Biology- Chapter 8 Nutrition
A standard drink contains _____ grams of alcohol. A. 15B. 5C. 10D. 25
A. 15
The recommendation for alcohol consumption during pregnancy is ________. A. no alcohol at allB. limit to one drink per weekC. to avoid binge drinkingD. to follow current guidelines for moderate drinking
A. no alcohol at all
A typical rate of alcohol metabolism for a social drinker is ________. A. ½ drink per hourB. 2 drinks per hourC. 3 drinks per hourD. None of these choices are correct
A. ½ drink per hour
__________ is the long-lasting, inflammatory by-product of alcohol metabolism that initiates fatty infiltration of hepatocytes.
Acetaldehyde
When consumed in low to moderate amounts, alcohol is primarily metabolized by the ________________ pathway. A. catalase B. MEOS C. alcohol dehydrogenase D. peroxidase
C. alcohol dehydrogenase
Benefits of moderate alcohol consumption include lower rates of ________. A. Alzheimer's diseaseB. many types of cancerC. cardiovascular diseaseD. All of these responses are correct
C. cardiovascular disease
Alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine by ________. A. passive diffusionB. active transportC. simple diffusionD. facilitated diffusion
C. simple diffusion
Moderate drinking is most accurately defined as ________. A. up to 2 drinks per day for women and 3 drinks per day for menB. less than 1 drink per day for women and menC. up to 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for menD. up to 7 drinks per week for women and 14 drinks per week for men
C. up to 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men
Which of the following is not a common nutritional concern in alcoholics? A. vitamin B-12 deficiencyB. protein-energy malnutritionC. vitamin A toxicityD. iron deficiency
C. vitamin A toxicity
Even moderate alcohol consumption can increase the risk of _________, particularly of the breast and liver.
Cancer
__________ is an irreversible condition characterized by extensive liver fibrosis that typically progresses into fatal liver failure.
Cirrhosis
________ is a poisonous form of alcohol found in antifreeze and racing fuel.
Methanol
List 2 of the 3 vital functions of the liver and explain why they are vital
Nutrient storage and metabolism ¢Large organisms rely on stores to sustain their high energy demands between meals and during vigorous activity • Protein and enzyme synthesis ¢Proteins are the ABSOLUTELY VITAL building blocks of the body and enzymes produce products, including energy products, that keep humans alive • Detoxification and drug metabolism ¢Food chemicals, drugs of abuse, medications, and even biological metabolites all require filtering to keep the body functioning. Humans will quickly expire of infections and other system compromises without this ability.
The small intestine is the primary site for alcohol metabolism.
false
Identify all 4 means by which the body handles ingested ethanol.
¢Alcohol dehydrogenase pathway Metabolizes 90-100% of ingested ethanolin a low intake setting • ¢For low to moderate episodes of intake Stomach cells contain ADH that metabolizes10-30% of alcohol absorbed ¢Converts ethanol to the less toxicacetaldehyde • Liver cells produce and use more ADH in response to increased blood alcohol
List at least 4 consequences of chronic alcoholism
¢Irreversible brain damage ¢Hypertension ¢Atrophy/fibrosis of heart muscle ¢Atrophy/fibrosis/fatty infiltration of the liver ¢Gastritis, Pancreatitis, and Intestinal malabsorption ¢Abdominal adiposity and fluid accumulation (ascites) ¢Osteoporosis, etc.
Pets must be kept away from __________ because they will ingest this toxic alcoholic solution due to its sweet taste.
Antifreeze (containing methanol and ethylene glycol)
An alcoholic beverage with 15 g alcohol provides ______ kcal from alcohol. A. 15 B. 105 C. 135 D. 60
B. 105
The ADH pathway of alcohol metabolism converts ethanol into ________. A. NADHB. acetyl-CoAC. pyruvateD. citric acid
B. acetyl-CoA
When the MEOS pathway is induced, alcohol tolerance _______ because the rate of alcohol metabolism __________. A. decreases; decreases B. increases; increases C. increases; decreases D. decreases; increases
B. increases; increases
Alcoholism suppresses the ability of the liver to produce _________, which often leads to deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins.
Bile
A standard drink is defined as ________. A. 12 oz wine coolerB. 3 oz hard liquorC. 16 oz beerD. 5 oz wine
D. 5 oz wine
Liver cirrhosis is characterized by ________. A. decreased synthesis of proteins made in the liverB. abnormal retention of fluid in the abdomenC. poor nutritional statusD. All of these answers are correct
D. All of these answers are correct
Detrimental effects of excessive alcohol consumption include higher rates of ________. A. high blood pressure and strokeB. cancers of the mouth and throatC. liver disease and liver failureD. All of these responses are correct
D. All of these responses are correct
The symptoms of acetaldehyde buildup during alcohol metabolism include ________. A. flushingB. rapid heartbeatC. hyperventilationD. All of these symptoms can occur
D. All of these symptoms can occur
The population group with the highest rate of alcohol consumption is ________. A. teenagersB. elderly adultsC. middle-aged adultsD. college students
D. college students
The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the ________. A. small intestineB. stomachC. pancreasD. liver
D. liver
Alcohol absorption occurs in the ________. A. small intestineB. stomachC. esophagusD. stomach and small intestine
D. stomach and small intestine
Alcoholism is associated with all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. cirrhosis of the liverB. jaundiceC. alcoholic hepatitisD. type I diabetes
D. type I diabetes
The risk of developing a problem with alcohol is higher in those ________. A. who are womenB. who begin drinking heavily in middle-ageC. who are of Asian descentD. with a biological parent with alcohol problems
D. with a biological parent with alcohol problems
__________ intensifies the effects of alcohol by increasing concentration in the bloodstream.
Dehydration (also Fasting)
Alcohol requires no digestion
true
Because alcohol cannot be stored in the body, it has priority in metabolism over other energy sources.
true
Excess consumption of some alcoholic beverages can lead to deficiencies of iron and zinc.
true
Excessive alcohol intake can lead to deficiencies of niacin, thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate.
true
Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with increased HDL cholesterol levels.
true
Signs of alcohol poisoning include hypoglycemia and severe dehydration.
true
When the rate of alcohol consumption exceeds the liver's metabolic capacity, blood alcohol levels increase and symptoms of intoxication develop.
true