Biology Chapter 16

On different islands of the Galápagos Islands, finches were different, but still developed similarities to those on the mainland.

Name an example of how geographic distribution of living species is true?

Fitness and Adaptation

What 2 ideas are in Darwin's Survival of the Fittest?

(1) tendency towards perfection (2) use and disuse (3) inherited acquired traits

What are the 3 ideas to LaMarck's Theory of evolution?

species somehow adapt to their environments

What did LaMarck notice about species and their environments?

selective use or disuse - acquired or lost certain traits offspring change in the species

What did LaMarck state that through ___ or ___ of their organs or body pat, organisms ______ or ____ _____ ____ during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to ? Over time, this leads to ?

the tortoise had characteristics that varied noticeably from island to island

What did the vice-governor tell Darwin about the tortoises that inhabited the Galápagos Islands?

they shared a common ancestor- geographic distribution of living species. Different animals in similar climates descended from different organisms, but developed similar features because of environmental pressures?

What does it mean to say all birds descended with modification? Which of Darwin's evidence is it found in? What does tis mean?

fossil and other scientific evidence of how Earth came to be populated by the millions of species now alive.

What does the Theory of Explanation offer an explanation on?

Theory of Evolution

What explains how the immense variety of living things on Earth has developed from ancestral forms during the past 3 billions years?

natural selection variation

What explains how, over time, species become better suited to their environment as they respond to selection pressures? What is present in nature all around us?

fossils - sedimentary because it is the oldest layer or rock and fossils are at the bottom

What formed in different layers of rock with evidence of gradual change over time. What type of rock are they usually found in? Why?

evolution- make predictions about the natural world

What is a change over time, a process by which modern organisms have descended? What it is used for?

theory

What is a well supported testable explanation of phenomena that can be used by scientists to make useful predictions about the natural world?

Similar bones and forelimb of a bar, wing of a bird, flipper of a whale, and the arm of a man. There are similar bone structures, so the forelimbs of all these species are thought to have developed from a common ancestral forelimb.

What is an example of Comparative Anatomy? Why?

fitness- results from adaptation

What means that if an organism can survive and reproduce in its specific environment? What does this result from?

Homologous Body Structures (Comparative Embryology): They differ in the form and function but are constructed from basic bones.

What piece of evidence can be described as structures that develop from the same embryonic cells that develop into different mature structures? How do they differ?

Adaptation: Those organisms that are better suited to their environment will survive & reproduce most successfully. Ex: Cold environment animals with thicker fur & most members of the population are more likely to survive.

What refers to any structural , functional, or behavioral characteristics of an organism that helps it better survive in its environment? What does this mean? Name an example.

artificial selection: used by farmers in agriculture to improve crops, and dog and horse reeder

What term means humans breed plants or animals by selecting specific traits based on natural variation? Who uses this technique?

LaMarck's theory was incorrect because he did not know how traits were inherited & that the organism' behavior has no effect on inherited characteristics.

What was LaMarck's theory? Why?

Finches- each had differently shaped beaks

What wee the several small types of brown birds that Darwin collected? What did he observe about these birds?

(1) fossil record (2) geographic distribution of living species (3) homologous body structures (comparative anatomy) (4) similarities of early development (comparative embryology)

What were the 4 things were evidence to Darwin's Theory of Evolution?

(1) overproduction (2) variation (3) competition (4) survival for the fittest (5) reproduction

What were the 5 ideas in Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution?

fossils

What were the preserved remains of past organisms that Darwin collected?

Reproduction

Which of Darwin's ideas say that since the surviving "fit" organisms will be the only members of a species left to reproduce, their favorable traits will be passed on to the next generation?

Variation

Which of Darwin's ideas says that Darwin was very familiar with the wide range of individual variation among members of a species. He observed and noted this variation although he could not explain its genetic basis?

Overproduction Example- A maple tree releases hundreds of seeds in a single season.

Which of Darwin's ideas states that a species has the potential to produce more offspring than can possibly survive? Give an example.

Charles Darwin: natural selection

Who proposed a theory based on the presence of variations among members of a species and their interaction with a process? What did he call this process?

Jean-Baptiste LaMarck

Who was a French Naturalist that was the first person to explain that species descend from other species?

how organisms change over time

During his travels Darwin made many observations and collected evidence that helped him explain what?

A theory of evolution and understanding that organisms are adapted too their environment.

Even though his theory was incorrect, what was LaMarck the first person to develop?

Theory of Evolution

In 1859,what did Darwin propose which was supported by all of the evidence he collected?

The more an organ was used, the larger and more efficient it would become. At the same time an organ that was not used would diminish in size and eventually disappear. "Acquired characteristics or traits" through use or disuse are developed in each individual. Example: An athlete develops strength of certain muscles by constant use. Muscles that are not used become smaller and weaker.

In LaMarck's idea of Use and Disuse, what did he believe about an organism's strength and about the opposite? What did he say about acquire traits or characteristics through dis or disuse? What is an example?

inherited by offspring & passed on to future generations through reproduction. EX: Long Necked giraffes. Early giraffes had short necks & fed on grasses & shrubs close to the ground. As the supply of food closer to the ground decreases, the giraffes had to stretch their necks to reach the leaves. Their necks became longer from stretching & this was passed on to their offspring.

In LaMarck's idea of inherited acquired traits, what did he say about acquired traits from parents? What is an example? Explain.

Organisms acquire certain features that help them live more successfully in their environment. Environmental change created a "need" to change.

In LaMarck's idea of tendency towards Perfection, what did he say about organisms and environmental change?

(1) Back boned embryos are similar during development. (2) Tissue of embryos develop inn similar tissue & organs of all vertebrates.

What 2 things are stated in the evidence of Comparative Embryology?

Its inability to explain the sources of the variation he observed.

What was Darwin's main weakness?

Competition

Which of Darwin's ideas stated high growth rates and a shortage of life's basic needs would eventually force organisms to compete for resources and a struggle for existence occurs when the members of each species compete for food, living space, water, and other needs?

Charles Darwin

Who made the most contributions to evolution?