Biology Chapters 7-10 Exam

Which statement about the fluid mosaic structure of a membrane are correct? (3 answers)

- The Diverse proteins found in and attached to membranes perform many important functions. -The framework of a membrane is in bilayer of phospholipids with their hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment inside and outside of the cell and their hydrophobic tales cluster in the center. - because membranes are fluid, membrane proteins and phospholipids can drift about in the membrane

Based on the graph, what is the optimal pH of trypsin activity?

8

Approximately how much more free energy is supplied to the electron transport chain by NADH than by FADH2?

8 kcal/mol

Chlorophyll can be found in _____.

A and C

Based on the graph what is the optimal pH of pepsin activity?

2

For every molecule of O2 that is released by photosystem II, ___ H2O molecules are needed, which together pass ___ electrons to the PS II reaction-center complex.

2, 4

A mutation that disrupts cyclic electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis will specifically reduce the production of which of the following molecules?

ATP

In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?

ATP

What are the products of linear electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH

The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with

ATP and NADPH.

Suppose that a cell's demand for ATP suddenly exceeds its supply of ATP from cellular respiration. Which statement correctly describes how this increased demand would lead to an increased rate of ATP production?

ATP levels would fall at first, decreasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production.

Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5‎ . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8‎ . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions?

ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.)

Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.

What is the basic role of CO2 in photosynthesis?

CO2 is fixed or incorporated into organic molecules.

Under anaerobic conditions (a lack of oxygen), the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA stops. Which of these statements is the correct explanation for this observation?

In the absence of oxygen, electron transport stops. NADH is no longer converted to NAD+, which is needed for the first three stages of cellular respiration.

Consider a situation in which the enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and pH, and has been saturated with substrate. What is your best option for increasing the rate of the reaction?

Increase the enzyme concentration.

Which of the following observations would be the best indicator that an organism lacks photosystem II?

It does not produce O2 in the light.

What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?

It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.

In the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon atom is released as CO2. However, the oxidation of the remaining two carbon atoms—in acetate—to CO2 requires a complex, eight-step pathway—the citric acid cycle. Consider four possible explanations for why the last two carbons in acetate are converted to CO2 in a complex cyclic pathway rather than through a simple, linear reaction. Use your knowledge of the first three stages of cellular respiration to determine which explanation is correct.

It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA.

A flask containing photosynthetic green algae and a control flask containing only water are exposed to a cycle of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. Which of the following statements best describes how the relative dissolved oxygen concentration in the flask with algae will compare to the control flask?

It will be lower in the control in the light, but higher in the control in the dark.

Drag the terms on the left the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentence. Terms maybe use more than once.

During osmosis, water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane from the region of higher free water concentration and a lower solute concentration to the side with lower Freewater concentration and higher solute concentration.

Why is it correct to say that the linear electron flow of the light reactions directly captures energy in NADPH but only indirectly captures energy in ATP?

Electrons are directly transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH, but electron flow is used to generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Electrons are not directly transferred to ATP.

"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on whether they describe exocytosis, endocytosis, or both. A: secretes large molecules out of the cell B: requires fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane C: increases the surface area of the plasma membrane D: forms vesicles from inward folding of the plasma membrane E: decreases the surface of area of the plasma membrane F: Requires cellular energy G: transported substances never physically cross the membrane

Exocytosis: A, B, C Endocytosis: D, E Both: F, G

Select the most accurate statement describing the basic function of the light reactions of photosynthesis.

The basic function of the light reactions of photosynthesis is the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy.

You obtain the pigments called carotenoids in your diet when you eat carrots. Why do carotenoids appear yellow and orange?

They absorb blue/green light and reflect yellow and red wavelengths of light.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon?

They are inversely related.

Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. Which of the following statements best describes a related function they serve in plants?

They protect against oxidative damage from excessive light energy.

Which of the following statements describes a primary benefit of having photosystem reaction centers composed of several structurally different pigments?

This arrangement enables the plant to absorb light energy of a variety of wavelengths.

Rank these by reaction rate, as measured by the rate of production formation per unit time, from lowest reaction rate to highest reaction rate.

Uncatalyzed reaction, reaction catalyzed by enzyme A, reaction catalyzed by enzyme B

Using the figure to guide your response, select the best exclamation for why natural selection might have resulted in the optimal pH for pepsin.

Natural selection favors enzymatic activity of pepsin at a pH of 2.0 because 2.0 is the pH inside the stomach.

Can you tell from these absorption spectra whether red light is effective in driving photosynthesis?

One cannot tell from this graph, but because chlorophyll a does absorb red light, we can predict that it would be effective in driving photosynthesis.

Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on whether they are true only for channels, true only for carrier proteins, or true for both channels and carriers. A: provide a continuous path across a membrane B: allow water molecules and small ions to flow quickly across the membrane C: transport primarily small polar organic molecules D: undergo a change in shape to transport solutes across the membrane E: are integral membrane proteins F: transport solutes down a concentration or electrochemical gradient G: provide a hydrophilic path across the membrane

Only Channels: A, B Only Carriers: C, D Both: E, F, G,

Part complete Which of the following statements correctly describes a distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Only autotrophs can produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic materials.

Through the process of photosynthesis, plants are extremely efficient in turning solar energy into energy they can use. Why is attempting to match nature's efficiency in harvesting and storing solar energy beneficial to us?

Our current energy sources are limited. Using the sun, a renewable energy source, instead of fossil fuels is important both environmentally and economically.

And the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle)' acetyl CoA is completely oxidized. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and the net outputs of the citric acid cycle.

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Cell process vocabulary

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Complete this vocabulary exercise relating to the three types of enzyme inhibitors.

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Factors that affect enzymes. Match the words in the left-hand column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right hand column.

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From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and the net outputs of glycolysis.

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In acetyl the CoA formation, the carbon containing compound from glycolysis is oxidize to produce acetyl CoA. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those are the the net inputs and outputs of acetyl CoA formation.

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In the last stage of Cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, all of the reduced electron carriers produced in the previous stages are oxidized by oxygen via the electron transport chain. The energy from this oxidation is stored in the form that is used by most other energy requiring reactions and self. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose that are the net inputs and outputs is oxidative phosphorylation.

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In the sequential reactions of acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle, pyruvate (the output from glycolysis) is completely oxidized, and the electrons produced from this oxidation are passed on to two types of electron acceptors. Drag the labels on the left to show the net redox reaction in acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle. Note that two types of electron carriers are involved.

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_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.

b

A greenhouse becomes excessively hot from too much sunlight. One solution is to shade the plants with colored translucent plastic sheets, the color of which allows passage of only that wavelength of light. Which of the following colors would reduce the overall light energy without reducing plant growth?

blue

Energized electrons from ____ are used to reduce NADP+.

c

The photosynthetic membranes are found in the __________ in plant cells.

chloroplast

Researchers discovered that carbon fixation in spinach leaves utilizes 45,000 molecules of ATP and 30,000 molecules of NADPH in an hour. The deficit in ATP required for carbon fixation is most directly made up for by which of the following processes?

cyclic electron flow

In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.

cytoplasm

Identify a thylakoid.

d

A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously.

exergonic

The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction.

exergonic

The following reaction A --> B + C + heat is a(n) _____ reaction.

exergonic

Select the INCORRECT association.

exergonic ... uphill

The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.

false

In this reaction ____ (Reactants AB+CD --> AC+BD, exergonic reaction)

heat has been released to the environment

What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?

hydrolysis

Which process is most directly driven by light energy?

transfer of energy from pigment molecule to pigment molecule

In the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between __________.

ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation

P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. The strong oxidizing potential of P680+ is essential for its function because it ________.

obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in a water molecule

Which of the following processes is most directly driven by light energy?

oxidation of chlorophyll molecules

The mechanism of photophosphorylation is most similar to which of the following processes?

oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to

oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. H2O is __________ during the light reactions and CO2 is __________ during the Calvin cycle.

oxidized, reduced

Which of the following is(are) produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis?

oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

A plant with unique photosynthetic pigments has leaves that appear reddish yellow. Which of the following wavelengths of visible light are most effectively absorbed by this pigment?

violet and blue

In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.

photorespiration

ATP is synthesized in plant cells by chemiosmosis in which of the following processes?

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.

potential

In which of the following organisms did the process of photosynthesis most likely originate?

prokaryotes

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

water ... NADPH

Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?

pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Which of the following processes is directly associated with photosystem I?

receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain

Look at the graph of reaction rate versus substrate concentration for an enzyme. In which region does the reaction rate remain constant?

region C

Refer again to the graph. In which region is the enzyme saturated with substrate?

region C

Drag each item into the appropriate bin depending on whether the process is associated with Photosystem II (PS II) only, Photosystem I (PS I) only, or both PS II and PS I.

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Drag each item to the appropriate bin. If the item is not an input to or an output from the Calvin cycle, drag it to the "not input or output" bin.

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Drag each item to the appropriate bin. If the item is not an input to or an output from the light reactions, drag it to the "not input or output" bin.

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Drag the labels from the left to their correct locations in the concept map on the right. Not all labels will be used.

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Drag the labels on the left onto the diagram to identify the compounds that couple each stage. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

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Drag the labels onto the flowchart to show the relationship between the production of photons by the sun (Engelmann's light source) and the distribution of bacteria that Engelmann observed under his microscope.

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Drag the labels to the appropriate locations on the diagram of the thylakoid membrane.

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Drag the labels to the appropriate targets to indicate the numbers of molecules of ATP/ADP, NADPH/NADP+, and Pi (inorganic phosphate groups) that are input to or output from the Calvin cycle.

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Drag the terms to the appropriate blanks to complete the following sentences summarizing the redox reactions of photosynthesis. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

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During acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle, all of the carbon atoms that enter cellular respiration in the glucose molecule are released in the form of CO2. Use this diagram to track the carbon-containing compounds that play a role in these two stages. Drag the labels from the left (which represent numbers of carbon atoms) onto the diagram to identify the number of carbon atoms in each intermediate in acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle. Labels may be used more than once.

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For each intermediate compound in the Calvin cycle, identify the number of molecules of that intermediate and the total number of carbon atoms contained in those molecules.

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For each step of photosynthetic electron flow from water to NADP+, drag the appropriate label to indicate whether or not that step requires an input of energy.

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Identify the membranes or compartments of the chloroplast by dragging the blue labels to the blue targets. Then, identify where the light reactions and Calvin cycle occur by dragging the pink labels to the pink targets.

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Match each component of the electron transport chain with its description. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

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Sort each item based on whether it relates to photosynthesis in a leaf cell, artificial photosynthesis in a photovoltaic cell, or both.

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Sort the labels into the correct bin according to the effect that gramicidin would have on each process.

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The ATP that is generated in glycolysis is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, a very different mechanism than the one used to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Phosphorylation reactions involve the addition of a phosphate group to another molecule. Sort the statements into the appropriate bin depending on whether or not they correctly describe some aspect of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis.

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The ultimate source of energy to support most life on Earth is __________.

sunlight

Which of the following processes would be most directly affected if a thylakoid membrane is punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma?

synthesis of ATP

Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean?

they use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials

If various plant cell membranes are isolated and incubated with a proton gradient across the isolated membrane in the presence of ADP and Pi, which of the following samples are most likely to be able to synthesize ATP?

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

In chloroplasts, the photosynthetic electron transport chain acidifies which of the following cellular compartments?

thylakoid space

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?

to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.

transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs

Which of the following were system limitations and next steps identified in this article? Select all that apply.

-Maximizing the thickness of the catalyst layer in the artificial cell without impeding light availability -Increasing the efficiency of fuel production by the artificial process -Designing a strategy to scale the artificial model up to large-scale production -Collecting and storing the energy produced by the artificial process -Decreasing the costs of materials used in the artificial process

Which of the following statements correctly describe the driving forces for diffusion of NA+ and K+ ions to the respective channels?

-The diffusion of any plus ions into the cell is facilitated by the NA+ concentration gradient across the plasma membrane -The diffusion of K+ ions out of the cell is imputed by the electrical great across a plasma membrane -The electrochemical gradient is larger for NA+ then for K+

What assumptions did Engelmann make in order to conclude that red and violet-blue light were more effective than green light in driving photosynthesis? Select the two that apply.

-The number of bacteria clustered at each wavelength (color) was approximately proportional to the amount of oxygen being produced by that portion of the alga -The distribution of chloroplasts within each algal cell was approximately the same.

Which of the following statements about the conditions shown in the U-shaped tube are true?

-There is less free water in the right arm of the tube than in the left arm of the tube. -Water is tightly clustered around the hydrophilic solute molecules on both sides of the membrane.

How many electrons at a time are passed between the pigment molecules in the light-harvesting complexes?

0

Drag the labels onto the table to indicate which each statement is true. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. Orange dye moves independently independently of purple dye. ALWAYS 2. Concentration gradients exist that drive diffusion of both dyes. ONLY BEFORE EQUILIBRIUM 3. There is a net movement of orange dye from side a to side B. ONLY BEFORE EQUILIBRIUM 4. Purple dye moves only from side b to side a. NEVER 5. There is no net movement of purple dye. ONLY AT EQUILIBRIUM

Active transport by the sodium-potassium pump follows this cycle

1. Three Na+ ions from the cytosol bind to the pump. 2. The binding of Na+ stimulates the phosphorylation of the pump protein by ATP. 3. Phosphorylation causes a conformational change in the pump that moves the three Na+ ions against their concentration gradient and releases them outside the cell. 4. The release of the Na+ ions permits two K+ ions from outside the cell to bind to the pump, and the phosphate group is released. 5. Release of the phosphate group causes another conformational change in the pump. 6. The conformational change in the pump moves the two K+ ions against their concentration gradient and releases them into the cytosol

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

What makes up an ATP?

3 Phosphate groups attached to a Ribose attached to Adenine

Approximately what wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll a, the pigment that participates directly in the light reactions?

435 nm

Which wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll b?

455 nm

Which of the following statements about equilibrium of chemical reactions is correct?

A reaction that is at equilibrium is not capable of doing any work.

In this diagram of the plasma membranes of two adjoining cells, identify the protein indicated by the white arrow, including its function.

A receptor proteins that binds with a signaling molecule and replace the message into the cell by activating other molecules inside the cell.

You have an enzymatic reaction proceeding at the optimum pH and optimum temperature. You add a competitive inhibitor to the reaction and notice that the reaction slows down. What can you do to speed the reaction up again?

Add more substrate; it will outcompete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs produce their organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules, whereas heterotrophs obtain their organic molecules from compounds produced by other organisms.

Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?

Cellular respiration

Of the following lists of electron transport compounds, which one lists them in order from the one containing electrons with the highest free energy to the one containing electrons with the lowest free energy? Note that not all electron transport compounds in the electron transport chain are listed.

FADH2 -- FMN of Complex I -- Fe-S of Complex II -- Q -- Fe-S of Complex III -- Cyt c -- Cyt a of Complex IV -- O2

If a mitochondrion ran out of molecular oxygen (O2), predict which of the following situations would occur in its electron transport chain.

FMN prosthetic groups would remain reduced and NADH would have nowhere to donate electrons.

The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.

False

Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2?

Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.

Cellular locations of the four stages of cellular respiration Each of the four stages of cellular respiration occurs in a specific location inside or outside the mitochondria. These locations permit precise regulation and partitioning of cellular resources to optimize the utilization of cellular energy.

Glycolysis - Cytosol Acetyl CoA - Mitochondrial matrix Citric acid cycle - Mitochondrial matrix Oxidative phosphorylation - inner mitochondrial membrane

Which of the following is the correct order of electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

H2O → P680 chlorophyll a pair → PS II primary electron acceptor → Pq → cytochrome complex → Pc → P700 chlorophyll a pair → PS I primary electron acceptor → Fd → NADPH

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

H2OH2O →→ NADPHNADPH →→ Calvin cycle

Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?

Heat, carbon dioxide, and water

What is the correct order of electron transport compounds from best electron donor to best electron acceptor?

NADH -- Fe-S of Complex I -- Q -- Fe-S of Complex III -- Cyt c-- Cyt a of Complex IV -- O2

If the Calvin cycle slows down, what will happen to the rate of O2 production in PS II, and why?

O2 production will slow down because less NADP+ will be regenerated in the Calvin cycle

Which of the following molecules can cross the lipid bilayer of a membrane directly, without a transport protein or other mechanism? Select all that apply.

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, lipids

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true in the case of the feedback-regulated enzymatic pathway shown?

P4 binds E1 and deactivates it.

Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll?

Photophosphorylation

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; cellular respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules.

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis?

Proton gradient

Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel?

Protons

_____ has a longer wavelength than _____.

Red ... green

The glucose sodium cotransporter. Complete the diagram below.

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Then glycolysis, as an all the stages of cellular respiration, the transfers of electrons from electron donors to electron except or's plays a critical role in the overall conversion of energy and foods to energy in ATP. These reactions valving electron transfers are known as oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. Drag the words on the left to the probably blanks on the right to complete the sentence.

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Which of the following statements best describes the conditions under which the Calvin cycle and cellular respiration occur in plants?

The Calvin cycle and cellular respiration both occur in the dark and the light.

When a pigment molecule in a light-harvesting complex absorbs a photon of light, what happens to its excited-state electron?

The electron falls back to its ground state, while passing its excited-state energy to an electron in a nearby pigment molecule.

Which of the following statements about the combustion of glucose with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O) is correct?

The entropy of the products is greater than the entropy of the reactants.

You have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. At this point, the reaction has stopped completely. What can you do to regain the activity of the enzyme?

The enzyme is inactive at this point. New enzyme must be added to regain enzyme activity.

If the pores in the selectively permeable membrane become larger, but still not large enough to let the sugar pass through, what would happen during osmosis in the U-shaped to compare to what is shown in the figure?

The final water levels would be the same as shown in the figure, but the solutions would reach in your equal concentrations faster.

If only chlorophyll a were involved in the light reactions, would blue light (wavelength about 490 nm) be effective in driving photosynthesis?

The graph indicates that chlorophyll a absorbs very little blue light, so we can predict that blue light would not be effective.

Which of the following events are associated with chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?

The pH of the thylakoid space increases and ATP is synthesized.

Which statement correctly describes how O2 production would be affected? (Assume that the light intensity does not change.)

The rate of O2 production would decrease because the rate of ADP and NADP+ production by the Calvin cycle would decrease.

The wireless cell had a lower solar-to-fuel efficiency (SFE). According to the research, what is one factor contributing to the lower SFE?

The relatively long distance the H+ ions had to travel from the water-splitting side of the cell to the H2gas-generating side of the cell lowered the SFE.

Which claim is best supported by evidence in this study?

The results provide an initial step toward designing inexpensive direct solar-to-fuel systems as an alternative to non-renewable energy systems.

You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. For this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of a specific target cell. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters a target cell?

The similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules that are transported into the target cells.

If more sugar were added to the solution on the left side of the tube, what would happen to the water level on the right side of the tube?

The water level would go down

During strenuous exercise, anaerobic conditions can result if the cardiovascular system cannot supply oxygen fast enough to meet the demands of muscle cells. Assume that a muscle cell's demand for ATP under anaerobic conditions remains the same as it was under aerobic conditions. What would happen to the cell's rate of glucose utilization?

What would happen to the cell's rate of glucose utilization? Glucose utilization would increase a lot.

Why are plants classified as producers?

Why are plants classified as producers? Plants are classified as producers because they fix inorganic carbon into organic molecules.

Identify the chloroplast.

a

_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- .

a

Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?

a space station orbiting Earth

Identify the stroma.

e

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

e

Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?

e

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules of PS II, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by __________.

electrons released by splitting water

The graph illustrates a(n) _____ reaction (Reactants have less energy than products)

endergonic

The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction.

endergonic

Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?

endergonic

In a plant, which of the following reactions produces molecular oxygen (O2)?

the light reactions alone

In this reaction ____ (Reactants AB+CD --> AC+BD, exergonic reaction)

the products have less potential energy than the reactants

What is energy coupling?

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction