biology chapter 7
Select all the statements about nucleotides that are accurate. Multiple select question. RNA contains the sugar deoxyribose in its nucleotides. They are composed of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphorus-containing groups. DNA always contains the same sugar in its nucleotides. They are composed of three fatty acids bonded to a three-carbon molecule of glycerol. They are the building blocks of proteins.
- They are composed of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphorus-containing groups. - DNA always contains the same sugar in its nucleotides.
The average size of an exon is about Multiple choice question. 500-1,000 nucleotides. 1,500-2,000 nucleotides. 100-300 nucleotides. 10-20 nucleotides.
100-300 nucleotides
During transcription, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand, adding RNA nucleotides to the growing ______ end of the RNA molecule. Multiple choice question. 3' phosphate deoxyribose 5'
3'
Shortly after transcription in eukaryotic cells, a string of 100-200 adenines is added to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule, producing what is known as a poly tail, and a short sequence of nucleotides called the 5' is added to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule.
A and cap
In the DNA molecule, why does A pair with T and not C? Multiple choice question. Both A and T can only form two hydrogen bonds. A can form three hydrogen bonds, while T can form two hydrogen bonds. A can form two hydrogen bonds, while T can form three hydrogen bonds. Both A and T can only form three hydrogen bonds.
Both A and T can only form two hydrogen bonds.
Which scientist showed that the amount of the base guanine in a DNA molecule equals the amount of the base cytosine in a DNA molecule? Multiple choice question. Chargaff Franklin Wilkins
Chargaff
During transcription, RNA nucleotide bases bind with the exposed complementary bases on the template strand of Multiple choice question. anticodons. amino acids. DNA. ribosomes.
DNA
Hershey and Chase showed that the part of a virus that could enter bacterial cells and cause the production of more viruses was Multiple choice question. the envelope. protein. capsid. DNA.
DNA
The information that each cell needs to produce proteins is stored in a molecule called Multiple choice question. DNA. ATP. glucose. chlorophyll.
DNA
Early in the twentieth century, scientists were at first hesitant to accept that was the genetic information molecule because , with its 20 common amino acid building blocks, could code for many more traits.
DNA proteins
A eukaryotic chromosome consists of Multiple choice question. DNA wrapped around histones and other proteins. single nucleotide substitution that alters the reading frame of a gene. a complex of RNA and ribosomes. a sequence of nucleotides that encodes a specific protein.
DNA wrapped around histones and other proteins.
Select all of the following that are true with respect to genomes. Multiple select question. In eukaryotic cells, the genome is usually divided up into multiple chromosomes. In prokaryotic cells, the genome is usually divided up into multiple chromosomes. In eukaryotic cells, the genome usually consists of just one circular DNA molecule. In prokaryotic cells, the genome usually consists of just one circular DNA molecule.
In eukaryotic cells, the genome is usually divided up into multiple chromosomes. In prokaryotic cells, the genome usually consists of just one circular DNA molecule.
Select all of the following that are true regarding mutations. Multiple select question. All mutations are harmful. Mutations are alterations in DNA sequences. Mutations can be the causes of diseases. Some mutations have little to no effect on protein folding. A mutation that drastically changes a protein is likely to be beneficial.
Mutations are alterations in DNA sequences. Mutations can be the causes of diseases. Some mutations have little to no effect on protein folding.
Select all of the following that are true with respect to mutations. Multiple select question. Mutations provide the raw material for evolution. Mutations can cause drug resistance in bacteria. All mutations that are passed from parent to offspring are harmful. Some mutations in certain genes can cause diseases. Some mutations can increase an organism's reproductive success.
Mutations provide the raw material for evolution. Mutations can cause drug resistance in bacteria. Some mutations in certain genes can cause diseases. Some mutations can increase an organism's reproductive success.
What occurs in a deletion mutation? Multiple choice question. One or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA. One or more nucleotides are added to the DNA. One nucleotide in the DNA is substituted for another nucleotide, causing change in a single amino acid. One nucleotide in the DNA is substituted for another nucleotide, but the amino sequence of the protein does not change.
One or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA.
Gene expression is the production of a functional ______ or a ______. Multiple choice question. carbohydrate; protein lipid; nucleic acid protein; DNA molecule RNA molecule; protein
RNA molecule; protein
The modern definition of gene is any stretch of DNA that is transcribed to Multiple choice question. RNA or lipid. protein or lipid. carbohydrate or protein. RNA or protein.
RNA or protein
The modern definition of gene is any stretch of DNA that is transcribed to Multiple choice question. RNA or lipid. carbohydrate or protein. RNA or protein. protein or lipid.
RNA or protein.
During transcription, what enzyme attaches to the promoter, unzips the DNA double helix, and adds complementary RNA nucleotides? Multiple choice question. transfer RNA amino acid polymerase RNA polymerase ribosome
RNA polymerase
Due to complementary base pairing rules, a sequence of AAGCTA on one strand of the DNA double helix means that the sequence on the opposite strand is Multiple choice question. TTCGAT. CCTAGC. GGATCG. AAGCTA.
TTCGAT
What is an example of an expanding repeat mutation? Multiple choice question. A large part of a chromosome is duplicated. Part of chromosome 12 breaks off and fuses with chromosome 13. Two nucleotides are deleted from a DNA sequence, causing a frameshift. The number of copies of the sequence CCG increases every time the DNA is copied.
The number of copies of the sequence CCG increases every time the DNA is copied.
What would result if a mutation caused the addition of the three-base codon GUG? Multiple choice question. The protein product would contain one extra amino acid. The codon reading frame would shift. One amino acid would be substituted for another. Protein synthesis would terminate prematurely.
The protein product would contain one extra amino acid.
Select all of the following that are true about codons. Multiple select question. They are found on one loop of a tRNA molecule. They are composed of three mRNA bases. They correspond to one amino acid. They consist of three amino acids.
They are composed of three mRNA bases. They correspond to one amino acid.
Select all of the following that are true about Hershey and Chase's experimental design in 1950. Multiple select question. After infection of the bacteria, they agitated the mixture to separate the viral coats from the bacterial cells. They used bacteriophages to infect bacteria in order to determine whether DNA or protein was the genetic information. They used radioactive labels to mark proteins in one set of viruses and to mark DNA in another set of viruses. They infected each bacterium with both sets of viruses and found radioactivity in both the fluid and the bacteria.
They used bacteriophages to infect bacteria in order to determine whether DNA or protein was the genetic information. - They used radioactive labels to mark proteins in one set of viruses and to mark DNA in another set of viruses. - After infection of the bacteria, they agitated the mixture to separate the viral coats from the bacterial cells. - They infected each bacterium with both sets of viruses and found radioactivity in both the fluid and the bacteria.
Explain the data shown in the image, as it relates to FOXP2, the "language gene." Multiple choice question. Humans express twice as many FOXP2 proteins as orangutans. Gorillas and chimpanzees do not have a FOXP2 protein. The FOXP2 gene has mutated only in humans. Two amino acids have changed in the human FOXP2 protein relative to an ancestor.
Two amino acids have changed in the human FOXP2 protein relative to an ancestor
On one half of a DNA double helix, a single strand of nucleotides has Multiple choice question. a 3' end on one side, and a 3' end at the opposite end. a 3' end on one side, and a 5' end at the opposite end. a 5' end on one side, and a 5' end at the opposite end.
a 3' end on one side, and a 5' end at the opposite end.
In the base pairs of the DNA double helix, Multiple choice question. a double-ring base always pairs with a double-ring base. a purine always pairs with a purine. a double-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base. a single-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base.
a double ring base always pairs with a single ring base
In the base pairs of the DNA double helix, Multiple choice question. a purine always pairs with a purine. a double-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base. a single-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base. a double-ring base always pairs with a double-ring base.
a double-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base.
Bacterial genomes normally consist of ______ chromosome(s), whereas eukaryotic genomes are normally made up of ______ chromosome(s). Multiple choice question. multiple linear; a single circular a single linear; multiple circular multiple circular; a single linear a single circular; multiple linear
a single circular; multiple linear
The term genome refers to Multiple choice question. all the DNA contained in one gene. all the genetic material in an organism's cell. the four types of nitrogenous bases that are found in DNA. a subset of a chromosome containing 5 to 10 genes.
all the genetic material in an organism's cell.
A variant of a gene is referred to as a(n) Multiple choice question. epitope. transposable element. allele. mutagen.
allele
Mutations are important to evolutionary change because they create new ______, which are alternate versions of genes. Multiple choice question. viruses nuclei codons alleles
alleles
Mutations can lead to genetic variability because they create new , or variants of genes.
alleles
Select all of the following that are utilized in the process of translation. Multiple select question. amino acids ribosome tRNA RNA polymerase DNA polymerase mRNA
amino acids ribosome tRNA mRNA
On a tRNA molecule, the is a three-base sequence that is complementary to and binds to an mRNA codon during translation.
anticodon
What 3-base site of a tRNA molecule is complementary to an mRNA codon? Multiple choice question. amino acid intron amino acid binding site anticodon
anticodon
A(n) is a three-base sequence on the tRNA that binds to a(n) on the mRNA.
anticodon codon
Although the two chains of the DNA double helix are parallel to each other, they are oriented in opposite directions. This head-to-tail configuration is referred to as a(n) ______ arrangement. Multiple choice question. anticodon elongation operon antiparallel
antiparallel
Select all of the following that are actions of the enzyme RNA polymerase. Multiple select question. attach to the promoter on DNA seal the gap between two newly sequenced segments of DNA add DNA nucleotides to an existing template strand of DNA unzip the DNA to expose the template strand build an mRNA chain
attach to the promoter on DNA unzip the DNA to expose the template strand build an mRNA chain
Select all of the following that are methods of gene regulation found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes. Multiple select question. blocking mRNA exit from the nucleus splicing exons in alternative ways proteins that bind to regulatory sequences within DNA adding methyl groups to silence genes controlling access of RNA polymerase to the promoter
blocking mRNA exit from the nucleus splicing exons in alternative ways adding methyl groups to silence genes
In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is altered before it leaves the nucleus. A short sequence of modified nucleotides, known as a Blank______ is added to the 5' end and a string of adenines called a Blank______ is added to the 3' end. Multiple choice question. poly-A tail; terminator poly-A tail; cap cap; poly-A tail cap; polymer tail
cap; poly-A tail
The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells allows for Multiple choice question. cells to have the same functions no matter where they are in the body. repressible and inducible operons. cell specialization in multicellular eukaryotes. the same genes to be expressed in all types of cells.
cell specialization in multicellular eukaryotes.
Regulating gene expression allows cells to produce Multiple choice question. certain proteins only when they are needed. the same proteins in all types of cells. the same proteins at different developmental stages. all proteins all the time.
certain proteins only when they are needed.
Select all of the following agents or processes that can cause mutations. Multiple select question. chemical mutagens some forms of radiation errors in DNA replication cytoskeletal fibers ion transport across the cell membrane
chemical mutagens some forms of radiation errors in DNA replication
Select all of the following that are mutagens. Multiple select question. chemicals in tobacco DNA replication ultraviolet radiation radioactive fallout meiosis harmful chemicals
chemicals in tobacco ultraviolet radiation radioactive fallout harmful chemicals
Select all of the following that are mutagens. Multiple select question. chemicals in tobacco ultraviolet radiation meiosis radioactive fallout DNA replication harmful chemicals
chemicals in tobacco ultraviolet radiation radioactive fallout harmful chemicals
What is a discrete package of DNA and its associated proteins? Multiple choice question. chromosome gene ribosome double helix
chromosome
In an RNA molecule, a(n) ______ is a genetic "code word" that corresponds to one amino acid. Multiple choice question. intron codon exon gene
codon
The genetic code specifies what amino acid is matched to each three-nucleotide ______ in the mRNA. Multiple choice question. ribosome codon intron exon
codon
Messenger RNA contains , which are triplets of bases that act as "code-words" corresponding to the acid monomers that make up a polypeptide.
codons and amino
Select all of the following that apply to an insertion mutation. Multiple select question. could cause a shift in the codon reading frame one or more nucleotide are removed type of substitution mutation one or more nucleotides are added
could cause a shift in the codon reading frame one or more nucleotides are added
Plant breeders can induce mutations to Multiple choice question. allow sequencing of a plant genome. create new varieties of crop species. mass produce a protein product. transfer an herbicide resistance gene into crop plants.
create new varieties of crop species.
Within the DNA double helix, the so-called backbone is composed of ______ sugars alternating with phosphate groups. Multiple choice question. fructose glucose deoxyribose ribose
deoxyribose
The terms 3' and 5' refer to numbered carbon atoms within the ______ of DNA, and at one end of the DNA double helix, there is a free ______ on one backbone and a free ______ on the other backbone. Multiple choice question. deoxyribose sugar; 3' carbon; 3' carbon deoxyribose sugar; 3' carbon; 5' carbon nitrogenous bases; 5' carbon; 5' carbon nitrogenous bases; 3' carbon; 5' carbon
deoxyribose 3' carbon 5' carbon
By the early 1900s, biologists had observed that abnormal or missing ______ were often associated with heritable traits or conditions. Multiple choice question. enzymes carbohydrates steroids lipids
enzymes
What are coding regions of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated? Multiple choice question. introns caps exons histones
exons
______ are portions of mRNA that get spliced together to form mature mRNA prior to translation. Multiple choice question. Transcription factors Exons Introns Ribosomes
exons
In a(n) repeat mutation, the number of copies of a three- or four-nucleotide sequence increases over several generations.
expanding
An underlying cause of Huntington Disease is a(n) ______ mutation, in which the copies of GTC increase over several generations and cause extra glutamines in the protein product of the gene. Multiple choice question. missense substitution nonsense expanding repeat insertion frameshift
expanding repeat
A mutation that occurred in a brain cell due to radiation exposure would be passed to the next generation. True false question.TrueFalse
false
Complementary base pairing rules state that in DNA, A pairs with G and T pairs with C. True false question.TrueFalse
false
After translation is complete, the newly synthesized polypeptide must ______, as determined by some regions of the amino acid chain. Multiple choice question. have its introns removed fold into its functional shape thread back through the ribosome be modified with a 5' cap
fold into its functional shape
Select all of the following that are examples of mutations that cause changes in chromosome structure. Multiple select question. fusion of chromosomes or parts of chromosomes methylation of DNA to increase chromosome compaction inversion of a long DNA sequence deletion or duplication of part of a chromosome frameshift mutations
fusion of chromosomes or parts of chromosomes inversion of a long DNA sequence deletion or duplication of part of a chromosome
A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule. Multiple choice question. genome chromosome codon gene
gene
The human genome contains about 20,000-25,000 scattered on its 23 pairs of .
genes and chromosomes
The ______ describes the correspondence of three-nucleotide codons to specific amino acids or directions for starting and stopping translation. Multiple choice question. epigenetic theory ribosomal base alternative splicing process genetic code
genetic code
All of the genetic material that is within a cell is called its Multiple choice question. genotype. genome. haplotype. transcripts.
genome
All of the genetic material that is within a cell is called its Multiple choice question. haplotype. transcripts. genotype. genome.
genome
A(n) _______ mutation is one that occurs in the cells that give rise to sperm or egg. Multiple choice question. nonheritable germline recombinant somatic
germline
Which of the following mutations can be passed from one generation to the next? Multiple choice question. germline germline and somatic somatic
germline
A(n) mutation occurs in cells that give rise to sperm and egg cells, whereas a(n) mutation occurs in non-sex cells.
germline and somatic
In an average mRNA molecule that has just been transcribed, the amount of genetic material devoted to introns is _____ the amount devoted to exons. Multiple choice question. the same as less than greater than
greater than
Select all the functions of ribosomal RNA. Multiple select question. help align the ribosome with the mRNA to prepare for translation bind to mRNA on one end and carry an amino acid on the other end carry the message encoded by the DNA to the cell's cytoplasm so it can be translated catalyze the formation of bonds between amino acids in the developing protein
help align the ribosome with the mRNA to prepare for translation catalyze the formation of bonds between amino acids in the developing protein
Geneticists can study development and gene function by Multiple choice question. expanding trinucleotide repeats. changing the deoxyribose in DNA to ribose. inducing mutations in model organisms. altering the genetic code.
inducing mutations in model organisms.
A(n) is a portion of RNA that averages about 1,000 nucleotides long and that is removed before translation.
intron
In eukaryotes, a part of an mRNA molecule that is removed before translation is called a(n) Multiple choice question. intron. 5' cap. codon. poly A tail.
intron.
Select three types of RNA. Multiple select question. mRNA rRNA tRNA ddRNA coRNA
mRNA rRNA tRNA
During production of a protein, the information encoded in a DNA base sequence is transcribed to produce a molecule of , which is then processed and translated to produce the sequence of acids in a protein.
mRNA amino
In transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a(n) ______ molecule, and in translation, the "message" in an mRNA molecule is translated into a(n) ______ sequence. Multiple choice question. tDNA; RNA nucleotide protein; tRNA mRNA; amino acid rRNA; DNA
mRNA and amino acid
In transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a(n) ______ molecule, and in translation, the "message" in an mRNA molecule is translated into a(n) ______ sequence. Multiple choice question. tDNA; RNA nucleotide mRNA; amino acid rRNA; DNA protein; tRNA
mRNA; amino acid
If a substitution mutation changes a codon such that it specifies a different amino acid, it is called a ______ mutation. Multiple choice question. rearrangement nonsense silent missense
misense
Some eukaryotic organelles, such as and , contain their own genomes in addition to the cell's nuclear DNA.
mitochondria and chloroplasts
A(n) is any external agent, such as X-rays or chemicals, that induces mutations.
mutagen
A change in a protein-encoding DNA sequence or a regulatory DNA sequence, such as an enhancer, is called a(n) Multiple choice question. mutation. repressor. operation. epigenetic modification.
mutation
A(n) is a change in a cell's DNA sequence.
mutation
Because of ______, the "language gene" (FOXP2) in humans has two unique amino acids compared to other primates. Multiple choice question. transposons chromosomal inversion epigenetic modifications mutations
mutations
Homeotic genes control the formation of body parts in many animals, and ______ in homeotic genes have led to limb modifications that profoundly influenced animal evolution. Multiple choice question. cancer mutations operators resistance
mutations
Inversions, duplications, or deletions of parts of chromosomes are types of ______ that affect extensive regions of DNA. Multiple choice question. expanding repeats mutations methylations translations
mutations
What allows some bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics and give rise to resistant descendants? Multiple choice question. repressors meiosis mutations operons
mutations
in DNA may arise spontaneously as errors in replication, or they can be induced by external agents, like chemicals and radiation.
mutations
A substitution mutation that changes an amino acid into a "stop" codon is called a(n) ______ mutation and shortens the protein product. Multiple choice question. homeotic silent nonsense open frame
nonsense
A substitution mutation that changes an amino acid into a "stop" codon is called a(n) ______ mutation and shortens the protein product. Multiple choice question. silent open frame homeotic nonsense
nonsense
In the synthesis of RNA from DNA, the enzyme RNA polymerase adds ______ to the ______ end of the growing RNA molecule. Multiple choice question. nucleotides; 5 prime nucleotides; 3 prime amino acids; 5 prime amino acids; 3 prime
nucleotides; 3 prime
Select all the locations in a eukaryotic cell where DNA is found. Multiple select question. nucleus cytoskeleton mitochondrion lysosome chloroplast
nucleus mitochondrion chloroplast
In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the ______, whereas translation occurs in the ______. Multiple choice question. nucleus; cytoplasm plasma membrane; nucleus nucleus; nucleoid cytoplasm; nucleus
nucleus; cytoplasm
Where would you find a transcriptional terminator sequence? Multiple choice question. on a protein sequence on a DNA sequence on an amino acid sequence on an mRNA sequence
on a DNA sequence
What describes a substitution mutation? Multiple choice question. one DNA base is replaced with another one DNA base is inserted one DNA base is deleted two DNA bases are deleted or inserted
one DNA base is replaced with another
What occurs in a deletion mutation? Multiple choice question. One nucleotide in the DNA is substituted for another nucleotide, causing change in a single amino acid. One nucleotide in the DNA is substituted for another nucleotide, but the amino sequence of the protein does not change. One or more nucleotides are added to the DNA. One or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA.
one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA.
Select all of the following that are present in a bacterial operon. Multiple select question. operator enhancer TATA box promoter group of genes
operator promoter group of genes
During the Hershey-Chase experiment, radioactive ______ was used to label the DNA, and radioactive ______ was used to label the protein. Multiple choice question. nitrogen; carbon sulfur; phosphorus carbon; nitrogen phosphorus; sulfur
phosphorus sulfur
What RNA modification in eukaryotes decreases the chances that the mRNA will be degraded before translation? Multiple choice question. splicing of exons poly A tail removal of introns addition of terminator sequence
poly A tail
Enzymes and chaperone proteins assist in ______ that takes place after translation is complete. Multiple choice question. exon splicing tRNA recharging ribosome disassembly polypeptide folding
polypeptide folding
The ______ is a sequence of DNA that signals the start of a gene and is the site where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription. Multiple choice question. instigator terminator cap promoter
promoter
Select all of the following that are functions of the 5' cap and 3' poly A tail added to mRNA after transcription in eukaryotes. Multiple select question. allow translation to occur at the same time as transcription protect RNA from degradation help ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA shuffle exons
protect RNA from degradation help ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA
Messenger RNA carries information that specifies the amino acid sequence of a Multiple choice question. phospholipid. 5-carbon sugar. DNA molecule. protein.
protein
During translation, a(n) ______ is produced from the information that is encoded in a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. RNA molecule; DNA molecule protein; RNA molecule DNA molecule; RNA molecule RNA molecule; protein
protein; RNA molecule
Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and ______. Multiple choice question. mRNA DNA proteins tRNA
proteins
Proteins combine with ______ to form a ribosome. Multiple choice question. rRNA transcription factors phospholipids DNA
rRNA
A ribosome is composed of Multiple choice question. rRNA and histones. rRNA and proteins. DNA and proteins. DNA and rRNA.
rRNA and proteins.
In the Hershey and Chase experiment, ______ was found inside the infected bacteria, indicating that the labeled viral ______ had entered the bacterial cells to direct new virus production. Multiple choice question. radioactive phosphorus; protein radioactive sulfur; DNA radioactive sulfur; protein radioactive phosphorus; DNA
radioactive phosphorus DNA
Select all of the following that are true of a nonsense mutation. Multiple select question. one amino acid is substituted for another amino acid results in a shortened protein product polypeptide synthesis terminates prematurely could be caused by a codon change from UGG to UGA could be caused by a codon change from UAC to UAU
results in a shortened protein product polypeptide synthesis terminates prematurely could be caused by a codon change from UGG to UGA
The sugar in RNA nucleotides is called ______, whereas the sugar in DNA nucleotides is called ______. Multiple choice question. fructose; glucose ribose; deoxyribose deoxyribose; ribose glucose; fructose
ribose; deoxyribose
RNA differs from DNA chemically because RNA nucleotides contain the sugar ______, and in RNA, the nitrogenous base ______ is substituted for thymine. Multiple choice question. deoxyribose; uracil ribose; uracil deoxyribose; guanine ribose; guanine
ribose; uracil
A complex of rRNA and proteins called a(n) is the physical location of protein synthesis.
ribosome
What structures are the sites of protein synthesis and are found free in the cytosol of the cell or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum? Multiple choice question. nucleosomes transcription factors ribosomes nucleoli
ribosomes
Select all of the following that are genes. Multiple select question. sequence of DNA nucleotides where a regulatory protein binds sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific RNA molecule sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein 5' cap and poly-A tail attached to RNA
sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific RNA molecule sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein
A mutation that causes an mRNA nucleotide to change from GGC to GGA is a ______ mutation. Multiple choice question. nonsense missense deletion silent
silent
A mutation that causes an mRNA nucleotide to change from GGC to GGA is a ______ mutation. Multiple choice question. silent missense nonsense deletion
silent
A substitution mutation is said to be ______ if the mutated gene encodes the same protein as the original gene version. Multiple choice question. deleted nonsense transposed silent
silent
A substitution mutation is said to be ______ if the mutated gene encodes the same protein as the original gene version. Multiple choice question. deleted silent nonsense transposed
silent
mutations do not pass from generation to generation because they occur in non-sex cells.
somatic
What role does DNA play in the cell? Multiple choice question. package proteins catalyze reactions synthesize lipids and carbohydrates store genetic information
store genetic information
A(n) ______ mutation is caused by the replacement of one nucleotide with another. Multiple choice question. frameshift substitution expanding repeat duplication
substitution
Select all of the following that are components of nucleotides. Multiple select question. hydrocarbon tail attached to a polar head sugar phosphorus-containing groups nitrogen-containing base glycerol
sugar phosphorus containing groups nitrogen containing base
In the DNA double helix, the two backbones are composed of alternating Multiple choice question. sugar and phosphate groups. nucleotide and amino acids. ribose and deoxyribose sugars. nitrogenous bases.
sugar and phosphate groups
is a type of RNA that serves as a "connector" between the mRNA codon and a particular amino acid.
tRNA
An anticodon is a sequence found on a(n) ______ molecule, whereas a codon is a sequence found on a(n) ______ molecule. Multiple choice question. tRNA; mRNA mRNA; DNA mRNA; tRNA rRNA; mRNA
tRNA and mRNA
The DNA strand that is "read" during transcription is called the ______ strand. Multiple choice question. mRNA cap histone template
template
A specific sequence on the DNA called a(n) ______ sequence signals the end of a gene during transcription. Multiple choice question. promoter cap anticodon terminator
terminator
At the beginning of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to Multiple choice question. the small ribosomal subunit. the promoter. the codon. the large ribosomal subunit.
the promoter.
In a frameshift mutation, nucleotides are added or deleted in any number other than a multiple of Multiple choice question. three. one. two. four.
three
A C-G base pair in a DNA double helix is joined by ______ between the bases. Multiple choice question. one hydrogen bond two hydrogen bonds three hydrogen bonds four hydrogen bonds
three hydrogen bonds
DNA contains the nitrogenous base , whereas RNA does not contain this base but instead uses uracil.
thymine
In what process does the cell make a complementary RNA molecule from a DNA sequence? Multiple choice question. determination transcription translation delineation
transcription
In , a cell copies a gene's DNA sequence to a complementary RNA molecule. Then, in , the information in RNA is used to manufacture a protein by joining a specific sequence of amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
transcription and translation
What type of RNA binds to an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other end? Multiple choice question. small nuclear RNA (snRNA) messenger RNA (rRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
What type of RNA binds to an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other end? Multiple choice question. small nuclear RNA (snRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) messenger RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
In what process does the cell use the information in an RNA molecule to assemble a protein? Multiple choice question. translation differentiation replication transcription
translation
A mutation that occurs in a sperm cell has the potential of being passed on to the next generation. True false question.TrueFalse
true
Although mutations often cause changes that are harmful, they are also the source of genetic variation for evolution. True false question.TrueFalse
true
During the early part of the twentieth century, some biologists believed that proteins were more likely than DNA to be the molecule of heredity. True false question.TrueFalse
true
Which of the following best describes transcription? Multiple choice question. using a DNA template to synthesize RNA using a DNA template to synthesize DNA using an RNA template to synthesize RNA using an RNA template to synthesize DNA
using a DNA template to synthesize RNA
Mutations can be harmful, but they also provide the ______ that makes evolution possible. Multiple choice question. migration variation cloning consistency
variation
In bacteria, a(n) ______ is a group of genes under control of a single promoter. Multiple choice question. operator enhancer operon genome
operon
What scientists worked out the double helical structure of DNA using a ball-and-stick model? Multiple choice question. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Franklin and Wilkins Hershey and Chase Watson and Crick
watson and Crick
The antiparallel configuration of the DNA double helix means that the two strands of nucleotides are oriented in ______ directions with respect to each other. Multiple choice question. opposite the same identical perpendicular
opposite
Two strands of DNA within the double helix are said to be complementary to each other because on one strand always pairs with thymine on the opposite strand, and cytosine on one strand always pairs with on the opposite strand.
adenine guanine
In humans, the production of the protein keratin in hair follicle cells and the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells is made possible by expressing Multiple choice question. different subsets of genes in different cells. the same genes in different types of cells. only the required proteins for a cell to survive after development is complete. the entire genome in all cells.
different subsets of genes in different cells.
DNA has a ______ helical structure consisting of two intertwining strands of ______. Multiple choice question. double; nucleotides single; nucleotides double; amino acids single; lipids
double nucleotides
Select all of the following that describe the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine. Multiple select question. double-ring structure purines single-ring structure pyrimidines form base pairs with each other
double-ring structure correct purines
Within the DNA double helix, the nitrogenous bases in base pairs are joined by ______ bonds, which are collectively strong but can also be pulled apart if the cell needs access to the DNA. Multiple choice question. van der Waals ionic covalent hydrogen
hydrogen
Select all of the following that are true about the genetic material of eukaryotes. Multiple select question. mature mRNA molecules can contain 70 or more exons mature mRNA molecules contain introns an average intron is smaller than an average exon removing introns and splicing exons plays a role in gene regulation exons alternate with introns in DNA and immature mRNA transcripts
mature mRNA molecules can contain 70 or more exons removing introns and splicing exons plays a role in gene regulation exons alternate with introns in DNA and immature mRNA transcripts
Select all the reasons a cell regulates gene expression. Multiple select question. to generate ATP by producing proteins to express their entire genome at all times to respond to changing conditions to have a specialized function
to respond to changing conditions to have a specialized function
In the Hershey-Chase experiment in 1950, ______ were labeled with two types of radioactive markers, one that marked protein and one that marked ______, and then allowed to infect E. coli bacteria. Multiple choice question. S. pneumoniae; bacteria viruses; carbohydrate S. pneumoniae; DNA viruses; DNA
viruses DNA
