Biology Chapter 2 Study Guide

In a chemical reaction, which event always occurs as the reactions proceeds?

When an atom gains or loses an electron

What event changes an atom into an ion?

When an atom gains or loses and electron

How does the structure of the water molecule help explain the ability of water to form beads? USE KEYWORDS

A water molecule can form a hydrogen bond with four other water molecules, allowing for cohesion and having a high surface tension.

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is a protein that binds to two small molecules: water and carbon dioxide. By holding the two molecules in the proper position, the enzyme allows the two molecules to react to form a product, carbonic acid. The enzyme then releases the product and becomes available to catalyze the same reaction once again. After the enzyme releases a molecule of carbonic acid, what MOST LIKELY will occur next?

Accept more carbon dioxide and water in order to bond again.

Amino acids are named after two of their functional groups: the amino group (NH2), which acts like a base, and the carboxyl group (COOH), which acts like an acid. A third functional group, often called the R group, varies among the different types of amino acids. In alanine, the R group is a methyl group (CH3). In serine, the R group is a methyl alcohol (-CH2OH).

Carboxyl and amino group.

A scientist is studying 2 isotopes of sodium labeled A and B. In Isotope A, each of the atoms has 11 protons, 12 neurons, and 11 electrons. What could be the atomic structure of Isotope B?

Change in the number of neurons (like 11 neurons).

How do the properties of sodium chloride compare with those of its original elements (sodium and chloride)? Explain.

Completely different. Chlorine is a toxic gas. Sodium is a metal that is extremely reactive in water. Sodium chloride is not dangerous at all, it is merely a crystal that dissolves in water.

A teacher assigns the following experiment to a class. Draw an outline of a bird's feather, and color one half of the outline with a thick coat from a wax crayon. Leave the other half uncolored. Next, sprinkle a few drops of water on both halves of the feather. You will observe that the water soaks into the plain paper. The waxy coat, however, allows the paper to remain dry. Water form tiny beads on top of the wax instead of soaking through it. The results of the experiment are MOST USEFUL for explaining which of these functions of lipids in organisms

Forming a waterproof covering on feather, leaves, and fruits

arbonic anhydrase is found in the bloodstream of the human body. The bloodstream is usually at a temperature of 37 degrees C. How might an increase in a person's body temperature affect the function of carbonic anhydrase and other enzymes in the body? Explain any effects on the enzyme itself and the reaction that it catalyzes.

It could render the enzyme denatured, started a chain reaction of failing functions inside an organism.

Household bleach has a pH between 12 and 13. From this information, describe bleach solution as it relates to pH levels on a pH scale.

It is a very strong base, high on the pH scale.

Human blood has a pH of 7.4. How do buffers in the blood affect the pH?

It keeps it at a steady, neutral pH. It makes sure there are no sudden, drastic changes in pH.

THE ANSWER TO NUMBER 25 IS B: A PROTEIN THAT SPECIFICALLY BINDS LIPIDS OR OILS.

KNOW THIS !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

The results of an experiment most strongly support with conclusion about the polarity of lipid molecules?

Lipid molecules are non polar because they repel water molecules, which are polar.

Which macromolecule stores and transmits hereditary or genetic information? Uses long term energy storage? Uses short term energy storage? Builds muscle?

Nucleic acid- heredity and genetics. Lipid- long term energy storage. Carbohydrate- short term energy. Protein- builds muscle.

Explain what is wrong with the below model of a carbon atom.

Only electrons belong on the outer shell, and only neurons and protons belong in the nucleus.

Which items are present in equal numbers in an atom, but not in an ion?

Protons and electrons

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is a protein that binds to two small molecules: water and carbon dioxide. By holding the two molecules in the proper position, the enzyme allows the two molecules to react to form a product, carbonic acid. The enzyme then releases the product and becomes available to catalyze the same reaction once again. How does carbonic anhydrase change the reaction between carbon dioxide and water? (HINT: think of activation energy)

Reduces the activation energy, speeding up the reaction rate.

Amino acids are named after two of their functional groups: the amino group (NH2), which acts like a base, and the carboxyl group (COOH), which acts like an acid. A third functional group, often called the R group, varies among the different types of amino acids. In alanine, the R group is a methyl group (CH3). In serine, the R group is a methyl alcohol

Similarities allows them to bond in chains. Differences allow them to store different information/carry out different functions.

How would you describe the relationship between starch and glucose; a complex carbohydrate? (HINT: think of monomers and polymers)

Starch is a complex carb, made up of simple sugars like glucose.

What molecular structures are found in a lipid? What makes it different from the other bio molecules?

The carboxylic group and hydrogen chain. The chain.

What allows the 3 atoms in a water molecule to stay together?

The hydrogen bond

Amino acids join to form a protein. How do two types of amino acids differ from one another?

The make-up of the R group.

What property of a water molecule allows hydrogen bonds to form between adjacent molecules?

polarity.