Biology Chapter 13 Plants!

leaves, roots, stems

these are the specialized organs only vascular plants have

angiosperms

"enclosed seeds" they are flowering plants. they therefore have direct and efficient pollen transfer (smell, color, and offering nectar). the pollinators transfer pollen (birds, insects, and bats) their flowers contain ovaries where eggs/seeds are produced. and their fruit is the pollinated ovary containing mature seeds.

Obstacles of plant colonization of land and the adaptations that allowed them to overcome them

*obstacles* how to get chemical resources since not surrounded, how to transport resources within the plant, how to prevent water loss, gravity, how to reproduce without water *adaptions*have body parts both in air and soil, vascular systems to transport resources, a protective layer (cuticle) to keep the plant from drying out, specialized structures for reproduction (spore and seeds) that do not dry out.

different kinds of fruit in angiosperms

*winged fruit* glide to a new location ( a maple seed) *floating fruit* they can float to a new location (dandelion) *spiny fruit* they have velcro projections that attach them to the furs of animals (burs) * fleshy fruit* sweet bright colored fruit have seeds that survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit

dicots

-1/6 are annuals -they are more primitive -two cotyledons -their vein pattern is usually leaf netlike -their flower parts are usually in fours or fives

diversity of flowering plants

-flowers can have both male and female parts and self pollinate -flowers can have both male and female parts and not self pollinate -a plant can have male and female flowers on the same plant -a plant species can have male and female plants, each with flowers that contain male or female parts. *flowers can have lots of different pollinating mechanisms*

plant characteristics

-multicellular eukaryotes -most are autotrophs -contain chloroplasts -cells walls made of cellulose -they all need water and nutrients (thought that was obvious but ya know) -evolved terrestially

monocots

-very few are annuals (which means they come out one time and last only that one time and then die.) -most of our primary food crops are these. -they have only one cotyledon -the veins in their leaves are usually parallel -their flower parts are usually in multiples of three

if someone is editing this pleasse message me in the chat i have questions plzzzzz this is bryar btw

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fronds

These are the leaves on pterophyta (ferns) and look like the picture.

rhizome

These are the roots on the pterophyta (ferns)

petal

i think this is pretty obvious, but what produces the sweet smell that attracts the pollinators.

the seed of a vascular plant contains

a fully developed plant embryo, a food supply for the embryo, and a water proof seed coat to keep the seed from drying out.

seed- bearing vascular plant characteristics and adaptations

advantage: reproductive strategies do not need water (means plants can now live on land). adaptations and characteristics: fullly developed plant embryo, food supply for embryo is called a cotyledon, and they have a water proof seed coat.their sperm is transferred by water proof pollen through pollination by wind or . their seed bearing plant structures are cones and flowers

fruit

angiosperms can produce this. this can be made by the swelling of the receptacle, closing the sepals in side, or it can be made by the swelling of the ovary. either way the seeds are inside, this is useful because when an animal eats the seeds are disperse far away to get rid of competition for the parent.

Stamen (know how to identify on a picture)

flower part. the combination of the anther and the filament.

ginko

if anybody has anything for this one besides that they are a subgroup of gymnosperms, please add it!!

egg

in the ovary, waiting to be fertilized by pollen

pollinators

insects, birds, bats

what does a vascular system allow plants to do?

it allows them to grow to be tall*?

alternation of generations

know the chart: the order goes: *fertilization* zygote (2n) then *mitosis* occurs now there is a sporophyte (2n), next, after *meiosis*, there is a spore (n) the *mitosis* to a gametophyte (n) then *mitosis* into gametes!!! YAY GOOD JOB PLANT GOLD STAR

angiosperm lifecycle

mr. lavelle said not to be concerned with this.

pterophyta lifecycle

same as usual alternation of generations. the sporophyte and gametophyte generations are photosynthetic. they are hermaphroditic.

bryophyte lifecycle

start at fertilization form a zygote then underrgo *mitosis) and for an embryo then a young then old sporophyte. then there is a sporangium which produces spores which by *mitosis* becomes a gametophyte which becomes a female/male gamete. which then starts the cycle again. its pretty much the same as the regular alternation of generations.

carpel

the combination of the stigma style and ovary

cotyledon

the food supply for a plant embryo in a seeded vascular plant

cones

the male ones on conifers produce pollen and the female ones produce eggs and seeds. the pollen is transferrred by the wind and the scales on female one scatter their seeds by the wind.

mosses

the most common example of a bryophyte. they have both underground and above ground parts to sole the problem of nutrient seperation. they are totally dependant on water for reproduction.

conifers (hint CONEifers)

the most common gymnosperms. they have leaves called needles or scales (they have a thick waxy cuticle to prevent water damage (so they dont have to regrow them every year and waste energy) and they have a reduced surface area)

sori

the sporangium of a pterophyta

filament

the tube/stringy looking thing that connect the ovule/receptacle to the anther.

pistil

the whole long thing that connects the stigma to the style and then the ovary.

vascular plants

there are two types of vascular tissue for transport: xylem-transfer water up from roots and phloem- transports food from photosynthesis. a vascular system allowed plants to be tall, they have specialized organs like roots, stems, and leaves

cycad

there really isnt much on these, but they are the sago palm.

lycophyta

these are club mosses. "i like you so i wont club you." they are small evergreen plants, form spores on club structures.

pterophyta

these are ferns "pterrified of ferns" they are taller, grow in moist shady habitats. spores for dispersal, no seeds.

sphenophyta

these are horsetails "a horse named sphen" they have hollow, jointed, upright branches, small leaves grow in a circle around the stem. tissues contain silica (scouring rush)

how are plants classified

they are classified based on whether or not they have a vascular system, seeds, or flowers.

bryophyte characteristics

they are nonvascular, most primitive, found in moist, shady areas. they are small and have no true roots, leaves, or stems, needs water for reproduction, spores for dispersal

fern and fern allies

they are vascular plants without seeds. groups: lycophyta, sphenophyta, pterophyta

gymnosperms

they are vascular seeded plants called "naked seeds" There are three subgroups: cycad, ginko, and confiers. most coomon are conifers.

perennials

they come back year after year. generally the main difference is just reproductive strategy. they dont have to make as many seeds.

annuals

they come out for a season and then die after they scatter enough seeds. they make a ton of seeds.

sepal

this is on the bottom of the plant, it is the little leaves that do NOT grow from the stem.

irish valentine

this is the antheridium in a pterophyta, the are photosynthetic, gametophyte generation, they are hermaphroditic

stigma

this is where pollen grains land which then creates a pollen shoot down the style.

ovary

this is where the eggs and seeds are,in ovarian fruits this is what swells to make the fruit (like a peach)

vascular tissue

two types: *xylem* which transports water up from the roots and the *phloem* which transports food from photosynthesis

rhizoid

what a bryophyte has instead of true roots, stems, or leaves.

chara

where most plants probably evolved from (I think this is it)

anther

where the pollen is produced and contained (top part of stamen and held to the flower by the filament)

style

where the pollen shoot is. connects the stigma to the ovule.