Biology Chapter 10 Questions
During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell that has four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells each containing how many chromosomes
4
A cell with 4 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have _______ chromatids in the G2 phase. During normal development the cells between toes are fingers die by ______________, a process of programmed cell death
8 apoptosis
Which stage of mitosis does this occur at: The chromosomes separate and begin to move to opposite sides of the cell:_____________________ The chromosomes become visible. The centrioles take up position on opposite sides of the nucleus:_________________
Anaphase Prophase
What types of reproduction, sexual or asexual, is best suited for organisms that live in a place where environmental condition are stable? explain
Asexual- the parents produces genetically identical offspring. If conditions are remaining the same, then there is no need to adopt to the environment. The genetically identical offspring will be fine in the stable environmental conditions
How are these terms related to one another: binary fission and mitosis
Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes in which DNA duplicated and forms 2 new cells. Mitosis also involves duplicating its DNA then seperating it between 2 daughter cells
What is not a new, potential benefit of stem cell research? A) repairing breaks between nerve cells in spinal injuries B) replacing heart cells damaged by heart attacks C) growing new skin cells to repair a cut D) preventing suffering and death caused by cellular damage
C) growing new skin cells to repair a cut
__________ is a disorder in which cells divide uncontrollably forming a mass of cells called a ____________. It caused by _________ in genes that regulate cell growth
Cancer tumor defects
Why can cancer be life threatening
Cancer cells spread and they absorb nutrients needed by other cells, block nerve connections, and prevent the organs they invade from functioning properly. Soon, the delicate balances that exist in the body are disrupted and life threatening illnesses result
How are these terms related to one another: chromosome and centrioles
Centrioles organize spindle fibers in animal cells. These spindle fibers connect to the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle, allowing chromosomes to seperate later in mitosis
Hair grows from hair follicles, pockets of continually dividing cells in the outer layer of the skin. New cells are added to the base of a hair shaft, inside each follicle. Why are cancer patients often lose their hair when receiving chemotherapy and grow more hair after cheomotherapy stops?
Chemotherapy is supposed to target rapidly dividing cells. While its killing cancer cells, its also interfering with cell division in normal, healthy cells. That means its interfering with the cells that produce hair. Therefore, no new cells are being added to the bases of hair shafts. The shafts are inside the follicles that produce hair. The shafts are being broken because of no new cells and hair falls out as a result. Once chemotherapy stops, cell division will occur again in the cells. Therefore, new cells are added to the shafts which are inside each follicle. As a result, hair will begin to grow again form the hair follicles
How are these terms related to one another: centromere and chromatid
Chromatids (DNA strands in duplicated chromosomes) are attached along their length at centromeres
What is cytokinesis
Cytokinesis completes the process of cell division-it splits one cell into two. Cytokinesis specifically is the division of the cytoplasm(2nd part of M phase)
Cells carry genetic information in packages of ________ called chromosomes. Most ____________ have only one circular strand of DNA. The beadlike structures formed by DNA wrapped around _____________ molecules are called nucleosomes. In eukaryote cells, the genetic structure consists of DNA and a tightly wound protein, which together form a substance called __________. ___________ make possible the precise separation of DNA during cell division
DNA prokaryotes histone chromatin Chromosomes
Describe prophase
DNA condenses into chromosomes and the duplicated chromosomes become visible. A spindle starts to form
What event occurs during interphase
DNA replicates
What is one advantage of having a cell's DNA bundled into seperate chromosomes
During cell division, each daughter cell will get the same number of genes
Compare and Contrast cytokinesis in plant and animal cells
P- cell plate forms halfway between the divided nuclei A-cell membrane draws inward between the nuclei BOTH- division of cytoplasm; produces a daughter cell
How do radiation and chemotherapy affect cancer cells
Radiation damages cancer cells because it makes use of the fact that cancer cells grow rapidly and need to copy their DNA more quickly than normal cells. Chemotherapy attempts to kill cancer cells or at least slow their growth.
IN the cell cycle, a cell's DNA is replicated during the _________ phase. In eukaryotes the __________ forms during prophase and breaks down during telophase
S spindle
what are some differences of asexual and sexual reproduction
S= provides genetic diversity, requires more time, fusion of two parent cells A= offspring-genetically identical, takes less time, cells separate to form new individual
How are stem cells like the stem of a plant
In the stem on a plant, many different things can form from the stem; In stem cells a variety of different cells can form from stem cells
Vascular tissue helps plants transport water against the force of gravity. Because of this, plants that lack vascular tissue do not grow very tall. How is this situation similar to the information you have learned in this lesson? explain
In this situation, the plant without the vascular tissue doesn't grow very tall because it can't transport the water throughout the entire plant. In this lesson, I learned that its' harder for a cell to move materials and wastes across a membrane when its larger. Therefore, the cell can't grow to be very large just like the plant without the vascular tissue
During certain stages of their life cycle, some cells repeatedly undergo mitosis but do not undergo cytokinesis. What would you expect to see if you looked at such cells, or a tissue made up of such cells, under a microscope? explain
If I was looking at a tissue made up of such cells under a microscope, I would see a whole bulk of cytoplasm with nuclei scattered throughout it. That's because mitosis is occurring, so the nucleus in a cell is being divided. But, if no cytokinesis is occurring, the cytoplasm isn't being divided
There are two main reasons why cells divide: __________ ______________: the larger a cell gets, the more demands it places on its DNA. Eventually, the cell's DNA cannot meet the cell's needs. _____________ of ________: cells take in nutrients and eliminate the wastes through the cell membrane. _____________ __________ solves these problems
information "overload" exchange of materials cell division
If chromosomes have not attached to spindle fibers during metaphase, an ___________ regulatory protein will prevent the cell from entering anaphase. Growth factors are external regulatory proteins that _________ ____ the cell cycle. Once ____________ is triggered, a cell proceeds to self-destruct
internal speed up apoptosis
The eukaryotic cell cycle has four stages(the first three of which are referred to as ___________): IN the _______ phase, the cell grows. In the ___________ phase, the cell replicates its DNA. In the __________ phase, the cell produces organelles and materials for division. In the _________ phase, the cell divides in two stages-___________, the division of the nucleus, and ______________, the division of the cytoplasm.
interphase G1 S G2 M mitosis cytokinesis
In the visual analogy of the growing town, what does the library represent? what are two characteristics that make it a good choice for this analogy
library represents DNA A library contains information and has a certain amount of books and DNA contains information and a cell contains a certain amount of DNA
In eukaryotic cells what are two main stages of cell division
mitosis and cytokinesis
The larger a cell's volume, the _________ materials it needs to function and more waste it creates. A cell's volume increases at a ___________ rate than its surface area. As a cell grows, its surface-area-to-volume ratio becomes too _________. The larger a cell gets, the ___________ it is for enough materials to move across its cell membrane
more faster small harder
Cancer affects ____________ organisms only
mulicellular
Embryonic Stem Cells can become ___________________, ________________, _________________, ________________
nuerons, fat cells, smooth muscle cells, macrophages
When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible
only during cell division
Regulatory proteins work both inside and outside the cell. Internal regulators allow the cell cycle to ___________ when certain events have occurred within a cell. External regulators called ________ ___________ stimulate the cell cycle. Other external regulators cause the cell cycle to slow down or ________
proceed growth factors stop
What phase of the cell cycle does this event occur at: The genetic material condenses and chromosomes become visible:________________________ Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell:___________________
prophase anaphase
What phase of the cell cycle does this event occur at: A spindle forms: ____________________ Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell: _____________________
prophase metaphase
The division of the nucleus, mitosis, occurs in 4 stages: ______________: a cell's genetic material condenses, a spindle starts to form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. _______________: the duplicated chromosomes line up and spindle fibers connect to the centromeres. _____________: sister chromatids separate to move toward the centrioles ______________: the chromosomes begin to unwind and a nuclear envelope reforms
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
What are internal regulatory proteins and what is the effect of them on the cell cycle
proteins that respond to events occurring inside a cell. The internal regulatoy proteins prevent a cell from entering anaphase until the spindle fibers have attached to the chromosome in metaphase. (they are allowing the cell cycle to proceed only when certain events have occurred in the cell 1st)
What are external regulatory proteins and what is the effect of them on the cell cycle
proteins that respond to events outside the cell. To prevent excessive cell growth and keep body tissue from disrupting one another, external regulatory can cause cells to slow down or stop the cell cycle. (they are directing cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle)
An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction ______________ ____________ _____________
provides genetic diversity
What are cyclins and what is the effect of them on the cell cycle
regulate timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. If a person breaks a bone, cells that are at the edge of the injury are stimulated to divide rapidly. These new cells that are formed begin to heal the break. As the bone heals, the cells stop dividing and growing
As a cell's size increases, its amount of DNA __________________. The amount of activity in a cell is related to its ______________. The larger the cells is, the _____________ its ratio to surface area to volume. The information crisis in a cell is solved by the _________________ of the DNA before cell division
remains the same volume smaller replication
_____________ is the formation of new individuals. Most multicellular organisms reproduce by ___________ production. For single-celled organisms, cell division is a form of _______________ production
reproduction sexual asexual
What is a possible future benefit of stem cell research
reversing damage from a heart attack
Scientists want to learn about that the _________ that tell a cell to become either specialized or multipotent. Potential benefits of stem cell research include the repair or replacement of _________ cells and tissues. Research with human stem cells is controversial because it involves _________ issues of life and death
signals damaged ethical
Multicellular organisms produced via sexual reproduction begin life as a __________ cell. Early divisions lead to the formation of an _____________. Then, individual cells become specialized in both form and function through the process of _______________. On cells of a certain type, such as nerve cells or muscle cells, have formed, the cells __________ develop into a different type of cell.
single embryo differentiation cannot
Packages of DNA called chromosomes hold a cell's genetic information. Prokaryotic chromosomes consist of a __________, ____________ strand of DNA. Eukaryotic chromosomes are highly organized structures. The DNA winds around histone proteins forming _____________. Chromosomes make the precise _____________ of DNA possible during cell division
small, circular chromatin separation
Unspecialized cells that can develop into differentiated cells are called __________ _________. These cells are found in embryos and adults.Embryonic stem cells are the __________ cells of an early embryo. Adult stem cells are __________, which means they can produce many, but not all types of differentiated cells
stem cells pluripotent multipotent
What phase of the cell cycle does this event occur at: A nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes: _________________ A cell grows and replicates its DNA: ________________
telophase interphase
Which stage of mitosis does this occur at: A nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes. The nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus.:_________________________ The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell:____________________
telophase metaphase
Describe Anaphase
the Sister chromatids separate and move toward the centrioles (opposite sides of cell)
What happens during interphase
the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and then produces organelles and materials for division (G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase)
Describe Telophase
the chromosomes begin to unwind and a nuclear envelope reforms. A nucleolous becomes visible in each daughter nucleus
Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells divide until they fill the empty space. What does this experiment show
the controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off
Why do cells divide
the larger the cell is, the less efficient it is in moving nutrient and waster materials across the cell membrane so it must divide
How does a cell control the process of cell division
there are regulatory proteins both inside and outside the cell that control the process of cell division
Why are stem cells important
they have the potential to develop into other cell types
The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell partially depends on the cell's ___________
volume
What are two basic types of tumors and how are they different
benign and malignant tumors Benign-noncancerous; they don't spread to surrounding healthy tissue or to other parts of the body Malignant- cancerous; invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue
What is the name of the type of cell division that occurs in the prokaryotic cell cycle
binary fission
During an organisms development, some cells differentiate to become a wide variety of ________ cells. A fertilized egg and the first few cells in an embryo are able to form any kind of cell and tissue. Such cell is termed ____________. A __________ is an embryonic stage that consists of a hollow ball of cells. These cells are able to become any type of body cell. Such cells are termed ____________.
body totipotent blastocyst multipotent
Sexual reproduction: -produces organisms with genetic information from ______ parents -occurs in most animal and plants and in many ________-celled organisms -increases _________ _____________, which aids species survival in changing environment
both single genetic diversity
what are similarities of asexual and sexual reproduction
both result in a new individual and both can occur in unicellular and multicellular organisms
Treatments for cancer include: -removal of ____________ tumors -___________, which interferes with the copying of DNA in multiplying cancer cells. -_______________, which is the use of the chemicals to kill cancer cells
cancerous radiation chemotherapy
How does a single, undifferentiated cell lead to a complex multicellular organism
cells become specialized during differentiation during the development of an organism, cells differentiate into many types of cells
What is one new technology that could make stem cell research less controversial
cells developing the ability to switch on the genes that make an adult cell pluripotent
One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that animal cells have ______
centrioles
What structures are spindle fibers attached to that help pull the paired chromosomes apart
centrioles
What role does centrioles play in mitosis
connect to spindle fibers
When cells are growing in a laboratory which factor can stop normal cells from dividing
contact with other cells
Cells tend to _________ dividing until they come into contact with other cells. Cell division ________ _________ when the healing process nears completion. Proteins called ____________ regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
continue slows down cyclins
Dozens of proteins regulate the cell cycle. ____________ are proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. ____________ is programmed cell death that plays a key role in the development of tissues and organs
cyclins apoptosis
What phase of the cell cycle does this event occur at: The cytoplasm divides: _____________________ Sister chromatids seperate:____________________
cytokinesis anaphase
What is the cause of cancer
defects in the genes that regulate cell growth and division
What is cancer
disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control growth
Division of the cytoplasm differs in plant and animal cells. In animal cells, the cell membrane __________ in and ________ off. In plant cells, a cell ________ forms, followed by a new cell __________, and finally a new cell ______ forms
draws in and pinches off plate membrane wall
During prophase, when cell chromosomes become visible, what are the duplicated strands of DNA called? What is the name for the area in which these duplicated strands are joined?
duplicated strands of DNA are called chromatids they are joined at the centromere
Humans,pets,and petunias all pass through an early stage of development called an _____________. Cells become specialized through the process of ____________. Scientists have mapped the outcome of every ________ _________ that leads to differentiation in the develoment of the microscopic worm C. elegans. Most cells in the _________ body are no longer capable of differentiation
embryo differentiation cell division adult
The first few cells that form an ____________ are said to be _________________ because they can become any type of cell. The hollow ball of cells that forms in early embryonic development is called the _____________
embryo totipotent blastocyst
What is the main reason that embryonic stem cell research is considered ethically controverisial
embryos are destroyed in the process
An example of a totipotent cells is a _________ ________. Cells that are pluripotent are unable to develop into the tissue that ___________ an _________. Adult stem cells are best described as __________.
fertilized egg surrounds an embryo multipotent
The cell cycle is the series of events in the growth and division of a cell. In the prokaryotic cell cycle, the cell _________, __________ its DNA, and ______________ by pinching in the cell membrane
grows duplicates divides
Cancer cells do not respond to signals that regulate cell __________. Cancer cells form a mass of cells called a __________. Cancer cells may break loose and __________ throughout the body. Cancer cells form tumors in other tissues by _____________.
growth tumor spread metastasis
Cell division is part of both types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction: -produces genetically _________ organisms -occurs in many ________-celled organisms and in some __________ organisms -allows ________ reproduction of organisms in favorable environments
identical single multicellular rapid
In eukaryotic cells, what happens in the G1 phase that differs from the G2 phase
in the G1 phase the cell is growing. It does not grow in the G2 phase. In the G2 phase the cell prepares for division
How do cells divide
in the cell cycle; in prokaryotes cell cycle is called binary fission; in eukaryotes the cell cycle is a series of phases that include interphase and the M phase
Harvesting _________ stem cells from a willing donor is not as controverisal as harvesting techniques that involve the destruction of an embryo. Adult skin cells can no longer become other types of cells because they have already undergone _____________
adult differentiation
__________________ is the controlled series of steps that lead to cell death. ________________ and growth factors are examples of regulatory proteins and control the cell cycle
apoptosis cyclins
Describe Metaphase
The duplicated chromosome line up across the center of the cell and spindle fibers connect to the centromeres
List two problems that growth causes for cells
The cell places more demands on its DNA. DNA does not grow and it eventually won't be able to serve the needs of the growing cell. Also a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste material across the cell membrane(because of decrease in surface are to volume ratio)
The level of cyclins in a cell increases during the M phase of the cell cycle. What might happen to a cell if no cyclins were present during the M phase
The cell will probably continue to grow without the cyclins present. The cell won't undergo the M phase-mitosis and cytokinesis. The cell would just be growing without dividing and it would eventually die
How are these terms related to one another: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
They are the two types of reproduction that organisms can go through to produce/form a new offspring/individual
Many plants such as orchids are grown by a technique called the tissue culture. Small pieces of plant tissue from a leaf, stem, or root of a mature plant in a medium that contains the proper nutrients. the cells first form a mass of undifferentiated cells from which tiny roots, stems, and leaves eventually grow. How do the plant cells placed in a medium for tissue culture change in terms of their degree in specilazation? What types of animal cells are most similar to the undifferentiated plant cells in a tissue culture? explain
When things start to grow, cells are undergoing diffferentiation and becoming specialized. When new cells are produced from these cells, they have the ability to develop into different specialized cells types of plants. They will become specialized through differentiation as they grow more. I think embryonic stem cells in animals are most similar because they have the ability to develop into different specialized cell types of a certain animal
