Biology Exam 2

What is a genetic code?

- describes which amino acid is specified by each codon

Anticodons (What are they? On what molecule are they found?)

-3 bases that complement to that of the corresponding codon -found on tRNA

Codons (What are they? On what molecule are they found?)

-3 bases that represent one amino acid -found on mRNA

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

-A&T -G&C

Describe endosymbiosis theory. Know evidence for this theory.

-Chloroplast came from cyanobacteria (evidence: presence of chloroplast in plants and algae) -mitochondria came from aerobic bacteria (evidence: presence of mitochondria in plants and animals)

What type of bond is found between nitrogenous bases?

-Hydrogen bonds (the bond that holds the opposite strands together)

Compare and contrast rough ER and smooth ER

-Rough ER: modifies proteins - Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detoxification

What is a promoter?

-a region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription

Which nitrogenous bases are found in the nucleotides found in RNA?

-adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil

What molecules are involved in translation?

-amino acids, rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA

What type of bond is between nucleotides of the same strand?

-phosphodiester bond

What are the different functions of proteins?

-structural: hair, fingernails, feathers, horns, cartilage, tendons -protective: help fight microorganisms -regulatory: control cell activity -contractile: allows muscles to contract, heart to pump, sperm to swim -transport: carry oxygen

During Translation, which molecule acts as the translator? Explain how.

-tRNA acts as the translator between mRNA and protein by bringing the specific amino acid coded for by the mRNA codon

___ molecules diffuse readily across the membrane. a. Water b. Hydrogen ions c. Hydrophillic d. Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

What are features common to all cells?

Cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes and cytoplasm

Which macromolecule contains an organism's genetic information? 1.DNA 2.polysaccharide 3.monosaccharide 4.Phospholipid 5.fatty acid

DNA

Roles of DNA and RNA

DNA is storage of information that cannot leave the nucleus; RNA converts DNA into proteins

What is a terminator?

DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription

Lipid soluble molecules such as alcohol cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane. 1. True 2. False

False

The plasma membrane (cell membrane) does not have any cholesterol. 1. True 2. False

False

Which of the following foods is not a significant source of complex carbohydrates? 1.all of the listed 2.pasta 3.oatmeal 4.rice 5.Fresh fruit

Fresh fruit

processes products for delivery throughout the body

Golgi apparatus

Which 4 bases are found in DNA nucleotides?

Guanine, adenine, cystonine, thymine

Unlike saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids ___ 1.are solid at room temperature 2.Have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain 3.pack more tightly because they have straight chains 4.None of the above

Have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

___ helps to transport hydrophillic substances to the interior of the cell a. Cholesterol b. Integral membrane protein c. Peripheral membrane protein d. all of the above

Integral membrane protein

harvests energy to be used for cellular function

Mitochondria

Compare and contrast the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure.

Prokaryotic -small -no nucleus -no organelles -basic structure includes: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA, cell wall, pili, and flagellum Eukaryotic -large -has a nucleus & organelles

Which part of the cell membrane helps in cell-cell signaling? a.Carbohydrates b.Unsaturated fatty acids c.Proteins d.Cholesterol

Proteins

In section 9 (ion channel section) of the second website the S. lividans channel protein is shown. This protein represents a protein in the ____ structural level. a.Primary b.Secondary c.Tertiary d.Quarternary

Quarternary

At the end of transcription what is formed?

RNA molecule

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

RNA polymerase

Name two important nucleic acids found in all cells

RNA, DNA

In general, which of the follwoing will diffuse across a lipid bilayer most rapidly. a. Small hydrophillic molecule b. Small hydrophobic molecule c. Large hydrophillic molecule d. Large hydrophobic molecule

Small hydrophobic molecule

synthesizes lipids, detoxifies molecules

Smooth ER

Which of the following about starch is incorrect? 1.Starch is a polysaccharide 2.All the statements about starch are incorrect 3.Starch is the primary form of energy storage in plants 4.Starch consists of a hundred or more glucose molecules joined together in a line 5.Starch tastes sweet because it is made from glucose

Starch tastes sweet because it is made from glucose

THe more the amount of lipids in a molecule the easier it is for that molecule to pass through a plasma membrane (cell membrane). 1. True 2. False

True

first to describe the structure of DNA.

Watson and Crick (1953)

Who got the Nobel Prize for discovering the DNA structure?

Watson, Crick, and Wilkins

What are phospholipids?

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

solute molecules use the transport protein as a pump with ATP to go from low to high concentration

active transport

A denatured protein has lost its ____ 1.shape 2.hydrogen bonds 3.function 4.all of the above

all of the above

A protein is a polymer of ____ 1.amino acids 2.polypeptides 3.Oligosaccharides 4.Lipids 5.nucleic acids

amino acids

What simple molecules are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

At the end of translation what is formed?

an amino acid

___ allows water into and out of the cell. a. Phospholipids b. Aquaporin c. Transport protein d. Cholesterol

aquaporin

List the two types of prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

have a structural role as a physical barrier and participate in cell recognition and adhesion, either cell cell signaling or cell pathogen interactions

carbohydrates

What are the different molecules that make up a cell membrane

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

What are the macro molecules?

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Organic molecules consist mainly of _____ 1.carbon 2.carbon and oxygen 3.carbon and hydrogen 4.carbon and nitrogen

carbon and hydrogen

What are the elements common to all macromolecules.

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

provides additional protection and support for plant cells

cell wall

the plant cells power plant (site of photosynthesis)

chloroplast

All of the following are proteins except ___ 1.an insulin 2.an antibody 3.an enzyme 4.cholesterol 5.hemoglobin

cholesterol

THe more the amount of lipids in a molecule the easier it is for that molecule to pass through a plasma membrane (cell membrane). a. Glycoproteins b. Trasnsport proteins c. Surface (peripheral proteins) d. Cholesterol

cholesterol

Peptide bonds in proteins _____ 1.connect amino acids to sugar monomers 2.bind phosphate groups to adenine 3.connect amino acids together 4.connect nitrogen base to ribose monomers

connect amino acids together

Where does translation occur?

cytoplasm

Cilia and flagella are part of the

cytoskeleton

physical support, cell division and movement

cytoskeleton

molecules cross the membrane from high to low concentration

diffusion

Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (the sugar found in milk) are examples of 1.monosaccarides 2.complex carbohydrates 3.simple sugars 4.naturally occurring enzymes 5.disaccharides

disaccharides

Facilitated diffusion ___ requires energy and uses the help of ____ a. Does; transport protein b. Does; cytoplasm c. does not; transport protein d. does not; sodium pumps

does not; transport protein

solute molecules travel through the transport protein, high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

What are the examples of lipids found in living cells?

fats, sterols, phospholipids, waxes

What happens to a protein when it gets denatured?

gets broken down and the H bonds unfold

Which of the following are all monosaccharides? 1.fructose and cellulose 2.glycogen and glucose 3.starch, cellulose and glycogen 4.glucose and maltose 5.glucose, fructose and galactose

glucose, fructose and galactose

3 examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

What simple molecules (monomers) are the building blocks of complex carbohydrates?

glucose, fructose, galactose

All of the following are lipids except ____ 1.insulin 2.steroids 3.triglycerides 4.cholesterol 5.fats

insulin

What are macro molecules?

large molecules, simple and composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (organic compounds)

Sterols are classified as _____ 1.lipids 2.sugars 3.proteins 4.nucleotides

lipids

regulatory agents in cell growth and adhesion

lipids

The ___ part of the cell membrane functions as a barrier while the ___ does most of the transport. a.Lipids; Proteins b.Glycogen; protein c.Carbohydrates; Lipids d.Glycoprotein; lipids

lipids; proteins

acts as floating garbage disposals for cell digestion & recycling cellular waste products & consumed materials; breaks down different elements

lysosome

(messenger) carries the genetic code

mRNA

Each cell can perform all basic functions of life including:

metabolism, homeostasis, and reproduction.

What element besides C, H and O is present in amino acids?

nitrogen and sulfur

In addition to those elements DNA contains __________ and _________

nitrogen, phosphorus

Is the cell membrane static (stiff)? 1. yes 2. no

no

What simple molecules are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

Where does transcription occur?

nucleus

What causes denaturation?

pH and temperature

What is the name for the covalent bond that forms between amino acids?

peptide bonds

Structure of a DNA nucleotide

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base

Describe the basic structure of a nucleotide

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

Breakdown of ____ part of cell membrane leads to break up of the cell itself. a.Carbohydrates b.Proteins c.Glycoproteins d.Phospholipid

phospholipid

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

enzymes to speed up chemical reactions, acts as receptors for specific molecules, or transport materials across the cell membrane

proteins

At which level are proteins functional?

quaternary

(ribosomal) along with ribosomes, help make proteins

rRNA

The most common purpose of proteins is to serve as ____ 1.raw material for growth 2.fuel for running the body 3.organic precursor for enzyme construction 4.long term energy storage 5.storage of genetic information

raw material for growth

produces proteins

ribosomes

modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism

rough ER

Differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

saturated is solid; unsaturated is liquid

Is RNA a single stranded nucleic acid or a double stranded nucleic acid?

single stranded

THe lipid bilayer is not permeable to ____ a. Carbon dioxide b. Lipids c. Oxygen d. Sodium ions

sodium ions

All of the following are carbohydrates except ___ 1.starch 2.spider's silk 3.glycogen 4.cellulose 5.chitin

spider's silk

What are 3 examples of complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

starch, cellulose, chitin

2 examples of disaccharides

sucrose, lactose

What type of backbone does a strand of DNA have?

sugar and phosphate

(transfer) carries amino acids to ribosomes

tRNA

What is the function of the cell membrane?

to control what enters and leaves the cell

Stores water and ions

vacuole

multipurpose storage sacs for cells (functions: nutrient storage, waste management, predator deterrence, physical support, sexual reproduction)

vacuoles

What "roles" do lipids play within living things?

warmth, energy

Can RNA leave the nucleus? If so, how does it leave the nucleus?

yes, by transcription