biology chapter 17

Lignin

A chemical that hardens the cell walls of plants.

Mycorrhiza

A close association of plant roots and fungi that is beneficial to both partners.

Angiosperms

A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Heterokaryotic stage

A fungal life cycle stage that contains two genetically different haploid nuclei in the same cell.

Imperfect fungi

A fungus with no known sexual stage.

Mycosis

A general term for a fungal infection.

Alternation of generations

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae.

Petals

A modified leaf of a flowering plant. These modified leaves are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to pollinators.

Gymnosperms

A naked seed plant. Its seed is said to be naked because it is not enclosed in an ovary.

Seed

A plant embryo packaged with a food supply within a protective covering.

Vascular plants

A plant with xylem and phloem, including club mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

Stamens

A pollen-producing male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of a filament and an anther.

Mold

A rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.

Anther

A sac located at the tip of a flower's stamen; contains male sporangia in which meiosis occurs to produce spores that form the male gametophytes, or pollen grains.

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods.

Seed coat

A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat (integuments) of an ovule. In a flowering plant, the seed coat encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm.

What kind of entity is a lichen? A) an association between a fungus and cyanobacteria or green algae B) an association between a fungus and a brown alga C) an association between a bryophyte and a fungus D) an association between a multicellular protist related to the brown algae and a bacterium

An association between a fungus and cyanobacteria or green algae.

Fossil fuels

An energy containing deposit of organic material formed from the remains of ancient organisms.

The majority of plant species today are 4) A) gymnosperms. B) seedless vascular plants. C) bryophytes. D) angiosperms.

Angiosperms.

Embryophytes

Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.

The loss of plant biodiversity, including the wild relatives of crop species, is harmful because these wild relatives A) feed most of the world's population. B) may be suitable for domestication and regional production. C) are often tastier than existing crops. D) are a source of genetic diversity that could be used to modify or bolster existing crops.

Are a source of genetic diversity that could be used to modify or bolster existing crops.

Which type of reproduction is typical in molds? A) sexual reproduction through fusion of two haploid parent mycelia and subsequent production of haploid spores B) sexual reproduction through mating of two diploid parent mycelia C) asexual reproduction through budding D) asexual reproduction through the production of spores

Asexual reproduction through the production of spores.

Which of the following options correctly represents the most likely sequence of the evolution of plants, from earliest to most recent? A) seedless vascular plants, bryophytes, angiosperms, gymnosperms B) bryophytes, gymnosperms, seedless vascular plants, angiosperms C) bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms D) bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, angiosperms, gymnosperms

Bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms.

Lichens

Close associations between a fungus and an alga or between a fungus and a cyanobacterium, some of which are known to be beneficial to both partners.

An experimental forest ecosystem is enclosed in a sealed greenhouse. The entire ecosystem, including the air and soil, is treated with an extremely potent fungicide that kills all fungal life stages including spores. What will probably happen next? A) Plants will enjoy a long-term increase in growth and survival because of the removal of fungal pathogens. B) Tree growth will increase because the dead fungi will act as a fertilizer. C) Dead organic matter will accumulate on the forest floor; plant growth will decline because of a lack of nutrients and the loss of mycorrhizal partners. D) A few animals will go extinct due to loss of their fungal food sources, but otherwise the forest will be largely unchanged.

Dead organic matter will accumulate on the forest floor; plant growth will decline because of a lack of nutrients and the loss of mycorrhizal partners.

Which of the following occurs in a mushroom, that is, in the reproductive structure of a basidiomycete? A) Diploid nuclei form, undergo meiosis, and produce haploid spores. B) Heterokaryotic cells separate to re-create the original haploid hyphae. C) Spores germinate and form a haploid mycelium. D) Hyphae of two different mating types fuse.

Diploid nuclei form, undergo meiosis, and produce haploid spores.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the alternation of generations in a plant life cycle? A) Diploid gametophytes that produce spores by mitosis alternate with haploid sporophytes that produce gametes by meiosis. B) Diploid sporophytes that produce gametes by meiosis alternate with haploid sporophytes that produce gametes by mitosis. C) Diploid gametophytes that produce gametes by meiosis alternate with haploid sporophytes that produce spores by mitosis. D) Diploid sporophytes that produce spores by meiosis alternate with haploid gametophytes that produce gametes by mitosis.

Diploid sporophytes that produce spores by meiosis alternate with haploid gametophytes that produce gametes by mitosis.

Which of the following organisms has a dominant sporophyte generation and a free-living gametophyte generation? A) moss B) fern C) mushroom D) conifer

Fern.

Which of the following statements regarding ferns is true? A) Ferns have well-developed vascular tissue, roots, and stems. B) Ferns produce seeds. C) Ferns produce pollen. D) Ferns do not have lignified cell walls.

Ferns have well-developed vascular tissue, roots, and stems.

Hyphae

Filaments that make up the body of a fungus.

The last common ancestor of animals and fungi was probably ________, like the spores of ________ fungi. A) flagellated . . . mold B) multicellular . . . chytrid C) flagellated . . . chytrid D) nonflagellated . . . yeast

Flagellated . . . chytrid.

Which of the following statements regarding fungi is false? A) The distinctive flavor of certain cheeses is due to fungi. B) Fungi can only break down plant material. C) The first antibiotic discovered came from a fungus. D) Fungi are important decomposers in ecosystems.

Fungi can only break down plant material.

Ovary

In animals, the female gonad, which produces egg cells and reproductive hormones. In flowering plants, the basal portion of a carpel in which the egg containing ovules develop.

Spore

In plants and algae, a haploid cell that can develop into a multicellular individual without fusing with another cell. In prokaryotes, protists, and fungi, and of a variety of thick walled life cycle stages capable of surviving unfavorable environmental conditions.

Ovules

In plants, structures that develop within the ovary of a seed plant and contain the female gametophyte.

Pollination

In seed plants, the delivery by wind or animals of pollen from the pollen producing parts of a plant to the stigma of a carpel.

Zygomycetes

Member of a group of fungi characterized by a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium, in which meiosis produces haploid spores.

Basidiomycetes

Member of a group of fungi characterized by club shaped, spore producing structures called basidia.

Ascomycetes

Member of a group of fungi characterized by sac like structures called asci that produce spores in sexual reproduction.

Chytrids

Member of a group of fungi that are mostly aquatic and have flagellated spores. They probably represent the most primitive fungal lineage.

Glomeromycetes

Members of a group of fungi characterized by a distinct branching form of mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationships with plant roots) called arbuscules.

Sepals

Modified leaves of flowering plants. A whorl of these leaves encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens.

Parasites

Organisms that derive their nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction.

The main causes for the loss of plant biodiversity include A) plant diseases and clearcutting of forests to create farmland. B) plant diseases and herbivory. C) clearcutting of forests to create farmland and logging. D) herbivory, logging, and air pollution.

Plant diseases and herbivory

Apical meristems

Plant tissue made up of undifferentiated cells located at the tip of a plant root or in the terminal or axillary bud of a shoot. This plant tissue enables roots and shoots to grow in length.

Bryophytes

Plants that lack xylem and phloem; seedless nonvascular plants. These plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Which of the following represents the male gametophyte of a conifer? A) pollen cone B) pollen grain C) sperm D) tree

Pollen grain.

Which of the following characteristics tends to limit bryophytes and seedless vascular plants to habitats that are relatively moist? A) presence of lignified vascular tissues B) presence of flagellated sperm C) presence of free-living, independent zygotes and early embryos D) absence of cuticle

Presence of flagellated sperm.

Gametangia

Reproductive organs that house and protect the gametes of a plant.

To cross-fertilize flowers A and B, one would first remove flower A's immature ________ and later transfer pollen from flower B to flower A's ________. A) carpel . . . ovule B) anthers . . . stamen C) stigma . . . style D) stamens . . . stigma

Stamens . . . stigma.

Sporangia

Structures in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop.

Pollen grains

Structures that produce sperm in seed plants; the male gametophyte.

Carpel

The female part of a glower, consisting of a stalk with an ovary at the base and a stigma, which traps pollen, at the tip.

Seedless vascular plants

The informal collective name for lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives).

Fungi

The kingdom that contains the fungi.

Sporophyte

The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations

Gametophyte

The multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.

Xylem

The nonliving portion of a plant's vascular system that provides support and conveys xylem sap from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem

The portion of a plant's vascular tissue system that transports sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant.

Many flower traits are specifically attractive to a certain type of pollinator. For example, the scent of rotting flesh is attractive to certain flies and beetles, but not to most other pollinators. What adaptive purpose is served by this kind of "niche marketing" of flowers to specific pollinators? A) This adaptation works to reduce pollinator traffic at a flower. Therefore flowers do not have to produce as much nectar to feed big crowds of pollinators. B) This adaptation reduces pollinator traffic so that flowers have a chance to develop their pollen fully before it is spread. C) This adaptation helps to assure that pollen will be delivered to another flower of the same species. If less specialized pollinators are used, the odds are greater that pollen will wind up on the stigma of a different species. D) This targeting is done because the wrong kind of pollinator might eat all the pollen instead of delivering it to another flower.

This adaptation helps to assure that pollen will be delivered to another flower of the same species. If less specialized pollinators are used, the odds are greater that pollen will wind up on the stigma of a different species.

Which of the following features would you expect to see in the flowers of wind-pollinated grasses? A) very simple flowers that produce massive quantities of pollen B) red flowers with long nectar tubes C) very large, fragrant, white flowers D) petals with UV-absorbing "nectar guides" 3

Very simple flowers that produce massive quantities of pollen.

Which part of the life cycle does a pollen grain represent? A) a male sporophyte B) a spore C) a male gametophyte D) a sperm cell

a male gametophyte

Yeast

a single-celled fungus that inhibits liquid or moist habitats and reproduces asexually by simple cell division or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell

The heterokaryotic phase of a fungal life cycle is A) a stage in which the hyphae contain only one type of haploid nucleus. B) a stage in which hyphae contain two, genetically different, diploid nuclei. C) a stage in which hyphae contain two, genetically different, haploid nuclei. D) a triploid stage formed by the fusion of a diploid nucleus with the haploid nucleus of a compatible hypha.

a stage in which hyphae contain two, genetically different, haploid nuclei.

The type of life cycle seen in plants is called A) haplodiploidy. B) alternation of generations. C) sporophytic regeneration. D) gametophyte production.

alternation of generations

The angiosperm plant we see represents the ________ generation, and the flower produces ________. A) sporophyte . . . bryophytes B) gametophyte . . . sporophytes C) sporophyte . . . gametophytes D) gametophyte . . . bryophytes

ametophyte . . . sporophytes

Corn, rice, wheat, fleshy fruits such as apples and berries, and many spices are all produced by A) seedless plants. B) angiosperms. C) ferns. D) gymnosperms.

angiosperms

Some of the unique adaptations of angiosperms include their beneficial relationships with ________ and their relatively ________. A) animals . . . large sporophyte B) animals . . . well-developed vascular system C) animals . . . rapid fertilization and seed production D) fungi . . . well-developed vascular system

animals . . . rapid fertilization and seed production

In angiosperms, pollen grains develop in the ________ and are trapped by the ________. A) stigma . . . anther B) carpel . . . stamen C) anther . . . stigma D) anther . . . ovary

anther . . . stigma

A growth-producing region of cell division, known as a(n) ________, is found near the tips of stems and roots. A) apical meristem B) sporangium C) lignin D) cuticle

apical meristem

Plants dependent on nocturnal pollinators typically have flowers that A) are large, light-colored, and highly scented. B) are small. C) are located close to the ground and smell of rotting flesh. D) absorb UV light.

are large, light-colored, and highly scented.

In all plants, the zygote and earliest stages of the developing embryo are A) enclosed within a pollen grain. B) attached to and nourished by the parent plant. C) able to disperse in a tough-walled spore. D) enclosed within a seed.

attached to and nourished by the parent plant.

Most familiar types of mushrooms, along with puffballs and shelf fungi, are A) zygomycetes (zygote fungi). B) chytrids. C) ascomycetes (sac fungi). D) basidiomycetes (club fungi).

basidiomycetes (club fungi).

Mosses belong to the group of plants known as the A) bryophytes. B) vascular plants. C) gymnosperms. D) angiosperms.

bryophytes.

During the Carboniferous period, photosynthesis in immense swamp forests removed ________ from the atmosphere, which produced a drier, cooler global climate and promoted the success of ________. A) oxygen . . . seed plants B) oxygen . . . ferns C) carbon dioxide . . . seed plants D) carbon dioxide . . . lycophytes

carbon dioxide . . . seed plants

Gangrene, hallucinations, temporary insanity, and even death can result when humans consume grain infested with A) ergots. B) chytrids. C) coccidioidomycosis. D) corn smut.

ergots.

Fungi are found associated with the earliest plant fossils. Fungi may have helped plants become terrestrial by A) stocking the soil with organic matter. B) killing the bacterial enemies of plants. C) forming mycorrhizal associations with plants and by decomposing organic matter. D) providing simple organic compounds in return for sugars. 5

forming mycorrhizal associations with plants and by decomposing organic matter.

The ripened ovary of a flower, which is adapted to disperse seeds, is called a(n) A) fruit. B) casing. C) ovule. D) sporangium.

fruit

Which structure is found in angiosperms but not gymnosperms? A) seeds B) spores C) ovule D) fruit

fruit

Heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb the small molecules are referred to as A) fungi. B) multicellular algae. C) bacteria. D) plants.

fungi.

The dominant stage of the moss life cycle is the A) sporophyte. B) gametophyte. C) pollen. D) gametangium.

gametophyte.

In a moss, most of the plants that we see are ________, while in a fern the most dominant stage is the ________. A) gametophytes . . . gametophyte B) sporophytes . . . gametophyte C) sporophytes . . . sporophyte D) gametophytes . . . sporophyte

gametophytes . . . sporophyte

About 90% of plants have mycorrhizae linking them to A) chytrids. B) glomeromycetes. C) basidiomycetes (club fungi). D) ascomycetes (sac fungi).

glomeromycetes

The ancestors of land plants were probably ________ that lived in ________. A) green algae similar to charophytes . . . coastal marshes or lake fringes B) cyanobacteria . . . coastal marshes or lake fringes C) green algae similar to charophytes . . . the open ocean D) cyanobacteria . . . moist soil crust communities

green algae similar to charophytes . . . coastal marshes or lake fringes

About 95% of all modern plant species A) have a gametophyte adapted to house a sporophyte stage. B) have a dominant sporophyte in their life cycle. C) have flagellated sperm. D) have no gametophyte.

have a dominant sporophyte in their life cycle.

Ferns and mosses are similar because both A) have dominant sporophytes. B) produce drought-resistant seeds. C) have flagellated sperm. D) have sporophytes that produce diploid spores.

have flagellated sperm.

A cocklebur is dispersed by ________, whereas most fleshy, edible fruits are eaten by animals that ________. A) hitching rides on animals . . . fully digest the fruits, including the seeds, which are killed B) hitching rides on animals . . . defecate the intact seeds C) wind . . . fully digest the fruits, including the seeds, which are killed D) water currents . . . defecate the intact seeds

hitching rides on animals . . . defecate the intact seeds

Threadlike fungal filaments are called A) mold. B) mycelia. C) root hairs. D) hyphae.

hyphae

A mushroom A) is specialized to obtain most of the nutrients for the fungal mycelium. B) is an above-ground reproductive structure connected to a mycelium. C) is an independent stage in the alternation of generations of the fungal life cycle. D) is composed of many threadlike filaments called mycorrhizae.

is an above-ground reproductive structure connected to a mycelium.

You enjoy learning about history by traveling throughout North America studying gravestones. You notice that gravestones from 1900 and earlier usually host many types of lichens. But in one cemetery, lichens are entirely absent, even from old gravestones. Given what is known about lichens, the cemetery without lichens probably A) gets a great deal of rain, which favors the growth of competing bacteria. B) is close to a source of air pollution. C) is subject to extremely cold winter temperatures. D) has an unusually dry climate.

is close to a source of air pollution.

One of the factors that help animal-pollinated flowering plants transfer pollen to plants of the same species is A) many pollinators have limited learning capacities and are most successful at obtaining food if they continue to visit the same type of flower after learning how to extract its nectar. B) each species of pollinator typically visits flowers of one and only one plant species. C) most pollinators broadly use many different types of flowers. D) pollinators are able to rapidly extract nectar from any species of flower, regardless of the pollinators' past or recent experience with a given flower type.

many pollinators have limited learning capacities and are most successful at obtaining food if they continue to visit the same type of flower after learning how to extract its nectar.

Fungi contact and absorb food through the ________, a branching network of ________. A) mycelium . . . hyphae B) hyphae . . . mycelia C) mycorrhiza . . . mushrooms D) mushroom . . . hyphae

mycelium . . . hyphae

The intimate, mutually beneficial association formed between a fungus and the root of a plant is called a(n) A) mycorrhiza. B) hypha. C) mycelium. D) ingrowth.

mycorrhiza.

The ________ is the protective chamber that houses the ovule and later matures to become the fruit. A) stigma B) ovary C) sepals D) carpel

ovary

In plants, the vascular tissue that consists of living cells that distribute sugars throughout the plant is called A) xylem. B) meristem. C) transport tissue. D) phloem.

phloem.

Which of the following plants has a dominant sporophyte generation and a seed, but no fruit? A) fern B) pine tree C) tulip D) moss 4

pine tree

Vascular tissue

plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

Fungal diseases common in ________ include ________ and ________. A) humans . . . rusts . . . vaginal yeast B) animals . . . smuts . . . chytrids C) plants . . . ringworm . . . coccidioidomycosis D) plants . . . smuts . . . rusts

plants . . . smuts . . . rusts

Most zygomycetes and ascomycetes reproduce ________ when conditions are ________. A) asexually . . . favorable, as in the spring of the year B) sexually . . . constantly moist and food is abundant C) asexually . . . harsh, as in the fall of the year D) sexually . . . favorable, as in the spring of the year

sexually . . . constantly moist and food is abundant

Red maples and other wind-pollinated plants invest relatively little in producing ________, but must invest a great deal in producing ________ to achieve good pollination rates. A) floral scents . . . showy petals B) seeds . . . massive amounts of pollen C) showy or scented flowers . . . massive amounts of pollen D) pollen . . . showy or scented flowers

showy or scented flowers . . . massive amounts of pollen

Which of the following structures is an essential part of most fungal reproductive systems? A) cellulose B) spores C) seeds D) gametangia

spores

Corn, peppers, tomatoes, and cucumbers all contain seeds and are derived from the ovary of a flowering plant. Therefore, in botanical terms, they are ________. A) sporophytes. B) seeds. C) fruits. D) vegetables.

sporophytes

Gas exchange in most land plants occurs through structures called A) cuticles. B) stomata. C) spiracles. D) gas pores.

stomata.

The incomplete decay of dead plants during the Carboniferous period led to A) the formation of coal. B) the formation of tropical swamps. C) the thinning of the ozone layer. D) global warming.

the formation of coal.

The ________ represents the sporophyte generation of a conifer, and the ________ produces gametophytes. A) seed . . . tree B) cone . . . tree C) tree . . . cone D) tree . . . pollen

tree . . . cone

In plants, the vascular tissue made of dead cells that transport water and minerals from the roots is called A) meristem. B) transport tissue. C) xylem. D) phloem.

xylem.