Biology chapter5-8
What is different concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells?
the amount of DNA present whether the DNA is housed in a nucleus or not whether the DNA is linear or circular
What process occurs within Box B?
the citric acid cycle
which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?
the citric acid cycle and the elcetron transport chain
Cells taken from Henrietta Lacks have been used for experiments leading to _____.
the development of a polio vaccine new treatments for cancer tests of the effects of atomic radiation on life
Sunlight is essential for the varied life on Earth. Sunlight provides energy to photosynthetic organisms by providing __________.
the energy necessary to power the rearrangement of chemical bonds in H2O and CO2
Crossing over is _____.
the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids
In the figure below, working from the inside out, what would be the order of components observed?
water, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, water
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
water....NADPH
In an oil-based, nonpolar environment, phospholipids would arrange themselves so that they __________.
would stay together but in a reverse orientation, with their tails projecting outward
If this flawed research had been correct, which of the following would have been most likely to tell you to avoid too much sugar?
your dentist
How did doctors harvest and culture cells from Henrietta Lacks?
Cells were taken while she was being treated for cancer many years ago, and these cells have been cultured in the lab ever since.
Your cousin has been added to a clinical trial for CAR. Which of the following will be a precursor to prepare him for this treatment?
Chemotherapy
Why are most plants green?
Chlorophyll a reflects green light.
In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
A patient with which of the following would be most likely to be successfully treated with CAR-T cell therapy?
Leukemia
The full range of electromagnetic energy is called the ________ spectrum.
electromagnetic
During which stage of meiosis could this mistake have occurred?
anaphase II
Mature human neuron (nerve) cells and muscle cells
are permanently in a state of nondivision.
What name is given to this process? To view the animation, click here. Then click on the image to start the animation.
asexual reproduction
The conversion of NADP+ to NADPH occurs with the assistance of __________.
electrons from water and energy from sunlight
The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP is an _____ reaction that _____ energy.
endergonic ... requires an input of
The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of
endocytosis
What is the correct label for "A"?
energy of activation
Can you match the processes involved in membrane transport to their descriptions?
exocytosis facilitated diffusion endocytossis diffusion active transport
The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is
lost in the form of heat.
The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem I are replaced by electrons from
photosystem II.
Crossing over occurs during _____.
prophase I
Synapsis occurs during _____.
prophase I
The correct order of events during meiosis is
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.
During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?
prophase I.
Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?
the Citric Acid cycleand the electron transport chain
How many generations does it take to develop a new plant species by polyploidy?
1
Put the following steps of the Calvin cycle in the correct order: 1. carbon fixation 2. regeneration of RuBP 3. release of G3P 4. reduction
1, 4, 3, 2
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.
10
A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing _____ chromosomes.
16
Normal human gametes carry _____ chromosomes.
23
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
3
In simple summary form, the input of the Calvin cycle for every product is __________, and the output is __________ used for glucose synthesis.
3 CO2 ...; a three-carbon molecule
When observing a bird skin cell in G2 under a microscope, you count 160 total chromatids. How many chromosomes does a male chicken have in its sperm cells?
40
A human somatic cell contains __________ chromosomes.
46
Assign a numerical score for each category. Then add up the total score. (The highest possible score is 6; the lowest is 0.) In what range does this source fall?
5-6
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
6
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Identify the chloroplast
A
Which of the following patients is currently most likely to benefit from immunotherapy?
A 46 year old woman with advanced melanoma.
It has been suggested that scientists should attempt to genetically engineer a plant to have black leaves so that it would perform photosynthesis more efficiently. What is the likely reason behind this idea?
A black plant would absorb all wavelengths and therefore absorb more light energy that powers photosynthesis.
Why does the relationship between metabolic rate and temperature exist?
A by-product of cellular respiration is heat.
Which of the following is likely the best diet to avoid heart disease?
A diet low in saturated fat and low in sugar.
Chlorophyll can be found in _____.
A&C Photosystem 1&2
_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- .
A. photosystem 1
Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left.
A: eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body B: after food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system C: fuel molecules are broken down further in glycosis and the citric acid cycle (also called the krebs cycle)
Video Tutor Session Quiz: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
A:Mitosis goes on continuously in most parts of the body, whereas meiosis takes place only in the gonads. B:Meiosis I is the only time that chromosomes line up by homologous pairs. Meiosis 1 only C:The centromere is the point of attachment between two duplicated chromosomes. D:If the hypothetical organism has 5 chromosomes in one of its gametes, then it must have 10 chromosomes in a body cell. E:We can see that the chromosomes are duplicated and lined up by homologous pair. That only happens at the start of meiosis I.
Atrazine is a widely used herbicide that binds to a protein in photosystem II, ultimately causing a breakdown in electron transport. Atrazine would first inhibit the production of
ATP
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?
ATP
structure A is
ATP Synthesis
What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
During chemiosmosis,
ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.
Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?
Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate and this compound is restored at the end of the cycle.
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
An electron transport chain
Cells A and B are the same size and shape, but cell A is metabolically quiet and cell B is actively consuming oxygen. Oxygen will diffuse more quickly into cell _____ because _____.
B ... the diffusion gradient there is steeper
Which of these gametes contains one or more recombinant chromosomes?
B and C
_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.
B. electron transport chain
Which of these cells is (are) haploid?
C and D
Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+.
C.photosystem 1
In _____ plants, the first product of carbon fixation is the 3-carbon compound 3-PGA formed in the Calvin Cycle.
C3
In _____ plants, CO2 is first fixed into a four-carbon compound, which moves into bundle-sheath cells and releases CO2 to the Calvin cycle.
C4
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
In _____ plants, stomata are open at night, and CO2 is first fixed into a four-carbon compound, which releases CO2 to the Calvin cycle during the day.
CAM
What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Which figure depicts an animal cell placed in a solution hypotonic to the cell? (see figure)
Cell A
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
Cytoplasm
Identify a thylakoid
D
The first step of bacterial replication is _____.
DNA replication
Which of the following is in charge of writing the dietary guidelines in the United States?
Department of Agriculture
identify the stroma
E
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
E, the stroma
Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?
E. ATP synthase
Which statement regarding the light reactions is true?
Electrons are supplied to chlorophyll P680 as it reduces the primary electron acceptor.
Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain?
Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.
Which of the following best describes the transfer of energy and matter in photosynthesis?
Energy in sunlight is transformed into chemical energy when electrons move to a more excited state.
When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it uses the energy released from a(n) ________ reaction to drive a(n) ________ reaction.
Exergonic, Endergonic
Why are individuals with an extra chromosome 21, which causes Down syndrome, more numerous than individuals with an extra chromosome 3 or chromosome 16?
Extra copies of the other somatic chromosomes are probably fatal.
Which of the following will have authorization to decide if and when CAR can be used?
Food and Drug Administration
You are the CEO of pharmaceutical company Merck. Your company has a new cancer drug it wishes to introduce to the market. Who do you need approval from?
Food and Drug Administration
Consider the cell cycle shown below. Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in the __________ phase of the cell cycle.
G1
When examining cells in the laboratory, you notice that a particular cell has half as much DNA as the surrounding cells. This observation can be explained if this cell's cell cycle halted at checkpoint _____.
G1
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?
Glucose
What process occurs in Box A?
Glycosis
In photophosphorylation, energy from electron flow is used to transport ________ from the ________ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of ________.
H+; stroma; H+
The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II are replaced by electrons from
H2O
What provides electrons for the light reactions?
H2O
In some plants such as mosses and ferns, there is a multicellular stage in the life cycle that is haploid and a different stage that is diploid. What can you conclude from this?
Haploid cells must undergo mitosis to produce a multicellular haploid stage.
Which of the following statements concerning the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?
In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, whereas in respiration, sugar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide.
How do the mitochondria of brown fat cells differ from those of other cells?
Ion channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane prevent the formation of a H+ gradient.
Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight?
Large, broad leaves
Which of these is hydrophobic like the interior of the plasma membrane?
Lipid soluble molecule
Which of the following statements regarding membrane protein function is false?
Membrane proteins produce phospholipids.
________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis.
Mesophyll
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
Mitochondrion
What organelle is indicated by the letter C?
Mitochondrion
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.
NADPH
What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.
loss of electrons; gain of electrons
When such plants close their stomata on hot, dry days to conserve water, ___ builds up in the leaf and is added to RuBP in place of CO2. A two-carbon product of this reaction is broken down to CO2, consuming ATP and generating no sugar.
O2
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.
The process of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is
Phagocytosis
Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are
Photoautotroughs
Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.
Photosynthesis
Which of the following statements regarding prokaryotes is false?
Prokaryotic chromosomes are more complex than those of eukaryotes.
Most of a cell's enzymes are
Proteins
Overall, membranes seem to have a great deal in common, but on closer inspection it is revealed that membranes of different cells have unique properties. What is the primary component of membranes that gives membranes cell-specific properties?
Proteins
Complete the flow chart by selecting the hypothesis and predictions that follow from the question you're trying to answer. Not all labels will be used.
Question - How can CO2 levels Hyp 1 - CO2 levels affect ragweed pollen production Prediction - Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen Hyp 2 - CO2 levels affect the concentration of protein allergens in ragweed pollen Prediction - Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
RuBP
Did doctors ask Henrietta Lacks' permission to take her cells, and was she paid for them?
She was never told that her cells were being taken, and neither she nor her family has been compensated.
Which of the following is an example of industry-funded research?
Shell Oil funding a study on climate change.
Marathon runners are long-distance runners (marathons are races that are 26.2 miles long). Studies have shown that the muscles of marathon runners contain an abundance of slow-twitch muscle cells. Which of the following statements about these fibers is true?
Slow-twitch fibers have lots of mitochondria to make ATP aerobically.
What is the function of structure E
Stabilization of the phospholipid Cholesterol helps to stabilize the structure of the plasma membrane.
The success of cell therapy to treat cancer relies on which of the following?
T-Cells
What is the affiliation of the writer?
The author is a medical doctor who serves leadership roles for cancer research and prevention organizations.
Which statements about the fluid mosaic structure of a membrane are correct? Select the three correct statements.
The diverse proteins found in and attached to membranes perform many important functions. The framework of a membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids with their hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment inside and outside of the cell and their hydrophobic tails clustered in the center. Because membranes are fluid, membrane proteins and phospholipids can drift about in the membrane.
What is the purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the membrane of a cell?
The electron acceptors can transport H+ across the membrane, which is otherwise impermeable to H+.
What happens to the chemical energy that is extracted from molecules by cellular activities but that is not used for cellular work?
The energy contributes to the entropy of the system.
Bats contain brown fat between their shoulder blades. How could this brown fat be an adaptation to torpor?
The mitochondria in brown fat can produce heat without making ATP.
What do you find in the References list at the bottom of the page?
The references are all from primary sources.
If CAR is approved, which of the following will be true?
The treatment will be tailor-made for each patient.
What property of Henrietta Lacks' cells was most unusual when they were grown in the laboratory?
They continue to divide and multiply after decades of culture.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
Which statement describes glycolysis?
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
Which of the following is true?
Using more than one immunotherapy drug typically increases survival length.
chemical cycling system What process occurs in structure H?
photosynthesis
Is the information provided by these sites consistent with what you found on the Skin Cancer Foundation web site?
Yes, other sites corroborate the information on the Skin Cancer Foundation site.
Drag the labels onto the grid to indicate the phases of mitosis and meiosis. Use only pink labels for pink targets.
a - mitosis b-prophase c-metaphase d-anaphase,telophase,cytokinesis e-meiosis f-propase i g-metaphase i h-anaphase i, telophase i, cytokinesis i - meiosis ii
Your uncle was a physician throughout the 1970s. Based on this flawed research, which of the following was he most likely to recommend to his patients to reduce their risk of heart disease?
a diet low in fat
The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?
a hypertonic sucrose solution
In this diagram of the plasma membranes of two adjoining cells, identify the protein indicated by the white arrow, including its function.
a receptor protein that binds with a signaling molecule and relays the message into the cell by activating other molecules inside the cell
What type of organism was used in Calvin's experiments?
algae
Can you label some components associated with the plasma membrane and identify the functions of membrane proteins?
a. phospholipid bilayer b. fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) c. enzymatic activity d. microfilaments of cytoskeleton e. attachment to ECM and cytoskeleton f. signal transduction g. transport h. intercellular junctions i. cell-cell recognition
According to the graph, at what maternal age is the incidence of Down syndrome equal to five times the incidence at age 40?
about 46 or 47
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
Which of the following processes can move a solute against its concentration gradient?
active transport
The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of
active transport. The sodium-potassium pump moves ions across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradients. This requires energy and is an example of active transport.
Utah's Great Salt Lake has an average salinity seven times higher than that of the oceans. Very few multicellular organisms live in this harsh environment. An example is the brine shrimp, which must devote a large portion of its metabolic energy to osmoregulation. These brine shrimp must _____.
actively pump water back into their cells to counter its loss due to osmosis
Bacteria divide by:
binary fission
A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis _____.
by the transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
What molecules belong in spaces E and F?
carbon dioxide and water
The Calvin cycle describes the conversion of ___.
carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
The radioactive isotope used in the Calvin experiments was ____.
carbon-14
The O2 required for __________ is supplied by __________.
cellular respiration ... breathing
Fluidity of an animal cell plasma membrane is enhanced by __________.
cholesterol molecules
A culture of bacteria is fed glucose containing radioactive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactive carbon would first appear in
citrate.
Your aunt is prescribed the new immunotherapy drugs for her cancer. Which of the following side effects is she most likely to experience?
colitis
Azidothymidine (AZT) is an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV. It shares a structural similarity to a nucleotide. What might be the mode of action for this drug?
competitive inhibition
Living systems
decrease their entropy while increasing the entropy of the universe.
When animal cells are grown in a petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they have formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish. This arrest of division is an example of
density-dependent inhibition
A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of
facilitated diffusion. In facilitated diffusion, molecules use a transport protein to move across the plasma membrane. There is a net movement of molecules down the concentration gradient -- that is, there is a net movement of molecules from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.
Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are
facultative anaerobes.
Wood frogs freeze solid during the winter and then thaw in the spring. As the freezing progresses, blood circulation stops. How would you expect cells not being served by the circulatory system to produce ATP during this time, and what by-product would you expect to build up in the cells?
fermentation and lactate
Consider the photograph shown below. You can determine this is a plant cell rather than an animal cell because it has __________.
formed a cell plate
What is the typical result when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis?
four haploid cells
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces
four haploid cells.
Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.
glucose and enzymes
What molecules belong in space A and B?
glucose and oxygen
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
glycolysis
During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Identify Structure A.
glycoprotein. Structure A is composed of both a carbohydrate and a protein.
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycosis
Solar radiation warms the surface of the planet and then is radiated back in the form of __________.
heat
In the process of osmosis, water displays a net movement from an area of __________ water concentration to an area of __________ water concentration.
higher ... lower
In anaphase I, __________.
homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles
During anaphase I, __________.
homologous chromosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles
During prophase I of meiosis,
homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs
This cell is in a(n) _____ solution.
hypertonic There is a greater concentration of solute outside the cell.
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because it _____.
hypertonic solution ... lost water A cell will lose water when placed in a hypertonic solution.
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____.
hypotonic ... swelled A cell will gain water when placed in a hypotonic solution.
Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.
in the cytoplasm
New drugs are being developed to lower levels of circulating cholesterol. A successful drug would be one that _____.
increases the rate of LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?
independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis crossing over random fertilization
A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during
interphase.
an enzyme
is an organic catalyst
As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme
is unchanged
Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that
kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules.
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, whereas _____ electrons.
loses ... oxygen gains
primary, cellular respiration serves to
make ATP to power the cell's activities
Photorespiration
may be an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low.
Gametes are produced by _____.
meiosis
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles?
metaphase
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the
mitochondrial matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.
In active transport,
molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient.
If scientists studying cancer could understand how to promote cell division in cells that do not ordinarily divide, this might help people who had injuries involving
muscle or nerve cells.
Bacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called
obligate anaerobes.
What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?
osmosis
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is
oxygen
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
oxygen
What molecule is indicated by the letter D?
oxygen
Facilitated diffusion is a type of _____.
passive transport
Identify Structure D.
phospholipid bilayer of membrane Phospholipids can be recognized by the presence of a head and two tails.
A packet of light energy is called a
photon
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.
photorespiration
The apparently wasteful process described above is called _____ .
photorespiration
Which of the following processes is classified as a metabolic pathway?
protein synthesis
Immunotherapy works by blocking actions of which of the following?
proteins
most enzymes are
proteins
The exchange of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes is called _____.
reciprocal translocation
_____ has a longer wavelength than _____.
red...green
In eukaryotes, most of the high-energy electrons released from glucose by cellular respiration __________.
reduce NAD+ to NADH, which then delivers them to the electron transport chain
enzymes work by
reducing activation energy
The light reactions of photosynthesis involve __________.
reduction of NADP+
In all three types of plants, the enzyme _____ brings CO2 into the Calvin Cycle.
rubisco
Which characteristic promoted the utilization of lipids as the first cell membrane?
self-assembly into a simple membrane
Paper chromatography is used to
seperate components in a material of interest
Which of these statements is TRUE with regard to this animation?
sodium and potassium ions are transported against their concentration gradients
Structure A is a
solute
Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?
stomata
In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the
stroma
The photosynthetic event known as the Calvin cycle occurs in the __________.
stroma
All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane that is similar in ________ and ________.
structure; function
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
substrate
In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
When cells were first taken from Henrietta Lacks, she was _____.
suffering from cervical cancer
Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATPmolecules are produced during _____.
the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport
The active site of an enzyme is
the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate.
You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. For this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters the target cells?
the similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules that are transported into the target cells
When chloroplast pigments absorb light, _____.
their electrons become excited
NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH 2 molecule.
three....two
Water crosses the plasma membrane
through facilitated diffusion or diffusion. Water can cross the plasma membrane through the process of facilitated diffusion. However, water molecules can also cross the lipid bilayer directly.
The light reactions occur in the ________, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________.
thylakoid membranes; stroma
The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
thylakoids. stroma
What seems to be the main purpose of the article?
to summarize the data demonstrating the carcinogenic effects of UV radiation from indoor tanning
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.
transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
Structure A in the figure is an
transport protein
structure B is a
transport protein
In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.
transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.
True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata.
true
A gram of fat oxidized by cellular respiration produces approximately __________ as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate.
twice
At the end of telophase I of meiosis, as cytokinesis occurs, there are __________.
two haploid cells
What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?
two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules
Homologous chromosomes possess the same genes arranged in the same order but may possess different __________ of some of these genes.
versions
The source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis has been identified through experiments using radioactive tracers. Follow the equation below and determine where oxygen comes from.
water
Where do the electrons needed by photosystem II originate?
water
If you shut off the system and pressure was no longer applied to tank A, you would expect the
water to reverse net flow from tank B to tank A.