophyte called the embryo sac. One sperm will fuse with the haploid egg cell or ovum to create the zygote (2n) that will develop into the embryo. The other sperm will unite with the diploid central (2n) cell that will develop into the endosperm (3n).
What is the leaflike structure of liverwort called?
thallus
What is endosperm?
the food-storage tissue that supports the development of the embryo
What is photoperiodism?
the response of flowering plants to changes in the durations of light and dark periods during the day
What conditions do most seeds need to germinate?
the right temperature absorbing enough water sufficient oxygen
Why are plants that cross-pollinate better adapted for survival?
they have a greater genetic diversity
What is the major function of a leaf?
to carry out photosynthesis
--- roots and stems swollen with food --- a short stem enveloped by leaves --- a specialized stem without leaves --- plants that grow on another plant or object, but are not parasitic
tuber bulb corm epiphytes
__________ is made up of tube-like cells in the stem of a plant that transports water and nutrients.
vascular tissue
The sperm inside a pollen grain is carried to the female cone by
wind
What vascular tissue of dead tubular cells joined from end to end transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots upwards to the rest of the plant?
xylem
What is the only remaining species of Ginkgophyta?
Ginkgo biloba
What does alternation of generations mean?
a method of plant reproduction in which a sporophyte generation alternates with a gametophyte generation
What is an angiosperm?
a seed-bearing plant that produces flowers
What are the functions of roots? Select all that apply.
absorb the water and dissolved minerals from the soil to anchor the plant in the soil
What conditions do most seeds need to germinate?
absorbing enough water, sufficient oxygen, and the right temperature
Lesson 3 - Plant Processes
absorption - the process of roots taking in water and minerals from the soil respiration - process that converts the energy in sugar to more usable forms of energy translocation - the movement of organic molecules including food produced by photosynthesis
The proliferation of angiosperms is because they are ---.
adaptable
Which of these is an example of a bulb?
amaryllises
Lesson 7 - Introduction to Angiosperms
angiosperm - a seed-bearing plant that has flowers annual - a plant that has a life span of one year or one growing season biennial - a plant that has a life span of two years dicot - plants with two cotyledons (seed leaves) in the seed fruit - the ripened ovary of a flower that contains the seeds of an angiosperm monocot - plants with one cotyledon (seed leaf) in the seed perennial - a plant that has a life span of more than two years
Seed dispersal happens through: Select all that apply.
animals digestive tracts animal's fur wind water clothing
--- a plant that has a life span of one year or one growing season. --- a plant that has a life span of more than two years. --- a plant that has a life span of two years.
annual perennial biennial
--- a plant that has a life span of one year or one growing season. --- a plant that has a life span of more than two years. --- a plant that has a life span of two years.
annual perennial biennial
Hornworts can be found in all of the following except _____.
antarctic
This is the tip of the filament that contains pollen sacs.
anther
Why is a club moss not a moss?
It has a vascular tissue.
What are the advantages of reproducing with seeds rather than spores?
Seeds have hard covering that protects them from harsh environments. Seeds have embryos with a food supply.
How do some plants ensure cross-pollination? Select all that apply.
Sometimes the anthers will mature faster than the stigma. Sometimes there are only male flowers on some plants and female flowers on other plants. Sometimes the male flowers are high on the plant and the female flowers are found lower.
Lesson 6 - Gymnosperms
cotyledon - a structure in a seed that will develop into a plant's first leaves deciduous - trees that lose their leaves during winter months evergreen - trees that keep their leaves year-round gymnosperm - plant that produces seeds but not flowers
Which of the following shows that plants do move and grow?
When you put a plant inside a room with only one window, the flowers or the stems face towards the window.
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Plants
cuticle - a thick waxy layer on a leaf that helps protect the leaf and retain moisture plant - a multicellular eukaryote that has cell walls made of cellulose and is capable of performing photosynthesis seed - a reproductive structure that contains an embryo, a food supply, and a protective coating
Most plants have what type of photoperiodism?
day neutral
Most angiosperm plants are ---.
dicots
Most angiosperm plants are ____________.
dicots
What substances move up in translocation?
dissolved minerals water
The process in flowers in which two sperm fertilize two different eggs; one grows into the embryo, the other into the endosperm is ---.
double fertilization
Lesson 9 - Reproduction in Flowering Plants
double fertilization - the process in flowers in which two sperm fertilize two different eggs; one grows into the embryo, the other into the endosperm endosperm - the food-storage tissue that supports the development of the embryo germination - the beginning of development of the seed into a new plant
The two different types of fruit are ___________ and ____________.
dry fruits fleshy fruits
The food-storage tissue that supports the development of the embryo is the ---.
endosperm
--- trees that keep their leaves year-round --- trees that lose their leaves during winter months
evergreen deciduous
Which of these is a seedless vascular plant? Select all that apply.
fern horsetails
The two types of root systems in plants are --- and ---.
fibrous taproot
Which part of the stamen looks like a stalk?
filament
Grapes, apples, pears, mangoes, and cucumbers are all --- fruits.
fleshy
The two different types of fruit are --- and --- .
fleshy fruits dry fruits
--- grow flat while --- grow upright.
foliose liverworts - mosses
The ripened ovary of a flower that contains the seeds of an angiosperm is a(n) ---.
fruit
The most prominent generation is the --- in bryophytes, while it is the --- in vascular plants.
gametophyte sporophyte
The most prominent generation is the --- in bryophytes, while it is the --- in vascular plants.
gametophyte - sporophyte
Lesson 4 - Nonvascular Plants
gametophyte generation - sexual generation in alternation of generations that consists of the production of male and female gametes thallus - a leaflike structure in liverworts that is thin and flat and lies next to the surface
Liverworts can reproduce asexually through --- ; hornworts through ---.
gemmae - fragmentation
The three types of gnetophytes are --- , --- , and --- .
gnetums ephedra welwitschia
--- tropical climbing plants --- shrub-like plant that is a source of ephedrine, a medicine used to treat asthma, emphysema, and hay fever --- bizarre-looking plant that is only found in South Africa
gnetums ephedra welwitschia
--- a plant that produces seeds but not flowers --- a structure in a seed that will develop into a plant's first leaves
gymnosperm cotyledon
--- a plant that produces seeds but not flowers --- a structure in a seed that will develop into a plant's first leaves
gymnosperms cotyledon
What is the shape of the prothallus in a gametophyte fern?
heart
What are the two different types of stems?
herbacious woody
What are the three bryophytes?
hornworts mosses liverworts
___________ or scouring rush has rough stems that contain silica, a harsh substance. People use this for scouring utensils as they wash the dishes.
horsetail
What happens to a flower after fertilization?
it wilts and dies
The three major plant organs are ---, ---, and ---.
leaves stems roots
Which of these is a nonvascular plant? Select all that apply.
liverwort moss
In --- cones, microspores are produced, while in --- cones, megaspores are produced.
male - female
A gymnosperm can have --- cotyledons.
many
--- plants with one cotyledon (seed leaf) in the seed. --- plants with two cotyledons (seed leaves) in the seed.
monocot dicot
--- plants with one cotyledon (seed leaf) in the seed. --- plants with two cotyledons (seed leaves) in the seed.
monocot dicot
The following are examples of vascular plants, except:
mosses liverworts
Mosses establish themselves on rocky ground and slowly break the rocks down, making soil filled with minerals from broken-down rock that is suitable for more highly developed plants to be able to then establish themselves. This shows that _____.
mosses pioneer plants
What are the characteristics of woody stems? Select all that apply
non green perennials hard
What are the two (2) main types of plants?
nonvascular vascular
Moss can be found in all of the following except _____.
saltwater
The ovule wall becomes the hard seed coat. Inside the ovule, the zygote divides to become the embryo. The ovary itself will then go on to develop the fruit. This shows what happens in _____.
seed development
Animal digestive tracts, wind, fur or clothing, and water are all methods of ---.
seed dispersal
--- the period before germination --- the beginning of development of a seed into a new plant --- the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables. flowers, or ornamental plants
seed dormancy germination horticulture
Gymnosperms reproduce with ---.
seeds
--- when the pollen grains from one anther stick to the stigma on the same flower or another flower on the same plant --- the transfer of pollen grains from the male anther to a female stigma --- when a pollen grain sticks to a stigma of a different plant of the same species
self-pollination pollination crossed-pollination
--- when the pollen grains from one anther stick to the stigma on the same flower or another flower on the same plant --- the transfer of pollen grains from the male anther to a female stigma --- when a pollen grain sticks to a stigma of a different plant of the same species
self-pollination pollination crossed-pollination
The outermost part of the flower that protects the flower as it develops is the ---.
sepal
--- the outermost parts of the flower that protects the flower as it develops --- the often brightly colored fragrant, and showy part of the flower that attract the birds and insects that pollinate them and a surface for the pollinator to rest on
sepals petals
Plants reproduce --- with seeds or --- with spores and other different plant parts such as roots, stems, and leaves.
sexually - asexually
The three types of photoperiodism are ---, ---, and ---.
short-day day-neutral long-day
Plants impact many things that we take for granted. Our lives are in many ways intertwined with theirs. Think about it. Which of the following listed daily events demonstrates the importance of plants in our daily life? Select all that apply.
sleeping in beds under cotton sheets picking wildflowers reading paper books and magazines sitting at wooden desks having a sandwich for lunch eating a favorite breakfast cereal
What are the characteristics of herbacious stems? Select all that apply.
soft green mostly annuals
In a fern, spores are contained in a --- which are clusters of --- and are found on frond under sides.
sori - sporangia
--- the structure on ferns' undersides where the spores are contained --- clusters of sporangium found on ferns
sporangium sori
The reproduction of seedless vascular plants occurs by means of ---.
spores
The reproduction of seedless vascular plants occurs by means of _____.
spores
What generation is dominant in gymnosperms?
sporophyte
What are the four major functions of a stem?
store food transport water and dissolved minerals up from the roots to the rest of the plant produce and support leaves and flowers transport food made via photosynthesis and other organic molecules from the leaves down to the rest of the plan
--- a tight cluster of spores found on club mosses --- a gametophyte of club mosses --- specialized horizontal underground stem found in ferns
strobilus prothallus rhizome
--- a tight cluster of spores found on club mosses --- a gametophyte of club mosses --- specialized horizontal underground stem found in ferns
strobilus prothallus rhizome
Where are cycads found?
subtropics tropics
How many species are there in Lycophyta?
1,000
How many species of cycads are there?
100
Hornworts are fairly small, usually ________ in diameter.
13 mm
How many species of horsetails are there?
20
How many known species of angiosperms are there?
250,000
Which of the following is the correct chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is double fertilization?
It is the process in flowers in which two sperm fertilize two different eggs.
_____ is a process in which plants take energy from the sun or other light source and convert it into sugar, which can be converted to other food molecules.
Photosynthesis
How do pine needles enable conifers to live in cooler climates? Select all that apply.
They are evergreen, they can perform photosynthesis year-round even during short-daylight winter months. Pine needles are flexible, snow and ice slide right off the tree.
How does moss prevent landslides?
They soak up the rain on steep hillsides.
What happens when plants transpire too much water?
They wilt and die.
Lesson 8 - Flowers
anther - the part of the stamen that contains pollen sacs calyx - all the sepals on a flower corolla - all the petals on a flower cross-pollination - when a pollen grain sticks to a stigma of a different plant of the same species filament - the stalklike structure of the stamen ovary - a bulb-shaped structure at the base of the pistil pedicel - the stem or stalk that attaches to a flower petal - the often brightly colored, fragrant, and showy part of a flower photoperiodism - the response of flowering plants to changes in the durations of light and dark periods during the day pistil - the female reproductive structure of the flower that contains the ovary, stigma, and style pollination - the transfer of a pollen grain from a male anther to a female stigma receptacle - the base of the flower that attaches to the pedicel self-pollination - when the pollen from one anther sticks to a stigma on the same flower or another flower on the same plant sepal - the outermost part of a flower that protects a flower as it develops stamen - the male reproductive structure of a flower stigma - a sticky structure at the top of the pistil style - a stalklike structure that connects the stigma and the ovary
Aside from chlorophyll, there are other pigments involved in photosynthesis which give other colors to leaves. They are ____________, ______________, and ______________.
anthocyanins carotene xanthophyll
The prothallus produces a female reproductive structure called --- and a male reproductive structure called ---.
archegonium - antheridium
Why is vascular tissue so important to plants?
because it allows water and nutrients to be easily transported throughout the plant
--- the broad portion of the leaf that carries out photosynthesis --- the stem or shaft of a leaf --- slits in leaves' cuticles that enable plants to exchange gases: their openings and closings are regulated by guard cells --- cells surrounding stomata that, through osmosis, regulate the openings and closings of the stomata
blade petiole stomata guard cells
Lesson 2 - Basic Plant Structures
blade - the broad portion of the leaf that carries out photosynthesis guard cells - cells surrounding stomata that through osmosis regulate the openings and closings of the stomata petiole - the stem or shaft of a leaf rhizoid - a rootlike structure of nonvascular plants that is usually one cell thick stomata - slits in leaves' cuticles that enable plants to exchange gases; their openings and closings are regulated by guard cells transpiration - the process of water loss from a plant by evaporation xylem - vascular tissue of dead tubular cells joined from end to end that transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots upwards to the rest of the plant
Nonvascular plants are also called
bryophytes
What are the important roles of mosses? Select all that apply.
build soil prevent erosion conserve moisture
--- bright flowers with a platform of petals --- yellow or blue flowers with a sweet scent and nectar --- those with few or no petals and many pollen grains --- flowers with strong smell but little color
butterflies bees wind flies
All the sepals on a flower are called the --- , while all the petals are ---.
calyx - corolla
What are the three types of seedless vascular plants?
club mosses ferns horsetails
Which of these is the most common gymnosperm?
coniferophytes
What is the most recognizable gymnosperm?
conifers
A leaflike structure in liverworts that is thin and flat and lies next to the surface is ---.
thallus
What substances move down in translocation?
organic molecules sugar
--- a bulb-shaped structure at the base --- a stalklike structure that connects the stigma and ovary. --- a sticky structure at the top of the pistil.
ovary style stigma
Which of these can be used as fuel, garden mulch, and packing material?
peat moss
Woody plants are usually --- while herbaceous plants are ---.
perennials annuals
It is the often the brightly colored, fragrant, and showy part of the flower that attracts the birds and insects that pollinate them and a surface for the pollinator to rest on.
petals
Lesson 5 - Seedless Vascular Plants
phloem - plant tissue made up of living tubular cells that are joined from end to end; they transport sugar from the leaves downwards to the rest of the plant prothallus - the gametophyte form of seedless vascular plants rhizome - a specialized horizontal underground stem found in ferns sori - a cluster of sporangium found on the undersides of fern fronds sporangium - the structure on ferns in which the spores are contained strobilus - a tight cluster that consists of spores found in club mosses
The female and male reproductive structure of the flower are the --- and --- receptively.
pistil - stamen
The female and male reproductive structure of the flower are the --- and --- respectively.
pistil - stamen
--- multicellular eukaryote with cell walls made of cellulose that is capable of performing photosynthesis --- a plant structure that may contain an embryo (a new plant containing genetic information from both parents) --- thick waxy layers such as apple "skin" --- a single haploid cell (with genetic information from only one parent) surrounded by a hard, outer wall.
plant seed cuticle spore
--- the process in which plants convert energy in sugar into more usable forms of energy --- the process in which water is lost from a plant through evaporation from the leaves --- the process in which the roots take in water and dissolved minerals from the soil --- the movement of water, dissolved minerals, and food molecules in a plant.
respiration transpiration absorption translocation
The rootlike structure of nonvascular plants that is usually one cell thick is the ________.
rhizoid
--- made out of dead tubular cells that are joined from end to end, which transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots upwards to the rest of the plant. --- made out of living tubular cells that are joined from end to end, which transports sugar from the leaves downwards to the rest of the plant.
xylem phloem