Biology EOC (FL) Study Set (Vaughn)
What's the scientific explanation of the origin of life on Earth?
"RNA world" preposes RNA existed by itself before DNA. From this simple RNA-based system, several steps could've led to DNA-directed protein synthesis. Microfossils of prokaryotes similar to bacteria evolved in the absence of oxygen. Photosynthetic bacteria released oxygen, killing off some early life forms. Prokaryotes evolved internal cell membranes then prokaryotes entered these early eukaryotes
What is the reduction of available energy at each level?
10%
When should environmental policy decisions be made?
After adequate monitoring of environmental parameters
How does multiple allele modes of inheritance cause observed inheritance patterns?
Alleles display a pattern of simple dominance with the two plus alleles
compound/light microscope
Allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image, used by Robert Hooke to give cells their names
How does the structure of roots relate to its function?
Anchors plants in the ground, holding soil in place and preventing erosion
How did the cell theory develop?
Anton van Leewenhock discovered cells in pond water. Matthius Schleiden concluded that all plants are made up of cells. Theodor Schwann stated that all animals are made up of cells. Rudolf Virchow concluded that new cells can be produced only from the division of existing cells.
Hoe is evolution supported by molecular biology?
At the molecular level, the universal genetic code and homologus molecules provide evidence of common descent
How is a theory developed over time?
Been thoroughly tested and supported by many lines of evidence. If new evidence is revealed, it may be revised or replaced
How dos disease affect blood flow?
Blood flow in vessels is obstructed, plaques build up in the artery walls and eventually causes the arteries to stiffen, reflecting blood flow to the heart. Blood clot that blocks a blood vessel in brain, heart struggle to push blood through vessels.
What factors affect blood flow through the cardiovascular system?
Blood pressure, blood volume, resistance, disease, and exercise
How do factors affect enzyme activity?
By working better in some temperatures, ionic conditions, and pH values
Costs and benefits of renewable resources
Can be produced or replaced by a healthy ecosystem Cheaper than nonrenewable
How does matter and energy move through the carbon cycle?
Carbon dioxide continuously exchanged between atmosphere and oceans through chemical and physical processes
How do mutations and genetic recombination increase genetic variation?
Change an organisms genotype or chromosome and increases the number of new genotypes created in each generation
How does chromatins structure relate to its function?
Complex DNA bound to proteins waiting to condense at cell division
How does the structure of fruit relate to its function physiological processes?
Contains seeds
What is the function of photosynthesis?
Convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates
What're the reasons for changing how organisms are classified?
DNA evidence proves that other organisms are more closely related than what was previously thought
How does the nucleolus' structure relate to its function?
Dense region where the ribosomes are assembled
How does sex linked inheritance cause observed inheritance patterns?
Depending on whether the gene is expressed on the X or Y chromosome determines whether it will be expressed or not
How did Darwin contribute to the theory of evolution?
Developed a scientific theory of biological evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors. Noticed that different animal species inhabited separate ecologically similar habitats. Noticed that different, yet related, animal species often occupied different habitats within a local area.
How does biotechnology impact individuals, society, and/or the environment?
Develops new crops, drugs, tests, and other products
What're the functions of the immune system?
Distinguish between self and other, inactivate/kill any foreign substance that enters the body
How does replication relate to transmission and conservation of genetic information?
Dna stores and transmits genetic information. Genes are sets of instructions encoded in the structure of DNA.
Mendel's laws of segregation
During gamete formation, alleles for each gene segregate from each other, so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene
How do the actions of humans impact environmental systems and affect sustainability?
Environments - through agriculture, development, and industry which has an impact on the natural resources Sustainability - Minimize soil erosion through careful management of both agriculture and forestry. Protect natural systems in water cycle. Automobile emission standards and clean-air regulations
Describe the cell cycle staring with the phases in Interphase
G1 Phase: Cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles. S Phase: New DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes are replicated G2 Phase: Many organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced M Phase: Produces two daughter cells
How do genetic factors, environmental factors and pathological factors affect individual and public health?
Genetic - mutated genes cause disease and spread especially if unknown Environmental - pollutants and chemicals are detrimental to societies health Pathogenic - bacteria in public placy
How are organisms classified based on an evolutionary relationship?
Group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent rather than overall similarities and differences
How is population size determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors?
Grows is birthrate is higher than the death rate. Falls if death rate is higher than the birthrate. If more organisms immigrate, population grows. If more organisms emigrate, population falls. Limiting factors keep populations between overpopulation and extinction
How is evolution supported by comparative anatomy?
Homologus structures adapted to different purposes as the results of descent with modification from a common ancestor
How does abiotic and biotic factors explain a change in carrying capacity and population size in an ecosystem?
If biotic factors cannot live in harmony with abiotic factors then an ecosystems carrying capacity and population will change
How does blood pressure affect blood flow?
If blood pressure is high, the smooth muscles in blood vessel walls are tight. If blood pressure is low then the muscles in blood vessels walls are relaxed
How is environmental health related to personal health?
If the environment's conditions are poor, peoples health will be poor
How does Malthus contribute to the theory of evolution?
If the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn't be enough living space and food for everyone
How does exercise affect blood flow?
Increases blood flow to all areas
How is evolution supported by observed evolutionary change?
It doesn't because evolution can't be observed
How does blood volume affect blood flow?
Kidneys remove more water from the blood and eliminate it in urine when blood vessel walls are constricted or conserve more water when blood vessel walls are relaxed
How does the human immune system respond to antibiotics?
Kill bacteria and some can slow down viral activity
What are the distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms.
Kingdoms: Arcaeahbacteria, Protista, Eubacteria, Fungi (heterotrophs with cell wall containing chiatlin), Plantae (autotrophs with cell wall containing cellulose), Animalia (multicellular hereotroph) Domains: Bacteria (unicellular and prokaryotic), Archaea (unicellular and prokaryotic), Eukarya (all organisms with a nucleus)
Structure and function of carbohydrates
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Used as a source of energy or for structural purposes
How does the structure of leaves relate to its function in the physiological processes?
Main photosynthetic organs. Broad, flat, surface increases the amount of sunlight plants absorb. Adjustable pores cellulose oxygen and carbon dioxide enters/exit the leaf
transmission electron microscope
Makes it possible to explore ell structures and large protein molecules. Must be cut into ultrathin slices before examination, provides flat 2D images
How is evolution supported by the fossil record?
Many recently discovered fossils form series that trace the evolution of modern species from extinct ancestors
How does matter and energy continuously move through the water cycle?
Matter continuously moves between ocean, atmosphere, and land.
centrioles
Near the nucleus, help organize cell division
Costs and benefits on nonrenewable resources
No benefits, more expensive
Positive consequences of reduced bisodiversity
None
Cell membrane and passive transport
Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, being the driving force behind the movement of many substances across the membrane. Movement of the material going across the membrane without cellular energy.
How does biogeography support evolution?
Patterns in the distribution of living and fossil species tell us how organisms today evolved from their ancestors
How does codominant inheritance cause observed inheritance patterns?
Phenotype produced by both alleles is expressed
How does Wallace contribute to the theory of evolution?
Presented his essay on evolution with some of Darwin's observations
Describe the phases of mitosis (including cytokinesis)
Prophase: Genetic material inside nucleus condenses and duplicated chromosomes become visible. Spindle forms outside the nucleus. Metaphase: Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes line up across the center. Spindle fibers connect the centromere to two poles. Anaphase: Chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of cell Telophase: Chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin Cytokinesis: Splits cell into two
How does the structure of dermal tissue relate to its function?
Protective outer layer covering of a plant
What're the products and reactants of photosynthesis?
Reactants - Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy Products - Oxygen, sugar/glucose
What are the specific immune responses?
Recognizing self cells and other cells and inactivate/kill any foreign substance or cell that enters the body
Does cellular respiration store or release energy?
Release
How does the structure of cones relate to its function?
Reproduction takes place in cones
How do cell membranes structure relate to its function?
Separates cell from the outside environment and the lipid bilayer allows water to be kept out of the cell
How is evolution supported by comparative embryology?
Similar patterns of embryological development provide further evidence that organisms have descended from a common ancestor
What're the nonspecific immune responses?
Skin, tears, other secretions, inflammatory response, interferons, and fever
Cell membranes role in active transport
Small molecules are moved across the cell membrane by transport proteins that're in the membrane. ATP pumps the molecules across. Vesicle membrane surrounds the material then fuses with the cell membrane then is forced out of the cell. Uses cellular energy
How do the lysosomes structure relate to its function?
Small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the rest if the rest of the cell and break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness
How do dominant and recessive modes of inheritance cause observed inheritance patterns?
Some alleles are dominant, some recessive. Organisms with at least one dominant allele for a trait will exhibit the dominant form. An organism with a recessive allele will exhibit that form when the dominant allele isn't present
What is the role of enzymes that lower the activation energy?
Speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells
What is the process of human development from zygote to birth?
Sperm and egg cells fuse becoming a zygote. Zygote undergoes mitosis. Six days later, blastocyst attaches to uterus. Cells begin to specialize and develop tissues. Three cell layers of embryo form along with nervous system. Specialized membranes form to protect embryo. Placenta forms. Three months most organs and tissues formed. 4-6 months tissues of the forms become completely specialized. 7-9 months organ systems mature and fetus grows in size and mass
How does the Golgi apparatus' structure relate to its function?
Stack of flattened membranes where the finishing touches are put on proteins
How does the immune system respond to vaccines?
Stimulates the immune system with an antigen. Immune system produces memory B cells and memory T cells that quicken and strengthen the bodys response to repeated infection
Does photosynthesis store or release energy?
Store
What're the potential changes in an ecosystem resulting in seasonal variations, climate change, and/or succession?
Succession - New or sterilized land, community affected without being completely destroyed Climate - changes in climate can change the habitat for organisms Seasons - hibernation, migration
How does the cell walls structure relate to its function?
Supports by allowing water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances to pass through. Provides strength needed for plants to defy gravity.
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
The products in photosynthesis are the reactants in cellular respiration. The products in cellular respiration are the reactants in photosynethesis
What is the difference between a theory and a law?
Theory is an explanation on how something happens. Laws are descriptions of observed phenomenom
How is polygenic inheritance observed in inheritance patterns?
Traits controlled by two or more genes
How is the structure of stems related to its function in the physiological processes?
Transport system that carries nutrients. Produces leaves and reproductive organs. Contains tissues that lift water from the roots up to the leaves and carry the products of photosynthesis from the leaves back down to the roots
Which way does energy transfer at trophic levels?
Up
Negative consequences of reduced biodiversity
Value to biospheres and humanity is lost
How is ATP connected with energy transfers within the cell?
When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of it by adding phosphate groups to ADP-creating ATP. ATP can release and store energy by breaking and reforming the bonds between its phosphate groups
gene flow
any movement of individuals into or out of a population can disrupt genetic equilibrium
cervix
border between vagina and uterus
brain stem
connects the brain and spinal chord
frontal lobe
evaluating consequences, making judgements, forming plans
vas deferens
extends upwards from the scrotum into the abdominal cavity and merges with urethra. Sperm is moved here from epididymis
scrotum
external sac that contains the testes
penis
outer shell, where ejaculation takes place and turns into a fountain
uterus
prepared to receive a fertilized egg, if not fertilized its discharged
ovaries
primary female reproductive organ. Contains 400,000 eggs but releases only 400
testes
primary male reproductive organs, descends from the abdominan into the scrotum
prostate gland
produces nutrient rich seminal fluid
seminal vesicle
produces nutrient rich seminal fluid
genetic drift
random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurrences that cause an allele to become more or less common in a population
medeulla oblongata
regulates the flow of info between the brain and the rest of the body
cerebellum
second largest region of the brain; info on muscle and joint position and sensory inputs sent here
epdidymis
sperm moved here from seminiferous tubules. Sperm matures and stores here before being moved into the vas deferens
vesicle
store and move materials between cell organelles and to the cells surface
urethra
tube that leaves outside of the body through the penis
occipital lobe
vision
vagina
where egg is released out of if unfertilized. If fetalized baby gets released
oviduct (fallopian tubes)
where the egg travels to get into the uterus
