Biology Chapter 4, Biology Plant cells and photosynthesis

How would you describe this structure?

A stoma is an opening in the underside of the leaf (Stoma=many openings)

What is the relationship between the stoma and an air space?

A stoma opens into the airspace inside the leaf.

reaction center in cell converts ADP to what?

ATP

How does the placement of veins help to carry out their function of transporting materials to and from the leaf?

All cells are near a vein and can obtain water and release glucose quickly

What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

CO2 and water

Where do these reactants enter the leaf?

CO2 enter through the underside of the leaf. Water enters through the central vein.

Trace the path for reactants for photosynthesis as they enter the leaf.

CO2- Enter though the stomata -air spaces-palisade mesophyll-chloroplasts H2O-Enters roots-xylem in veins-palisade mesophyll-chloroplasts Light Energy-passes through cuticle and upper epidermis chloroplasts

What gases might you find in the air space?

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor.

How does having cells with walls help a leaf to absorb as much energy as possible?

Cell walls give the leaves support so the leaf can be in a position to capture as much sunlight as possible.

Through which layer does light energy travel to reach the palisade mesophyll

Cuticle and upper epidermis

How would the cylindrical shape of the palisade mesophyll cells increase the amount of photosynthesis that the leaf can carry out?

Cylindrical shape allows more cells to be place into the space which allows for more chloroplasts and therefore more photosynthesis to occur.

Categorize all the components involved in photosynthesis as either matter of energy

Energy: Sunlight...Matter: CO2, water, chlorophyll, glucose, oxygen

Considering its locations and your previous knowledge of the word, what do you think might be the function of the epidermis?

Epidermis covers and protects the cells and tissues inside the leaf.

What would be the advantages to having no chloroplasts in the cells of the spongy mesophyll?

Fewer chloroplasts in the spongy mesophyll because most of the light energy is absorbed by the chloroplasts of the palisade mesophyll.

Where might water be stored for later use in the process of photosynthesis?

IN the large central vacuole

During the time that stomata are closed, gases cannot enter of leave, explain how this would affect the plant's ability to do photosynthesis?

If the stomata are closed carbon dioxide cannot enter the leaf and photosynthesis will slow down because there isn't enough CO2.

How would this affect the ability of the leaf to retain water especially in dry conditions?

If the stomata are open in dry conditions then the leaf could lose water vapor and dehydrate/dry out. Less water for photosynthesis and so the rate of photosynthesis and glucose production would decrease.

Suppose there were many chloroplast in the cells of the upper epidermis. How would that change the amount of sunlight reaching the chloroplasts in the palisade layer?

If the upper epidermis had chloroplasts they would absorb most of the energy from sunlight and less light would reach the palisade mesophyll chloroplasts.

Remembering the function of chloroplasts, in which parts of the leaf is photosynthesis taking place

Most photosynthesis occurs in the palisade mesophyll, some occurs in the spongy mesophyll and guard cells

Trace the path for products as the exit the leaf.

O2-Exits through the stomata Glucose-Exits through the phloem in the veins H2O-Exits trough stomata

From where do the products leave the leaf?

Oxygen and water vapor exits from the underside of the leaf and glucose exits through the veins.

Which kinds of cells have chloroplasts in them?

Palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, guard cells

waxy cuticle

Prevents water loss out of the upper surface of a leaf. In the picture it is (A).

What might plant cells do with the sugars made during photosynthesis?

Send it to the mitochondria to be broken down to produce energy (ATP)

What structure is found between guard cells?

The Stoma

Suggest a way in which the stoma and guard cells arrangement might work to control the amount of water that is leaving the leaf.

The guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata.

Which layer of the inside of a leaf give it its green color?

The palisade mesophyll has the most chloroplast and therefore the most green pigment chlorophyll give leaves their green color

guard cells

The two cells that are positioned around the stomata and control the opening and closing of the stomata.

How would the cuticle and stomata work together to maintain a leaf's function?

The waxy cuticle prevents the entire leaf from losing water from it surface and dehydrating: when the stomata close they prevent water loss from inside the leaf. The leaf is now totally sealed off.

What is the purpose of having a water-tight covering?

They waxy cuticle keeps water inside the leaf cells. Tis water is then used for photosynthesis.

plant vein

Veins in a leaf, composed of xylem and phloem

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Water, Oxygen, Glucose

thylakoid

a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

cytoplasm

a slimy liquid inside the cell membrane that holds different organelles

cell wall

a thin layer of stiff material that goes all the way around the outside of a cell

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

Vacuoles

are an organelle inside the cell. They store food and water that the cell can use when they are neede

Chloroplasts

are organelles in the cell that are used to make energy for the plant

phloem

carries sugars produced by photosynthesis to any place in the plant that needs food

xylem

carries water from the roots to the leaves of plants

upper epidermis

cell layer that protects the leaf from insects and bacteria. It makes the waxy cuticle

carbon fixation

changing inorganic carbon in CO2 to organic carbon in glucose

Which pigment plays a major role in photosynthesis

chlorophyl

guard cells

controls the opening and closing of the stomata

spongy mesophyll

has many air spaces between its cells which allows for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour to move around the leaf. Is next to the palisade mesophyll to provide carbon dioxide and remove oxygen.

cell membrane

it is thin and flexible; it holds cells together

palisade mesophyll

layer of tall, column-shaped cells that are responsible for photosynthesis. Many chloroplasts! Positioned near the top of the leaf to absorb as much sunlight as possible.

transpiration

movement of water vapour out of the stomata, pulling water up the xylem

phloem

moves the sugars produced by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant

xylem

moves water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

stomata

openings in leaves that allow for gases to go in and out. Mainly, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapour.

heterotrophs

organisms that obtain energy by eating plants and other animals

autotrophs

organisms use energy from the sun to produce their own food such as glucose and other carbohydrates

epidermis

outer skin layer of the leaf

light-dependent reactions

part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reactions.

light-independent reactions

part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to make carbohydrates.

color due to chemical compounds in plants

pigments

stomata

pores of a leaf that control the diffusion of gases into and out of the leaf

chemosynthesis

process by which ATP is made using chemicals as an energy source instead of light.

photosynthesis

process by which light is converted to chemical energy; sugar and oxygen is created from carbon dioxide and water.

cellular respiration

process that make ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present.

lower epidermis

protective layer on the bottom of leaf which contains stomata & guard cells

vascular tissue

the circulatory system of the plant that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant; includes the xylem and the phloem

chlorophyll

the green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells that absorbs energy from the sun

translocation

the movement of sugars throughout the plant through the phloem to where they are needed

mesophyll

the part of the cell where most of photosynthesis takes place

chloroplasts

they make food using sunlight; they give plants their green color

cuticle

waxy coating of the epidermis that stops evaporation of water