Biology chapter questions 22,23,24,25,26,29,30
DNA sequences in many human genes are similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in the chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that a. humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. b. humans evolved from chimpanzees c. chimpanzees evolved from humans d. convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities
a
There are 25 individuals in population 1, all with the genotype AA, and there are 40 individuals in population 2, all with genotype aa. Assume that these populations are located far from each other and that their environmental conditions are very similar. Based on the information given here, the observed genetic variation most likely resulted from a. genetic drift b. gene flow c. nonrandom mating d.directional selection
a
A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim bladder from the air-breathing organ (a simple lung) of an ancestral fish is an example of a. exaptation b. changes in Hox gene expression c. paedomorphosis d. adaptive radiation
a.
Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence if true, would be cause for this reclassification? a. the two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well. b. the two forms live in similar habitats and have similar food requirements c. the two forms have many genes in common d. the two forms are very similar in appearance
a.
If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup? a. wolf b. domestic cat c. lion d. leopard
a.
In a comparison of birds and mammals the condition of having four limbs is, a. a shared ancestral trait b. a shared derived character c. a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals d. an example of analogy rather than homology
a.
Microphylls are found in which plant group? a. lycophytes b. liverworts c. ferns d. hornworts
a.
The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? a. the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules b. the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats c. the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen d. the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria
a.
The largest unit within gene flow can readily occur is a a. population b. species c. genus d. hybrid
a. population
Identify each of the following as haploid or diploid a. sporophyte b. spore c. gametophyte d. zygote
a. diploid b. haploid c. haploid d. diploid
Key features of seed plants facilitating life on land include three of the following four traits. Select the exception. a. homospory b. pollen c. reduced gametophytes d. seeds
a. homosproy
According to the punctuated equilibria model a. given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. b. most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species. c. most evolution occurs in sympatric populations d. speciation is usually due to single mutation
b.
Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of three of the following four factors. Select the exception a. vacant ecological niches b. genetic drift c. colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species d. evolutionary innovation
b.
Fossilizes stromatolites a. formed around deep-sea vents b. resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some shallow marine bays c. provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago d. contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes
b.
If the nucleotide of locus = 0%, what is the gene variability and number of alleles at the locus? a. gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 0 b. gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 1 c. gene variability = 0%; number of alleles = 2 d. gene variability > 0%; number of alleles = 2
b.
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would not be true? a. spore dispersal distances would probably increase b. females could produce only one archegonium c. unless its body parts were strengthened, such a "tree" would probably flop over d. Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.
b.
The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? a. Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales b. Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy. c. genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats d. Whales are not properly classified as mammals.
b.
Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants. Select the exception. a. similar sperm structure b. the presence of chloroplast c. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division d. genetic similarities in chloroplast
b.
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? a. there is heritable variation among individuals b. poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring c. species produce more offspring than the environment can support. d. Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive
b.
With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? a. egg-n b. megaspore-2n c. microspore-n d. zygote-2n
b.
Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do distinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up a. a monophyletic taxon b. an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup c. a paraphyletic group d. a polyphyletic group
c
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? a. haploid genes b. diploid genes c. haploid spores d. diploid spores
c.
Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in the community, all new S. aureus infections were caused by MRSA. How can this best be explained? a. a patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community. b. In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug resistant protein targeted by the drug c. some drug resistant bacteria were present at the start of the treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency. d. S. aureus evolved to resist vaccines
c
A fruit fly population has a gene with two alleles, A1 and A2. Test show that 70% of the gametes produced in the population contain the A1 allele. If the population is in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the flies carry both A1 and A2? a. .7 b .49 c. .42 d. .21
c.
A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of a. the influence of environment on development b. pedomorphosis c. a change in a development gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts d. heterochrony
c.
Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except a. seeds b. pollen c. ovaries d. ovules
c.
Males of different species of the fruit fly that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females . What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? a. habitat isolation b. temporal isolation c. behavioral isolation d. gametic isolation
c.
No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among humans is a. new mutations that occurred in the proceeding generation b. genetic drift c. the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction d. environmental effects
c.
Plant species A has a diploid chromosome number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as a allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for the species C would probably be a. 14 b. 16 c. 28 d. 56
c.
To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, a. choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable b. choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible c. choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology. d. choose the tree with the fewest branch points.
c.
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? a. in the style of a flower b. enclosed in the stigma of a flower c. within an ovule contained with the ovary of a flower d. packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen
c.
Which of the following steps has not been yet accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life? a. synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes b. formation of molecular aggregates with selectively permeable membranes c. formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids. d. abiotic synthesis of organic molecules
c.
Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some _________ survive and reproduce better than others. a. alleles b. loci c. species d. individuals
d.
The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in figure 26.13 indicate that a. frogs evolved before mice b. mice evolved before frogs c. the homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice d. the homolog has evolved more slowly in mice
d.
Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia? a. the species became separate by convergent evolution. b. the climate of the two regions are similar c. India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia d. India was a separate continent until 45 millions years ago.
d.
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? a. chlorophyll b b. cellulose in cell walls c. sexual reproduction d. alteration of multicellular generations
d.
Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? a. the separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs. b. the isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population c. Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations d. gene flow between the two populations is extensive
d.
Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? a. dependent gametophytes b. ovules c. pollen d. alteration of generations
d.
Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? a. species diversity declines farther from the equator b. Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents. c. Birds live on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance. d. South America temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.
d.