Biology Ch 11.2 Mega Quizlet

The large number of offspring, the _____ the results will be to the ______ values

closer predicted

Organisms that have two different alleles for the same gene (Tt) are _______

heterozygous

Probability is the _______ that a particular event will ______

likelihood occur

Like the coin toss, each F2 gamete has a ____ chance of carrying the ___ allele.

1/2 t

If you flip a coin 3 times in a row, what are the chances of getting heads?

1/2 everytime

There are two gametes, so the probability of both gametes is

1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4

Therefore, the probability of flipping three heads in a row is

1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2= 1/8

Mendel's experimental results were very close to the _____ ratio that the Punnet Square shown predicts

9:3:3:1

One of the best ways to predict the outcome of a genetic cross is by drawing a simple diagram known as a _______

Punnett Square

After showing that alleles segregate during this formation of gametes, Mendel wondered if the segregation of one pair of alleles......

affects another pair

As you can see in the F2 generation, not all organisms with the same CHARACTERISTICS have the same COMBINATIONS of ______

alleles

Where two or more forms (________) of the gene for a single trait exist , some may be ______ and others may be _____

alleles dominant recessive

Probabilities predict the _______ outcome of a large number of ______

average events

For example, does the gene that determines the shape of a seed affect the gene for seed color? To find out, Mendel followed two different genes as they passed from one generation to the next. Because it involves two different genes, Mendel's experiment is known as a two-factor, or ______, cross.

dihybrid

For each of his seven crosses, about 3/4 of the plants showed the trait controlled by the ______ allele. About 1/4 showed the trait controlled by the _______ allele

dominant recessive

This predicted ratio, 3 offspring exhibiting the ______ trait to 1 offspring exhibiting the ______ trait, showed up consistently in Mendel's experiments.

dominant recessive

The multiplication of individual probabilities illustrates an important point: past outcomes do not effect ______

future ones

The way in which alleles segregate during _____ formation is every bit as ______ as a coin flip

gamete random

The principle of independent assortment states that ____ for different traits can segregate ______ during the formation of ______

genes independently gametes

The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units called ______, which are passed from.......

genes parents to offspring

One of Mendel's most revolutionary insights followed directly from his observations of F1 crosses : Every organism has a _______ as well as a set of observable _______

genetic makeup characteristics

If you flip a coin twice, you are likely to get one heads and one tails. However, you might also get two heads or two tails. To get the expected 50:50 ratio, you might have to flip the coin many times. The same is true for _____

genetics

They did not, however, have the same ________, or GENETIC makeup

genotype

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular gene (TT and tt) are said to be _________

homozygous

Both the TT and Tt allele combinations resulted in tall pea plants, but only one of these combinations contains ______ alleles

identical

Mendel had discovered the principal of _______

independent assortment

Alleles for different genes usually segregate _______ of each other

independently

Genes that segregate independently do not........

influence each other's inheritance

In fact, Mendel's basic principles can be used to study the _______ of ______ traits and to calculate the ______ of certain traits appearing in the next ______

inheritance human probability generation

Mendel's principles of heredity, observed through PATTERNS of _______, form the basis of ________

inheritance modern genetics

Mendel's principles of heredity, observed through patterns of ______, form the basis of _______

inheritance modern genetics

You will find three different genotypes among the F2 plants: TT, Tt, and tt. The genotype of an organism is ________, and the phenotype is largely determined by the ______

inherited genotype

Punnett squares use _______ to help predict the ______ and _______ _________ in genetic ______

mathematical probability genotype phenotype combinations crosses

Punnet squares use __________ to help predict the __________ in ________

mathematical probability genotype and phenotype combinations genetic crosses

Single cross genes are _____ crosses

monohybrid

As you have seen, Mendel's principles of segregation and independent assortment can be observed through _____ and _____ factor crosses

one two

Therefore, the principles of probability can be used to predict the ______ of ________

outcomes genetic crosses

All of the tall pea plants had the same ________, or PHYSICAL traits

phenotype

Two organisms may share the same ______ but have different ______

phenotype genotypes

If an F2 generation contains hundred or thousands of individuals, the ratios usually come very close to matching _______

predictions

Upon analyzing his data, Mendel realized that the principles of ________ could be used to explain the results of his genetic crosses

probability

Look at page 317 to see how they did the punnet square. Basically variations showed during the ____ generation

second

The principal of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can ______ independently during the formation of _______

segregate gametes

These genes _____ from eacf other when ______ are formed

segregate gametes

_______ did occur according to the model

segregation

In other words, roughly 1/4 of the F2 offspring should be ______, and the remaining 3/4 should be ______.

short tall

Look at Mendel's F1 cross. This cross produced a mixture of tall and short plants. Why were just 1/4 of the offspring short? Well, the F1 plants were both ______. If each plant had one tall allele and one short allele (_____), and if the alleles segregated as Mendel thought, then 1/2 of the gametes produced by the plants would carry the short allele (t). Yet, the t allele is ______. The only way to produce a short (_____) plant is for two gametes, each carrying the ___ allele, to combine.

tall Tt recessive tt t

In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has ____ copies of each _____, from each parent

two gene

Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic ______ in plants, animals, and other organisms- even when they have the same parents

variations