Biology Exam 1 HW and Clicker Questions
Which of the examples are cellular life forms: virus, yeast, bacteria, plant, animal? a) All are cellular except viruses b) Only plants and animals are cellular c) All of these choices are correct d) All are cellular except bacteria e) All are cellular except yeast
a) All are cellular except viruses
What is the central dogma? a) DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein b) RNA is transcribed into DNA, which is translated into protein c) DNA is transcribed into protein, which is translated into RNA d) RNA is transcribed into protein, which is translated into DNA.
a) DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein
Insulin is a protein hormone that helps to control the level of glucose in the blood. It is secreted from specialized cells in the pancreas. Based on this information, which path does insulin take out of the cell? a) ER → Golgi apparatus → vesicle → exterior of cell b) ER membrane → vesicle membrane → plasma membrane → exterior of cell c) vesicle → ER → Golgi apparatus → exterior of cell d) nucleus → ER → Golgi apparatus → vesicle → exterior of cell e) ER → nucleus → cytosol → exterior of cell
a) ER → Golgi apparatus → vesicle → exterior of cell
Which of the following is not a component found in a Prokaryotic cell? a) Nucleus b) Plasma membrane c) Cytoplasm d) Ribosomes
a) Nucleus
If you placed an algal cell that had been living in a marine aquarium into a glass of pure water, what would happen? a) The cell would take up water b) Water would bind to receptors c) The cell would lose water d) There would be no movement of water
a) The cell would take up water
In response to seasonal changes in temperature, many organisms must alter the composition of their plasma membranes to maintain the proper degree of fluidity. Which changes in the fatty acids of phospholipids would be most effective in maintaining membrane fluidity in a colder environment? a) a decrease in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and a decrease in side chain saturation b) an increase in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and an increase in side chain saturation c) a decrease in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and an increase in side chain saturation d) an increase in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and a decrease in side chain saturation
a) a decrease in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and a decrease in side chain saturation
When we say that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, we mean that: a) all of these choices are correct b) a single cell can carry out all life processes c) the smallest entity that can be considered living is a cell d) life doesn't exist in the absence of cells e) all living things are made up of one or more cells
a) all of these choices are correct
What would be found in the cells of a blade of grass but not in the cells of an insect feeding on that grass? a) chloroplasts b) nuclei c) endoplasmic reticulum d) cytoskeletal elements e) mitochondria
a) chloroplasts
Enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids would be located in what part of the cell shown? a) endoplasmic reticulum b) nucleus c) lysosomes d) Golgi e) plasma membrane
a) endoplasmic reticulum
From what are polysaccharides made? a) monosaccharides b) amino acids c) lipids d) nucleotides
a) monosaccharides
Which substance could most easily cross a synthetic membrane composed of phospholipids but not proteins? a) oxygen (O2) b) sodium ions (Na+) c) glucose (C6H12O6) d) water (H2O)
a) oxygen (O2)
The oxygen and hydrogens of a water molecule contains what type of bond? a) polar covalent b) ionic c) hydrogen d) van der Waals interactions
a) polar covalent
Which level of protein structure is most immediately encoded in DNA? a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary d) quaternary
a) primary
The extracellular matrix is composed of: a) proteins and polysaccharides b) polysaccharides c) nucleic acids d) proteins e) All of these choices are correct
a) proteins and polysaccharides
Similarities between the DNA of certain bacteria and the DNA of both mitochondria and chloroplasts is evidence that these organelles originated as bacteria that were captured by another cell and, over time, evolved to their current function. a) true b) false
a) true
When observing the synthesis of a biological macromolecule, more of what should appear? a) water b) amino acids c) alcohol d) ions
a) water
Intermediate filaments: a) play an important role in maintaining cell shape b) All of these choices are correct c) have a diameter that is larger than a microfilament, but smaller than a microtubule d) undergo little change in length in comparison to microtubules and microfilaments e) play an important role in preventing skin from tearing by shear stress
b) All of these choices are correct
The extracellular matrix can influence: a) gene expression b) All of these choices are correct c) cell shape d) cell movement
b) All of these choices are correct
How do eukaryotic plant and animal cells differ from one another? a) Animal cells have a plasma membrane, and plant cells have a cell wall b) Animal cells do not have chloroplasts and cell walls, and plant cells do c) Animal cells have endoplasmic reticulum, and plant cells don't d)Animal cells have mitochondria but not chloroplasts, and plant cells have chloroplasts but not mitochondria
b) Animal cells do not have chloroplasts and cell walls, and plant cells do
Which of the following is not considered part of the endomembrane system? a) Nucleus b) Mitochondria c) Endoplasmic reticulum d) Golgi Apparatus
b) Mitochondria
Identify the incorrect pairing a) Proton- positive charge b) Neutron- positive charge c) Electron- negative charge d) Neutron- no charge
b) Neutron- positive charge
Which molecule will diffuse most quickly across a lipid bilayer? a) H2O b) O2 c) H2PO4- d) Na+ e) glucose
b) O2
What is a hypothesis? a) the same thing as an unproven theory b) a tentative explanation that can be tested by experiments c) a verifiable observation d) an experiment that leads to a prediction e) None of the other answer options is correct.
b) a tentative explanation that can be tested by experiments
A researcher has measured the pH of a solution and found that the pH is 10. This solution is ______ and has more ______ compared to ______. a) neutral; hydroxide ions; protons b) basic; hydroxide ions; protons c) basic; protons; hydroxide ions d) acidic; protons; hydroxide ions e) acidic; hydroxide ions; protons
b) basic; hydroxide ions; protons
An amphipathic molecule is one that: a) makes up a membrane b) contains both polar and nonpolar regions c) can fully dissolve in water d) has a head and tail domain
b) contains both polar and nonpolar regions
Which component of an atom has the smallest mass? a) proton b) electron c) isomer d) isotope e) neutron
b) electron
The ability of atoms to attract electrons is referred to as: a) van der Waals attraction b) electronegativity c) hydrophobicity d) potential energy e) cohesion
b) electronegativity
The protein-assisted movement of a polar molecule across the membrane that does not require ATP or the input of energy occurs through: a) The substance is impermeable to the cell membrane b) facilitated diffusion c) simple diffusion d) active transport e) endocytosis
b) facilitated diffusion
Secondary structure is characterized by which type of interactions? a) hydrogen bonding between R groups of amino acids b) hydrogen bonding within the peptide backbone c) ionic bonding between an acidic R group and a basic R group d) a covalent bond between two cysteines e) the covalent bond between an amino nitrogen and a carboxyl carbon
b) hydrogen bonding within the peptide backbone
What role do integrins play in cells? a) speed cell division b) link extracellular matrix and cell interior c) maintain numbers of mitochondria d) act as ion channels e) connect parts of the endomembrane system
b) link extracellular matrix and cell interior
A cell has a mutation that prevents it from breaking down unwanted proteins present in vesicles. Which cellular structure is most likely to be disrupted by this mutation? a) the Golgi apparatus b) lysosomes c) the endoplasmic reticulum d) the cytoskeleton
b) lysosomes
The cytoskeleton of animal cells includes: a) actin, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments b) microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments c) tubulin, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments d) microtubules and microfilaments e) actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
b) microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Lipids and water do not mix because lipids are ______ and water is ______. a) hydrophilic, hydrophobic b) nonpolar; polar c) polar; non-polar d) non-ionic; ionic e) unsaturated; saturated
b) nonpolar; polar
Fatty acids that contain no carbon-carbon double bonds are referred to as: a) triacylglycerols b) saturated c) unsaturated d) phospholipids e) fats and oils
b) saturated
How do cells connect to the extracellular matrix? a) through gap junctions b) through integrins c) through tight junctions d) through cadherins
b) through integrins
A polar covalent bond is due to: a) an attraction of opposite charges b) unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond c) the interaction between an ion and a non-ionic atom d) equal sharing of valence electrons
b) unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
Which statement is true about the presence or absence of plasma membranes? a) Only animal cells have a plasma membrane. Plant cells and bacterial cells have a cell wall b) Plant cells and animal cells have a plasma membrane, but bacterial cells do not c) All cells have a plasma membrane d) Plant cells and bacterial cells have a plasma membrane, but animal cells do not
c) All cells have a plasma membrane
Motor proteins cause movement by: a) undergoing a conformational change b) binding to the cytoskeleton c) All of these choices are correct d) harnessing energy from ATP
c) All of these choices are correct
Scientists use which fact as evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts had prokaryotic origins? a) All of these choices are correct b) Both are unable to reproduce themselves without assistance from other cellular organelles c) Both contain their own circular DNA d) Both can survive on their own outside of the cell
c) Both contain their own circular DNA
A mutation in _____ results in a change in _____ that sometimes produces a(n) _____ with altered structure and function. a) protein; RNA; DNA b) protein; DNA; RNA c) DNA; RNA; protein d) RNA; DNA; protein e) RNA; protein; DNA
c) DNA; RNA; protein
Which of the following cytoskeletal components is responsible for fixing organelles in place? a) Microfilaments b) Microtubules c) Intermediate filaments d) None of these serve that purpose
c) Intermediate filaments
One of your friends is arguing that viruses are alive. What information would you provide to convince him that viruses can't be considered alive? a) Viruses typically have protein coats and no plasma membrane b) Viruses contain either RNA or DNA but not both c) Viruses cannot carry out metabolic reactions on their own d) Viruses are much more closely related to archaeons than bacteria
c) Viruses cannot carry out metabolic reactions on their own
Of the given types of bonds between atoms, which is the strongest? a) hydrogen bond b) ionic bond c) covalent bond d) van der Waals forces
c) covalent bond
If you placed fluorescently labeled protein outside an animal cell, after uptake for digestion, where would it ultimately be? a) rough ER b) smooth ER c) lysosome d) mitochondrion
c) lysosome
The chemical reactions required to sustain life are collectively referred to as a cell's: a) anatomy b) physiology c) metabolism d) All of the choices are correct e) genetics
c) metabolism
If cells did not have actin, they would be unable to: a) organize proteins associated with the cytoplasmic membrane b) maintain shape c) connect properly to neighboring cells d) All of these choices are correct
d) All of these choices are correct
What unique property of carbon enables this element to be "life's chemical backbone"? a) Carbon has four electrons b) Carbon can form double or single bonds c) Carbon can form double bonds d) Carbon behaves as if it has four valence electrons e) Carbon is the most abundant element in the universe
d) Carbon behaves as if it has four valence electrons.
Select the CORRECT statement concerning pH a) Low pH levels mean low [H+] b) High pH levels mean high [H+] c) Low pH levels indicate that both acid and base are low d) Low pH levels mean high [H+]
d) Low pH levels mean high [H+]
Imagine you are looking at a bottle of salad dressing containing oil, vinegar, and water. You notice that the oil sits on "top" of the other liquids. This is due, in part, to the fact that: a) vinegar is hydrophobic b) oil is hydrophilic c) water is hydrophobic and oil is hydrophilic d) water is hydrophobic e) oil is hydrophobic
e) oil is hydrophobic
The covalent linkage joining two amino acids together is referred to as a(n) ______ bond. a) phosphodiester b) protein c) hydrogen d) amino e) peptide
e) peptide
The gecko can climb smooth walls due to one type of bond or interaction, whereas a spider can walk on water due to a different kind. Identify each type of bond. a) polar covalent, van der Waals b) nonpolar covalent, polar covalent c) strong ionic bond, hydrogen bond d) weak ionic bond, polar covalent e) van der Waals, hydrogen bond
e) van der Waals, hydrogen bond
Which of the environmental factors affect the interactions between amino acids that in turn determine the shape of a protein? a) hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the environment b) temperature c) ion concentration d) temperature and ion concentration e) pH f) All of these choices are correct
f) All of these choices are correct
Microtubules and microfilaments are said to be "dynamic" elements of the cytoskeleton. In this case, "dynamic" means that: a) once individual microfilaments and microtubules have formed, they can change shape and move around inside the cell b) microtubules and microfilaments are constantly changing and are never in the same place for very long c) microtubules and microfilaments are assembled, disassembled, and then reassembled again in a regulated manner
c) microtubules and microfilaments are assembled, disassembled, and then reassembled again in a regulated manner
At some point in their life cycle, all cells have a _____, whereas not all cells have a(n) _____. a) nucleus; plasma membrane b) nucleus; nuclear membrane c) plasma membrane; nuclear membrane d) plasma membrane; RNA or DNA e) nucleus; cytoplasm
c) plasma membrane; nuclear membrane
What do elements with atomic numbers 6, 14, and 22 have in common? a) same number of electrons b) same atomic mass c) same number of valence electrons d) all of the above e) none of the above
c) same number of valence electrons
Which best describes the structure of a biological membrane? a) two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded between the two layers b) a mixture of covalently linked phospholipids and proteins that determines which solutes can cross the membrane and which cannot c) two layers of phospholipids with proteins either crossing the layers or on the surface of the layers d) a fluid structure in which phospholipids and proteins move freely between sides of the membrane e) two layers of phospholipids (with opposite orientations of the phospholipids in each layer) with each layer covered on the outside with proteins
c) two layers of phospholipids with proteins either crossing the layers or on the surface of the layers
Considering the amino acids that are found in various domains of transmembrane proteins, which statement would be true? a) Nonpolar amino acids would be prevalent in the extracellular domain, in contact with the environment outside of the cell b) Polar or charged amino acids would be prevalent in the intracellular domain, in contact with cytosol c) Polar or charged amino acids would be prevalent in the transmembrane domain, in contact with the environment of the inner membrane d) Nonpolar amino acids would be prevalent in the transmembrane domain, in contact with the environment of the inner membrane
d) Nonpolar amino acids would be prevalent in the transmembrane domain, in contact with the environment of the inner membrane
Gap junctions and plasmodesmata have what feature in common? a) They both attach to the cytoskeleton b) They are both found in plant cells c) They both are made up of protein subunits located in the plasma membrane d) They both allow direct transport of materials between cells
d) They both allow direct transport of materials between cells
Helicase is an enzyme that separates the double helix of the DNA into two separate strands. How do you think helicase does this? a) by breaking ionic bonds b) by breaking phosphodiester bonds c) by breaking peptide bonds d) by breaking hydrogen bonds
d) by breaking hydrogen bonds
Adjacent nucleotides in an RNA chain are held together by: a) hydrogen bonding b) All of these choices are correct c) the hydrophobic effect d) covalent bonding e) ionic bonding
d) covalent bonding
Which type of cellular junction permits the movement of substances from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell? a) tight junctions b) adherens junctions c) desmosomes d) gap junctions
d) gap junctions
Water has special properties, including high cohesion, high surface tension, and the ability to absorb large amounts of heat per unit of mass. What kind of bonds between water molecules give water these special properties? a) strong ionic bonds b) nonpolar covalent bonds c) polar covalent bonds d) hydrogen bonds e) weak ionic bonds
d) hydrogen bonds
The interior region of a phospholipid bilayer is characterized as: a) hydrophilic b) hydrophilic and polar c) polar d) hydrophobic
d) hydrophobic
Which is the correct decreasing order of cytoskeletal elements from largest filament diameter to smallest filament diameter? a) microtubules → microfilaments → intermediate filaments b) microfilaments → microtubules → intermediate filaments c) intermediate filaments → microfilaments → microtubules d) microtubules → intermediate filaments → microfilaments
d) microtubules → intermediate filaments → microfilaments
Two elements within the same group: a) occupy the same column on the periodic table of elements but have different numbers of electrons in their outermost shell b) have different numbers of electrons in their outermost shell. c) occupy the same row on the periodic table of elements d) occupy the same column on the periodic table and have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell e) have the same number of shells
d) occupy the same column on the periodic table and have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell
Which choice correctly pairs the particles in an atom with its electrical charge? a) proton-uncharged; neutron-uncharged; electron-negatively charged b) proton-positively charged; neutron-negatively charged; electron-negatively charged c) proton-negatively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-negatively charged d) proton-positively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-negatively charged
d) proton-positively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-negatively charged
What is the correct order for secretion? a) rough ER, nucleus, Golgi, smooth ER b) rough ER, Golgi, smooth ER, exocytosis c) smooth ER, rough ER, exocytosis, Golgi d) rough ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, exocytosis e) rough ER, Golgi, nucleus, exocytosis, transport vesicle
d) rough ER, Golgi, transport vesicle, exocytosis
Which choice is an example of a hydrogen bond? a) the bond that forms between a hydrogen and oxygen atom within the same water molecule b) the bond that forms between two hydrogen atoms within different water molecules c) the bond that forms between two oxygen atoms within different water molecules d) the bond that forms between a hydrogen atom in one water molecule and an oxygen atom in another water molecule e) the bond that forms between two hydrogen atoms within the same water molecule
d) the bond that forms between a hydrogen atom in one water molecule and an oxygen atom in another water molecule
Which type of cellular junction prevents the passage of substances through the space between cells? a) adherens junctions b) gap junctions c) desmosomes d) tight junctions
d) tight junctions
All of these groups are a component of an amino acid except: a) an amino group b) an R group c) a carboxyl group d) an alpha carbon e) a phosphate group
e) a phosphate group
A molecule of common table salt, or NaCl, is the result of ______ bond forming between a sodium (Na) atom and a chlorine (Cl) atom. a) a covalent b) either an ionic or a polar covalent c) a polar covalent d) a hydrogen e) an ionic
e) an ionic
The structural formula for hydrogen gas (H2) is represented as H-H. The dash (-) represents a(n): a) reactant b) electronegative bond c) product d) chemical reaction e) chemical bond
e) chemical bond
Water readily dissolves compounds that are referred to as _____. a) aqueous b) solvent c) nonpolar d) hydrophobic e) hydrophilic
e) hydrophilic
A ______ substance could contain ______ bonds which cause it not to interact with water. a) hydrophilic; nonpolar covalent b) hydrophobic; hydrogen c) hydrophilic; polar covalent d) hydrophilic; hydrogen e) hydrophobic; nonpolar covalent
e) hydrophobic; nonpolar covalent
Individuals with a condition known as exercise intolerance lack sufficient ATP and suffer extreme fatigue from minimal exertion. Defects in which structures are most likely responsible for this condition? a) lysosome b) Golgi apparatus c) ribosomes d) endoplasmic reticulum e) mitochondria
e) mitochondria
