Biology- Cancer: Module 1 Homework

__________ starts with changes at the genetic level of individual cells, which may cause some cells to lose control and divide rapidly and uncontrollably.

Cancer

With no genetic control, the cells start to divide ____________ and the cells undergo more rounds of division than they normally would, making cells prone to replication errors.

uncontrollably

Place the following steps in the correct order to represent the stages of transcription.

1).RNA polymerase identifies the gene to be expressed. 2).RNA polymerase exposes the nucleotide bases of the gene by unwinding the double helix. 3).RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA, called the template strand, to produce a complementary RNA molecule. 4).The RNA polymerase and the complementary RNA strand are released along with the DNA, reforming a double helix.

Which of the following are ways to differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells?

Cancer cells continue to divide even when they come into contact with other cells.Cancer cells are not regulated because they have lost the ability to control cell division.

Billions of new _______ are produced every day to repair damaged tissues or replace worn out cells.

Cells

Which of the following is/are true about cancer cells?

Disregard their genetic programming Lose their specialization Divide uncontrollably

When the genetic programming of a small group of cells becomes faulty, the cells start to ____________ their specialization.

Lose

The generalized ________ of control over cell reproduction exhibited by cancer cells is the result of accumulated abnormalities and is reflected in several aspects of cell behavior that distinguish cancer cells from their normal cells.

Loss

For ____________ organisms, this single cell will undergo rapid ____________ and divide over and over again until it becomes an adult body.

Multicellular Cell division

All life begins as ______ cell.

One

A cell is the smallest unit of biological organization that has all of the characteristics of life. Which of the following are considered characteristics of life?

Passes on genetic information to offspring Acquires materials and energy to manufacture cellular components Adapts to changes in its environment

In doing so, the cells become ____________ , which allows tissues and organs to form and have specific roles within the body.

Specialized

Which of the following is most likely to occur when a tumor-suppressor gene is mutated?

The tumor-suppressor gene and resulting protein may lose their function and the ability to slow down the rate of the cell cycle.

Which term describes an overgrowth of abnormal cells that serves no useful purpose?

Tumor

____________ cell division is a hallmark of cancer.

Unregulated

___________ is a disease that begins with changes in the body at the ____________ level due to abnormal cells dividing in a disorderly manner.

cancer cellular

If a cell bypasses these regulations, the cell may not be able to stop continuously dividing and it is on its way to becoming _____________.

cancerous

Each ____________ operates a biological factory and is specialized to carry out a ____________ set of instructions.

cell specific

Cancer is a disease that occurs at the __________ level of biological organization of living things.

cellular

Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of ____________ to ensure that each new daughter cell contains the same genetic information.

checkpoints

At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must __________.

contain a set of genetic instructions that are identical to each other and that of the parent cell.

Although there are many different forms of cancer, it is presumed that cancer is a disease caused by the combined effects of both genetic and ______________.

environmental factors

The production of cells is closely regulated by a variety of ___________and genetic mechanisms within the cell to ensure that only the correct type and number of new cells are produced.

hormones

As the number of cancer cells ____________ , they may spread and invade nearby tissues and organs, disrupting their physiological processes and their ability to survive.

increases

During ________________ , a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form _____________ identical daughter cells.

mitosis two

The process of cell division is a highly _______________ series of events that produces cells that are genetically _________ to each other.

organized identical

As the cells divide, these replicates of the original cell will receive signals from the environment and turn on ____________ pathways that instruct the cells to turn on certain sets of genetic instructions and turn off others.

physiological