Biology Exam 2
A cell with an intracellular salt concentration of 0.5 M is placed into a solution which causes it to swell. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell?
0 M
Lactose intolerance is due to the body's inability to produce _________
lactase
Which plant organ contains stomata that allows carbon dioxide to pass through to get into the plant?
leaf
Glucose
energy for the production of ATP
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a(n)
enzyme
Substrate concentration, temperature, cofactors, and pH are all examples of factors that may affect the speed at which a(n)__________ functions in a chemical reaction
enzyme
Turgor pressure is increased in a plant cell when it is placed in a(n)
hypotonic
Acetyl groups that enter the citric acid cycle are used
in the creation of NADH and FADH2
When there is plenty of product in a chemical reaction, it provides the simplest example of a(n) _______, blocking the active site of the enzyme from binding more substrate
inhibitor
The mitochondrial structure indicated by the red arrow is the _______, which is the space between the outer and inner membranes of a mitochondrion.
intermembrane space
Oxygen is required for cellular respiration because it
is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain
In the cyclic electron pathway, photosystem I receives its replacement electrons from
itself
The fate of NADH and FADH2, once they have delivered electrons and H+ to the electron transport, is to be
regenerated as NAD+ and FAD and used again as electron carriers
The electrons picked up by NAD+ during glycolysis
are passed across the mitochondrial membrane
The 2 carbon acetyl group carried by CoA joins with a C4 molecule to form citrate
at the start of the citric acid cycle
Organisms that can make their own food through the process of photosynthesis are called producers or
autotrophs
What are organisms that can produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis called?
autotrophs
ATP synthase is able to produce ATP when _______ move through the complex
H+
Match the organism to the product it produces during fermentation.
Humans- lactic acid Yeast- alcohol Bacteria- an organic acid or alcohol
Which part of the plasma membrane is nonpolar?
Interior, where the fatty acid tails are located
Which of these organelles contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
______ and ______ are outputs of photosynthesis
O2 and C6H12O6
Which of these cells have a membrane bound nucleus?
eukaryotes only
The transport mechanism that requires energy input and the fusion of an intracellular vesicle with the plasma membrane to excrete a substance is
exocytosis
True or false: Denaturation of an enzyme increases the rate at which it may catalyze a chemical reaction
false
The type of energy source that can produce the largest amount of ATP per molecule is
fats
Because they require high levels of ATP production during heavy exercise, muscle cells are more likely than other cell types to use
fermentation
The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called
fermentation
The process that allows organisms to harvest energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen is
fermentation
Some bacteria have short extracellular appendages that function in attachment. These appendages are called
fimbriae
ATP synthase catalyzes the synthesis of ATP because
hydrogen ions flow through it
The mitochondrial structure indicated by the red arrow is the ______, an inner compartment filled with a gel-like fluid.
matrix
In a bacterial cell, the chromosome is located in a region called the
nucleoid
A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a(n) ______. This is the location of rRNA production.
nucleolus
The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called
nucleoplasm
The coenzyme NAD+ is___________ , since it receives two electrons, as the substrate glucose is oxidized during cellular respiration.
reduced
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum used in photosynthesis is called__________ light
visible
Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in photosynthesis?
visible light
Photosystem II receives replacement electrons from molecules of
water
A newly transplanted organ is rejected by the immune system of the host. Which protein is responsible for the rejection?
cell recognition protein
Evidence supports a similar process for the origin of the energy organelles, the___________ that carry out photosynthesis and the____________ that carry out cellular respiration
chloroplasts; mitochondria
The substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins in a eukaryotic cell's nucleus is called__________. When highly condensed, as it is in preparation of cell division, this material is called___________
chromatin; chromosomes
Which of the following is the third stage in cellular respiration?
citric acid cycle
An inorganic ion that binds to an enzyme to help it function is called a
cofactor
When the energy released from the breakdown of an ATP molecule is used to fuel an endergonic reaction, the two reactions are referred to as__________ reactions
coupled
The electron pathway that involves only photosystem I is called__________ the electron pathway
cyclic
If a photosynthetic cell has abundant NADPH it may enter the
cyclic electron pathway
Iron containing proteins that form parts of the electron transport chain are called_________ molecules.
cytochrome
The electron carriers in the electron transport chain include a class of proteins called
cytochromes
What is the general term for cellular disruption?
cytolysis
The semifluid medium within a cell is called the
cytoplasm
If the temperature rises above an enzyme's optimal point, the rate of the enzymatic reaction will
decrease
Each enzyme works best at a specific pH. pH environments below or above this preferred level decrease enzyme activity by causing the enzyme to
denature
In the electron transport chain, the electron carriers
donate electrons to the protein chain
During the light reactions, electrons are transferred from photosystem II to photosystem I via ________ ________the chain
electron transport
In the cyclic electron pathway, photosystem I passes its energized electrons to
electron transport chain
Which of these systems is used to pump hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane?
electron transport chain
Cytochrome molecules function in the ______ and are a class of proteins that contain _______
electron transport chain: iron
The term that means disorganization, especially as it pertains to energy is
entropy
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus is called the nuclear
envelope
Tay-Sachs is often referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder because it prevents the function of lysosomal_____________ , such as beta-hexosaminidase
enzyme
Which of the following best explains why a hypotonic solution causes a cell to swell?
water rushes into the cell
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see is called _______, or visible light
white light
The energy harvested in the later steps of glycolysis is in which two forms?
-ATP -NADH
Which of the following are components of the cytoskeleton?
-Actin filaments -Intermediate filaments -Microtubules
Select the following which relate to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell
-Cell shape -Organelle movement -Cilia and flagella
Select the molecules that are recycled during cellular respiration, including all of the enzymes used and the coenzymes.
-CoA -NAD+ -FAD
Which of the following are examples of anabolism?
-DNA replication -Protein synthesis
Select biological advantages to using ATP as an energy carrier in living systems
-Decreases the amount of energy that is wasted -Common and universal energy currency -Can be used to fuel many different types of reactions
Cells in which two domains lack a membrane-bound nucleus?
-Eubacteria -Archaea
Which of the following are examples of catabolism?
-Glucose breakdown -Enzymatic digestion
Which of the following are functions of the cytoskeleton?
-Intracellular transport -Cellular structural support -Aids in cell division
Select all of the components of a cell's plasma membrane
-Phospholipid bilayer -Steroids (cholesterol) -Peripheral protein -Integral protein
The plasma membrane is described as a "fluid-mosaic." What does it consist of?
-Proteins -Steroid -Phospholipids
Place the initial steps for the citric acid cycle in order, with the first step at the TOP.
1. CoA carries acetyl 2. acetyl joins into a C4 molecule 3. citrate is produced
Solar energy lies on a spectrum, which is described in terms of which of these properties?
-wavelength -energy content
Which of the following are components of the endomembrane system?
-Vesicles -Golgi apparatus -Endoplasmic reticulum -The nuclear envelope
Select all examples of cells that are prokaryotic
-archaeal cell -bacterial cell
Select all of the correct statements about bacterial chromosomes
-bacterial chromosomes are located in the nucleoid region of the cell -bacteria typically have only one chromosome
Select the products in the process of cellular respiration
-carbon dioxide -ATP -water
Select the substrates for the process of photosynthesis
-carbon dioxide -water
Select the items that increase enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme
-coenzyme -cofactor
Which of the following describe aspects of active transport?
-energy is required -movement of molecules against their concentration gradient -carrier protein
Which of the following is a passive process, meaning it does not require cellular energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?
-facilitated transport -diffusion
Select the reactants in the process of cellular respiration
-glucose -oxygen
Functions of the lysosome include:
-intracellular digestion -autodigestion
Anaerobic is a term that can be used to describe two of the following options. Select those two.
-lacking oxygen -glycolysis
During the ATP cycle, ATP is assembled from which of the following?
-one phosphate -ADP
Select the products of the process of photosynthesis
-oxygen -glucose
Place the following items in the correct order as they would function in the noncyclic electron pathway of photosynthesis
-photosystem II -electron transport chain -photosystem I -NADP reductase -ATP synthase complex
Select the examples of radiant energy
-radio waves -gamma rays -white light
Select all of these that are components of the cytoplasm
-salts -dissolved organic molecules -water
Select substances that a plant can produce from the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate product of the Calvin cycle
-starch -fatty acids -amino acids -glucose
The first law of thermodynamics
-states that the amount of energy is constant -explains that energy can be changed from one form into another.
Select the factors that will influence the rate of diffusion
-temperature -electrical currents -pressure -molecular size
Select the two phases of cellular respiration during which CO2 is given off.
-the preparatory steps -the citric acid cycle
The two parts of cellular respiration which must occur twice for each glucose molecule that enters the process are
-the preparatory steps -the citric acid cycle
Select all of the true statements regarding mitochondria.
-they have a matrix -they have a double membrane
Select the product(s) of glycolysis.
-two ATP (net) -two pyruvate
Which of the following are major inputs to the process of photosynthesis?
-water -carbon dioxide
Arrange the steps of carbon dioxide fixation during the Calvin cycle in order, with the first step at the TOP
1. attachment of 3 carbon dioxide to 3 RuBP 2. production of 3 6-carbon molecules 3. production of 6 3-carbon molecules, called 3PG
Place the four stages of cellular respiration in the order that a molecule of glucose would move through.
1. glycolysis 2. preparatory steps 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Fatty acids are broken into 2-carbon molecules; if each of these produces 12 ATP how many will a fatty acid with 18 carbons produce?
108
A cell with a 10% salt concentration inside it is placed into a solution. The cell begins to shrink. What is a possible concentration of salt outside the cell?
15%
How many NADH are produced per glucose during the preparatory reaction?
2
What is the net gain of ATP for the cell during glycolysis?
2
Before entering the citric acid cycle fatty acids are converted to
2-carbon acetyl CoA
Match the stage of cellular respiration with the total number of ATP it produces. (note: total, not net)
4- glycolysis 2- citric acid cycle 32- electron transport chain
About ______ of the energy available is transferred from glucose to ATP during cellular respiration.
40%
The total number of molecules of ATP produced during glycolysis is ______, which results in a net production of _____ ATP.
4; 2
How many carbon dioxide molecules are needed to produce a glucose during photosynthesis?
6
In the equation for photosynthesis, the term energy stands for solar energy, whereas in the equation for cellular respiration, the term energy stands for the chemical energy held by__________ molecule
ATP
Photosystem II provides the energy to make
ATP
Select the option that is a product of cellular respiration.
ATP
The ability to fuel endergonic reactions without wasting much energy is an advantage to using__________ to supply a cell's energy needs
ATP
The energy invested in the beginning of glycolysis is
ATP
The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy dependent cellular reactions is
ATP
Which of the following is an output from Photosystem II?
ATP
The complex in the cristae that makes ATP using the energy of the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is
ATP synthase
The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP as hydrogen ions flow down their concentration gradient is called
ATP synthase
The production of heat is decreased by coupling the breakdown of glucose to
ATP synthesis
During which stage are carbohydrates synthesized?
Calvin Cycle
Why does FADH2 produce fewer ATP than NADH?
FADH2 donates its electrons lower in the electron transport chain therefore pumping fewer H+
True or false: Electrons from the coenzymes are pumped by components of the electron transport chain into the space between the mitochondrial membranes.
False
True or false: The light reactions supply the carbon needed by the Calvin cycle to produce carbohydrates
False
True or false: The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall
False
Which of the following is true about diffusion?
Molecules exhibit net movement down the concentration gradient, moving from an area of high concentration to low
Which of the following electron carriers is required for glycolysis to occur?
NAD+
Each ______ is used to produce 3 ATP and each ______ is used to produce 2 ATP
NADH; FADH2
Hydrogen atoms are carried from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle reactions by the coenzyme__________
NADP+
The coenzyme that functions in photosynthesis is
NADP+
Energized electrons leave photosystem I and pass on to regenerate
NADPH
How many ATP are required to shuttle the electrons from NADH across the mitochondrial membrane?
One ATP per NADH
Bacterial cell walls contain which complex molecule composed of carbohydrate chains connected by peptides?
Peptidoglycan
During the third stage of the Calvin cycle, the starting material ______ is regenerated
RuBP
True or false: Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
True
True or false: During cellular respiration, about 60% of the energy from the glucose molecule dissipates as heat
True
ATP produced by chemiosmosis most directly uses the energy of
a H+ gradient to drive the process.
Two components of a photosystem are
a pigment complex and an electron acceptor
The electron transport chain is best described as
a series of carriers that pass electrons from one molecule to another
During the later steps of glycolysis the cell obtains
a total of four ATP, and a net gain of 2 ATP
Formerly called microfilaments,__________ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion.
actin
A substrate binds to_______ the site of an enzyme
active
After an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has been completed, the product(s) is/are released and the___________ site of the enzyme returns to its original shape, ready to bind another__________molecule
active; substrate
Which two statements are part of the cell theory?
all organisms are made up of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells
ATP synthase
allows hydrogen ions to pass down their concentration gradients
After inhalation into the lungs, oxygen gas is more concentrated in the _____ and diffuses into the _____.
alveoli; blood
The series of molecules arranged in the cristae of a mitochondrion, which serve to harvest energy from electrons, is known as
an electron transport chain
Whereas__________ involves building reactions that occur in living things,__________ involves reactions that break substances down
anabolism; catabolism
During a typical basketball game, a player undergoes periods of intense activity, switching between methods of respiration. The muscles rely largely upon ____________metabolism when oxygen is depleted and on ____________ metabolism once oxygen is restored.
anaerobic; aerobic
The organisms that can produce either alcohol or lactate are
bacteria
Cell receptor proteins are involved in
binding signaling molecules to bring about physiological changes
Cellulose
building material for the construction of cell walls
Capsaicin, the chemical found in chili peppers, binds to a channel protein in pain receptors that, when activated, allows_________ ions to flow into the cell.
calcium
What is the the function of chlorophyll?
capture solar energy
The "synthesis" part of the term photosynthesis relates to the production of
carbohydrate
Chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize _______ during a process called photosynthesis
carbohydrates
When pyruvate is converted into a two carbon acetyl group during the preparatory reaction, _____________ is given off.
carbon dioxide
Which stage of the Calvin cycle uses ATP for energy and accepts electrons and hydrogen ions from NADPH?
carbon dioxide reduction
The term__________is used to refer to reactions that break down larger molecules into their smaller components
catabolism
The smallest structure capable of performing all the basic functions of life is the
cell
Both carrier and___________ proteins are involved in passive transport of molecules through the cell membrane.
channel
Starch
chemical energy storage molecule found in chloroplasts and roots
Which type of ATP production is fueled by the movement of hydrogen ions down an electrochemical gradient, like that which occurs in the mitochondria?
chemiosmotic
Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi?
chitin
Sun light is converted from solar energy to chemical energy within the organelle called the
chloroplast
The double membrane-bounded organelle in algae and plants where photosynthesis takes place is called a(n)
chloroplast
The law of conservation of energy, or the__________law of thermodynamics, pertains to the amount of energy present in the universe. It states that energy cannot be__________ or destroyed; it is, instead, transferred or transformed
first; created
Carbon dioxide ______ is the first step of the Calvin cycle
fixation
Some bacteria have long, thin appendages that rotate like propellers, allowing the bacterial cell to move in fluid. These appendages are called_____________
flagella
What is the function of photosystem I?
form NADPH
Capsule
gelatinous sheath that surrounds and protects the cell
As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain they
give off energy that is captured to create a H+ gradient
The product that plants use during the Calvin cycle to generate glucose, starch, fatty acids, and amino acids is called
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
The two components that fats are broken down into are
glycerol and fatty acids
The breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules is called
glycolysis
Which organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and then repackages them for export in secretory vesicles?
golgi apparatus
A stack of flattened thylakoid sacs is called a
granum
An organism that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances and therefore must take in organic food is called a consumer or a
heterotroph
What are organisms that cannot produce their own food called?
heterotrophs
Diffusion is defined as the movement of molecules from _____ concentration to _____ concentration.
high; low
The electron transport chain starts with _______ energy electrons and ends with ______ energy electrons.
high; low
Within a system, water is more likely to move towards
higher osmotic pressure
A solution that has a greater solute concentration compared to that of the cytoplasm of a cell is a(n)__________ solution
hypertonic
A solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to that of the cytoplasm of a cell, and may cause a cell to swell or even burst due to water intake is a _______ solution.
hypotonic
A solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell and causes a cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis is a(n)_________ solution
isotonic
Flagella
long thin appendages used for locomotion
A protistan engulfs a macromolecule via a vesicle. Which organelle could fuse to this vesicle and aid in breaking down this molecule?
lysosome
A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a
lysosome
Which organelle is formed in the Golgi apparatus?
lysosome
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell is called
metabolism
All eukaryotic cells convert carbohydrate energy to ATP within an organelle called the
mitochondria
Select the organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration
mitochondria
Molecules that can attach, detach, and reattach to actin filaments to produce movement are called:
motor molecules
In humans, fermentation is most likely to occur in the___________ cells.
muscle
The organelle that contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called the
nucleus
The general term for the pressure that may build in a cell as a result of osmosis is called _________ pressure
osmotic
The structure at the surface of a chloroplast is the
outer membrane
The two acetyl groups created in the preparatory steps are
oxidized into four CO2 molecules during the citric acid cycles
The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is _______
oxygen
Each enzyme has a preferred ____________ temperature and preferred at which the rate of the reaction that it catalyzes is highes
pH
Photosystem I
passes electrons to NADP reductase
Which type of protein would more likely function to stabilize and shape the plasma membrane?
peripheral
Liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. As a result they contain high numbers of which type of organelle?
peroxisomes
Very often, the addition of a(n) ______ by a kinase will serve to activate an enzyme
phosphate group
The process of __________ converts solar energy into chemical energy of a carbohydrate
photosynthesis
Which of these is associated with the reduction of NADP+?
photosystem I
When the chlorophyll in the reaction center of photosystem I loses its electrons, these are replaced by electrons from
photosystem II
The _________ __________serves to separate the internal environment of a cell from its external environment, allowing the cell to maintain homeostasis.
plasma membrane
The most likely inhibitor in an enzyme feedback inhibition system would be a
product
The substances to the right of the arrow in a statement of a chemical reaction are the
products
Chromatin consists of DNA and associated:
proteins
Electron transport chain
pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
The change in free energy that occurs during a chemical reaction is calculated by subtracting the free energy content__________ of the from that of the_________
reactants; products
The substances that participate in a reaction are called__________, whereas the substances that form as a result of a reaction are__________
reactants; products
Photosystem II
receives electrons from water
As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the molecules are first ______ as they pick up electrons, and then ______ as they release the electrons.
reduced; oxidized
Calvin cycle reactions
reduces carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate light-independent
Chlorophyll is a green pigment because it
reflects green wavelengths of light
Which of these is the final stage of the Calvin cycle?
regeneration of RuBP
Light reactions
releases oxygen light-dependent
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with:
ribosomes
Which plant organ functions to obtain the water required for the process of photosynthesis?
root
The action known as __________, or exocytosis, involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.
secretion
Fimbriae
short appendages used for attachment
A solution contains both a________, which is usually a solid, and a________ , which is usually a liquid.
solute; solvent
The most common configuration of a___________ is a solid solute and a liquid solvent
solution
Plants store glucose in an energy storage carbohydrate called__________ and use__________ as a building material for the construction of cell walls
starch; cellulose
In a chloroplast, where is carbon dioxide used to produce carbohydrate?
stroma
The fluid-filled interior of a chloroplast double membrane is called
stroma
The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast is called the
stroma
By coupling the release of energy from the breakdown of glucose to the synthesis of ATP
the amount of energy lost as heat is reduced.
The portion of cellular respiration that consists of passing molecules down a series of carriers is
the electron transport chain
reduction
the gain of electrons during a chemical reaction
With regards to the mitochondrion, the matrix is
the innermost compartment, which is filled with a gel-like fluid
oxidation
the loss of electrons during a chemical reaction
During cellular respiration, the first CO2 is generated during _______ and the remaining carbons are given off as CO2 during _____. Multiple choice question.
the preparatory steps: the citric acid cycle
The ultimate source of energy for living things is
the sun
In a chloroplast, where is solar energy absorbed during photosynthesis?
thylakoid
The specific chloroplast structure that contains the photosynthetic pigments is the
thylakoid
Where are photosystems I and II located?
thylakoid membrane
Chloroplasts contain numerous structures called grana, each of which is a stack of
thylakoids
Which direction do the phosphate heads of the bilayer of phospholipids in the plasma membrane face?
towards the outside and inside of the cell
Sucrose
transportation of chemical energy from one part of a plant to another
The nucleoplasm has a different fluid composition than the cytoplasm of a cell.
true
True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles.
true
True or false: Receptor-mediated endocytosis requires a specific receptor protein to recognize a specific molecule
true
Which protein forms microtubules in the cell?
tubulin
The energy investment steps of glycolysis use
two ATP to activate the glucose
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell causing a molecule of glucose to be broken down into __________.
two molecules of pyruvate
