Biology Chapters 1 & 2
neutron
no charge
Describe the difference(s) between correlation and causation.
- Correlation = association, but doesn't = causation (when two variables are related to each other in a predictable manner) - Causation is "a" causes "b"
control group
- Group that doesn't receive the variable being tested - No intervention - Received placebo effect
experimental group
- Group that receives the variable being tested in an experiment - Experiences intervention
Atomic number
- How elements are organized - # of charged protons
Proteins
- Made of repeating amino acids - Speeds up reactions - Moves things in/out of cell
Nucleic Acids
- Made up of repeating nucleotides - 2 types: RNA & DNA
Lipids (Fats)
- Not made of repeating subunits - Fats store energy (crucial for life) and make cell membranes - Repel water
placebo
"Sugar Pill" (no actual effect)
Anecdotal vs. scientific evidence
- Anecdotal: heavily personal - Scientific Evidence: based on findings through observation/experiment - ^Hypothesis that are testable and falsifiable are examined
What is an element?
- Building blocks of life - Matter made elements - Cannot be chemically broken down into anything smaller - Organized by their atomic # - Ex: gold, copper, zinc, diamonds, iron, lead, carbon, etc.
What is an experiment?
- Carefully designed test - Results of an experiment - Support of rude out hypothesis
Nucleus
- Center of cell - A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Describe the difference between organic and inorganic molecules and be able to give examples.
- Organic: Glucose (C6H12O6) -- have carbon -- based backbones & at the least one C-C or C-H bond. - Inorganic: Carbon atoms NOT covalently bound to other carbon or hydrogen atoms! No sharing electrons. Attracted by opposite charge (Ex: Sodium Chloride Na+ Cl-)
State the five steps of the scientific process
- Question to investigate (collect data and make observations) - Make predictions - Gather data - Analyze data - Draw conclusions
Covalent Bonds
- Sharing of electrons between two atoms (VERY STRONG!) - Ex: sharing a blanket = sharing electrons
Atoms
- Smallest unit of element that retains the property of the element - Made up of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons, and nucleus)
Molecule
- Something made of 2 or more atoms - Chains of atoms linked by covalent bonds - Carbon can form multiple covalent bonds (4) - Atoms share electrons
Carbohydrates
- Sugars bonded - Made up of monosaccharides (backbone of carbon)
statistical significance
- The claim that a result from data generated by testing or experimentation is not likely to occur randomly/by chance, but is instead likely to be attributable to a specific cause. - Larger sample size = more statistically significant
Define and explain the relevance of sample size in experimentation
- The number of participants or observations included in a study. - Influences: precision of our estimate and power of the study to draw conclusions
Be able to name each of the 4 molecules of life, and their sub-unit(s). ALL ORGANIC C-C BACKBONE 1 BOND!
1. Proteins 2. Lipids (Fats) 3. Carbohydrates 4. Nucleic Acids
State the five functional traits of life. Why is it hard to define life by these traits?
1. Reproduction 2. Growth 3. Sense and respond to stimuli 4. Homeostasis (steady state maintained by body-- ex: blood sugar levels, goosebumps, shivering, etc.) 5. Obtain energy (MOST IMPORTANT-- can't be done w/o food!)
ionic bond
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Is statistically significant results from a scientific study is indicate of:
A non-random result
electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Q: What % of chemical reactions take place in water?
ALL OF THEM!!!
A scientific paper has demonstrated that a correlation exist between the occurrence of breast cancer and alcohol consumption in Japanese woman. A journalist read this paper and write an article on alcohol consumption and breast cancer. Termaine true to the original scientific paper, the journalist should stay at the correlation exist between:
Alcohol consumption and breast cancer and Japanese woman
Using at the illustration, what trend in the incidence of brain cancer diagnosis would of been expected in 2016 if cell phone use resulted in cancer?
An increase in the incidence of brain cancer
What do scientists do prior to forming a hypothesis?
Analyze the data
What is a bond?
Attraction between atoms
A consistent relationship between two variables is a:
Coorelation
In an epidemiological study with human subjects, the relationship between the independent and dependent variable always suggest that:
Correlation does not always equal causation
The headline "cell phone cancer link found in gov. study" published in the Wall Street Journal, is an example of:
Hyped language
scientific theory
Hypothesis that has never been disproved. An explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that has been repeatedly tested and verified in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results.
The study conducted by scientists at the national toxicology program tested the hypothesis that:
Exposure to cell phone radiation increases the incidence of cancer
What does it mean when an experimental result is said to be statistically significant?
Mathematical test demonstrate that the result is unlikely to have occurred on its own
peer reviewed publication
Publication with experts/scientists reviewing your work/experiment
Hypothesis that have been confirmed by numerous repeated experiments eventually become:
Scientific theories
Define "science" as described in Biology 104
Seek answers, using observation and experiments to draw evidence based on conclusions, a way of knowing.
State the two facets of a scientific hypothesis
Testable Falseable
epidemiology
The study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors.
T or F: in epidemiological studies, a correlation does not equal causation.
True
Q: What is a cell?
Water filled sac (has cell membrane around it)
independent variable
What we measure/study
dependent variable
What we study/manipulated
What is the periodic table?
an arrangement of elements in columns, based on a set of properties that repeat from row to row
What are ions?
charged particles
The group in an experimental intervention or manipulation is known as the _____ group
control
Protons
positively charged subatomic particles
Q: Which macromolecule is made of amino acids?
proteins
