Biology chap 6

The average human male uses about 8,000 grams of ATP per hour. However, the body has on hand only 50 grams at any given time. This paradox can be explained by understanding that ______.

ATP is recycled

The second law of thermodynamics says that ______.

one usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form

The energy that is released from ATP when ATP is broken down comes from the ______.

phosphate group

______ inhibition is the normal way by which metabolic pathways are regulated in cells.

Feedback

The ______ law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

first

Energy of motion is referred to as __________ energy.

kinetic

Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down ______.

lactose

Oxidation refers to the _____________.

loss of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms.

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme?

maltose

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring inside a living cell is called ______.

metabolism

Which organelle converts energy stored in carbohydrates into ATP?

mitochondria

Which of the following is considered a vitamin?

niacin

Within limits, the rate of enzymatic reaction doubles with every ______ C rise in temperature.

10°

Study this metabolic pathway: E1 E2 E3 A → B → C → D

A is the product for enzyme E1 and B is the substrate.

What will form when ATP is initially broken down?

ADP + phosphate + energy

Which molecule is considered to be the energy currency of cells?

ATP

Which of the following molecules is the immediate source of energy in cells?

ATP

A(An) ______ begins with a particular reactant, terminates with an end product, and has many minute steps in between.

metabolic pathway

Which statement is NOT correct in the cycling of ATP?

Because we need ATP for all cell energy needs, huge amounts of ATP are stored.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Carbon dioxide given off by chloroplasts may be used by mitochondria.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Chemicals and energy can cycle through living things.

_______ is a measure of randomness or disorder.

Entropy

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about enzymes?

Enzymes are named for the products formed.

A cell can take in energy from its surroundings without losing energy to its surroundings.

False

A cell must produce large quantities of each enzyme in order to survive.

False

All enzymes are proteins.

False

An enzymatic reaction can bring about only synthesis, i.e., two smaller molecules joined to form a larger molecule.

False

Enzymes can only be denatured by high temperatures.

False

Glucose is the common energy currency for the synthesis of molecules.

False

In general, cellular respiration permits a flow of energy from the sun through all living things.

False

Until reaching a point where the enzyme is denatured, an increase in temperature will cause molecules to move faster, thereby decreasing the chance of the reactants colliding.

False

When ADP is rejoined with a phosphate group in the ATP cycle, energy input is NOT required.

False

Which of the following statements is NOT correct for a metabolic pathway?

Metabolic energy is captured more easily if it is released in large amounts rather than in small increments.

Which of the following is considered to be a coenzyme?

NAD+

Too high or low a pH disrupts the hydrogen bonding and interactions between ______ of a protein and cause the enzyme to become denatured.

R group side chains

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.

T

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

The enzyme's rate of activity can increase even after all the active sites have been filled.

A denatured enzyme has lost its normal shape and therefore its ability to form an enzyme-substrate complex.

The optimal pH helps to maintain the enzyme's tertiary structure.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is NOT correct?

The presence of an enzyme will change the outcome of a reaction.

Adenosine, a component of ATP, is made up of the nitrogenous base adenine and the sugar ribose.

True

Energy cannot be created within a system.

True

Every reaction in a cell requires a specific enzyme.

True

Living systems continually take usable energy from the environment and eventually return it as heat.

True

The reactants in an enzymatic reaction are called the substrates for that enzyme.

True

There is a conversion of usable energy during cellular respiration and photosynthesis but eventually all ATP energy becomes heat.

True

______ are organic dietary requirements needed in small amounts only.

Vitamins

The ______ is a place where the substrates fit onto the enzyme in such a way that they are oriented to react.

active site

ATP is composed of ______.

adenine, ribose sugar, three phosphate groups

The letters ATP stand for ______.

adenosine triphosphate

Penicillin causes the death of bacteria by ______.

blocking the active site of an enzyme unique to bacteria

Which of the following cell organelles convert one form of energy into another?

chloroplast

Which organelle will convert solar energy into the energy of a carbohydrate?

chloroplast

A(An) ______ is any organic, nonprotein molecule that binds with an enzyme other than its substrate.

coenzyme

A(An) ______ is generally a larger molecule that the body is incapable of synthesizing without the ingestion of a vitamin.

coenzyme

When the substrate binds to the enzyme, the active site undergoes a slight alteration to achieve the best fit. This is known as the ______ model.

induced-fit

Which of the following enzymes will remove hydrogen atoms from its substrate?

dehydrogenase

ATP is NOT used for which of the following processes?

diffusion of oxygen into cells

Sam, a biologist, was told by a friend that the electric power company was able to create electricity to be used in homes. Sam said that this was impossible because ______.

energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted from one form to another form

The amount of energy (e.g., heat) needed for a reaction to occur is called the ______.

energy of activation

Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct?

energy—constantly cycled back and forth through living things

In an enzymatic reaction, more product can be obtained if there is ______.

enough substrate to fill all the active sites and there are optimal pH and optimal temperature conditions

Cyanide is an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome oxidase, which is used to make ATP in mitochondria. Cyanide acts as a(an) _______.

enzyme inhibitor

When muscles contract, chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy with the loss of heat. This is an example of the ______ law of thermodynamics.

second

Each enzyme can speed up only one particular reaction. This specificity is due to the ______.

shape of both the enzyme and the substrate

The study of energy relationships and their exchanges is called ______.

thermodynamics