Biology Final
Which combinations of symbols represents an interaction where both species benefit?
+/+
Similar species occupying slightly different niches in the same community is shown by
. competition between two species of barnacles in Scotland, resulting in one living in the intertidal zone and the other living below this species.
Consider the components of a four-step food chain: producers, herbivores, carnivores, top predators. If everything is eaten at each level, how much of the energy stored by a producer is passed to the top predator
0.1%
In Figure, the carrying capacity of the environment occurs at number
1
In an experiment carried out to study the energy flow through an ecosystem, scientists measured the total solar energy captured by plants to be 10,000 kilocalories. The portion of this available to the next trophic level will be
1,000 kcal
What percentage of the energy in one trophic level becomes incorporated into the next level
10%
With respect to the following values, rain with a pH of _____ would be the most acidic.
3
Fresh water makes up about ____ of the world's supply of water
3 percent
Limiting factors of food and space will first be observed in Figure at number
4
When a plant produces food by photosynthesis, what is the fate of food stored as sugars
A % of the food is used by plant itself in cellular respiration and rest is consumed by animals
Which of the following is correct when describing a predator-prey cycle?
A decline in the number of prey causes a decline in the number of predators
Which statement about parasitism is true?
All parasites require a single host
How does temperature change in relation to the latitude?
As latitude increases from the equator to the poles, the temperature decreases
How is a carnivore like a herbivore
Both pass less energy to next trophic level
Why is the energy of the sun less intense at the poles as compared to the equator
Earth is spherical, sun shines toward the equator, sunlight is less intense at the poles
Which is NOT true about a complex food web?
Energy levels remain about the same
The phenomenon called a rain shadow requires what topographical elements
For a rain shadow to occur, a mountain range must be located to the windward side of the ocean
is when underground water is heated by radioactive decay and the steam it produces is then used for home heating or hot water use
Geothermal
What happens to the energy that is passed from one trophic level to the next in a food chain
It is recaptured by another food chain
A population with rapidly expanding exponential growth would be best represented by a graph with a(n) ______-shaped curve
J
Which of the following is NOT an anti-predator defense mechanism
Many plants have brightly colored fruit and flowers.
Which of the following is NOT necessary to keep a balanced (stable) ecosystem going
Matter (i.e., elements) has to cycle.
Which of the following is true about extinction
Overexploitation by hunting and fishing is the foremost threat to tropical animals and plants
Which of the following is NOT true regarding pollution?
Pollution does not have an effect on the living environment
Marginal rangeland becomes desert and farmland loses its productivity as a result of lost topsoil. Which of the following is a main cause of topsoil loss
Strong winds and rain on bare soil cause erosion, along with the use of large farming machines
What happens to the amount of available energy as you progress up the food pyramid?
The amount of energy increases
The Earth is actually slightly farther from the sun during the period when the Northern Hemisphere is having summer. How can this be explained?
The tilt of the Earth presents the Northern Hemisphere in a more perpendicular angle and this increased sunlight per surface area more than offsets the decrease from added distance.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about biomes?
They are the smallest communities on land.
Tundra is divided into alpine tundra at the top of mountains and arctic tundra found close to the North Pole. These two biomes have similar plants and animals even though they can be located in vastly different regions of the world. What causes these two biomes to be similar
a cold and dry because it is at high latitude and one cold and dry because it is at a high altitude
A number of populations of different species interacting with one another in a natural environment, such as a rotten log, is called
a community.
The coral reef community would be best described as
a densely populated community that only occurs in shallow water near the shoreline.
The loss of a keystone species would lead to
a great number of secondary extinctions
The greenhouse effect is
a natural phenomenon due to absorption of sunlight and re-radiating of the heat
Atmospheric CO2 combines with water to produce a bicarbonate which is
a source of carbon for algae.
Which sequence correctly illustrates the most plausible food chain?
algae, insect larvae, fish, humans
Which of the following biomes has the overall harshest conditions for organism survival
arctic tundra
How are omnivores, carnivores, and herbivores similar? They all
are consumers and produce carbon dioxide
Which is NOT a consumer?
autotroph
Which kind of organism would be most likely to perform photosynthesis?
autotroph
Which type of organism produces food in an ecosystem
autotroph
Energy flow in an ecosystem begins with
autotrophs
Collectively, the biosphere's major terrestrial and aquatic life zones are called
biomes
The biosphere considered to consist of all living things and the physical environments is subdivided into
biomes
Climate is due to temperature and rainfall that in turn are NOT determined by
biomes present.
The largest communities on land are called
biomes.
Which of the following terms describes all organisms on Earth plus their environments?
biosphere
The relatively thin layer on the earth's surface where life is possible is known as the
biosphere.
An ecosystem consists of what two components?
biotic & abiotic
An ecosystem contains
both the living organisms and the abiotic components of the environment
Which may be a secondary or tertiary consumer?
carnivore
Population size is believed to level off at the _______ of an environment
carrying capacity
The maximum population that the environment can support for an indefinite period of time is
carrying capacity
The maximum population size that can be supported by its habitat is known as
carrying capacity.
The biome with where we live with drought-resistant shrubs and climatically by dry, hot summers and cool, wet winters is
chaparral.
An example of commensalism is
clown fishes in sea anemones
A form of symbiosis in which one participant benefits and the other apparently is not benefited nor harmed is
commensalism.
A small marine amphipod has recently been discovered that carries another organism on its back. The "backpack" organism tastes bad. If a fish ingests the pair, it immediately spits them back out. If the amphipod is alone, however, it is readily eaten and swallowed. There is no apparent benefit in this relationship for the "backpack" organism, which appears to be neither helped nor harmed. This is therefore a case of
commensalism.
A number of populations of different species interacting with one another is called
community
All of the organisms living in your front yard represent a(n) _______, while the blue jays represent a(n)
community; population
Interaction between two species as both attempt to use the same environmental resources is
competition
There are two organisms with overlapping ranges and filling a similar niche. We find that where their niches overlap, there is twice the competition for resources. This leads to
competitive exclusion
Which term describes the concept that no two species can have the same "job" in the community at the same time
competitive exclusion
A forest in a northern belt Eurasia & North America, with pine trees, mosses, and lichens, is
coniferous forest
The taiga is a
coniferous forest
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage to the use of fossil fuels?
contribution to the greenhouse gases
Trees such as oak and maple and animals such as foxes and deer are found in the
deciduous forest
Fungi and bacteria are detritus-feeders, also known as
decomposers.
The only heterotrophs required for an ecosystem to function are
decomposers.
The outbreak of a disease, as bubonic plague, that kills many people is an example of factor
density-dependent
The decrease in availability of food that accompanies increasing population size illustrates the concept of a
density-dependent factor.
A population of 100 butterflies living on an acre of land loses three-quarters of its members when a sudden freeze in the spring occurs just after they emerge as caterpillars. This population has undergone a reduction in population size due to a factor
density-independent
The ____ biome is characterized by hot days, cold nights, cacti, and the mesquite tree.
desert
Which characterized by rainfall under 25 cm/year, hot days, cold nights, and spiny-leaf plants
desert
Other than the polar tundra, the least productive biomes tend to be
deserts
Which of the following does not affect the distribution of world biomes?
distribution of animals
Which of the following organisms is not a producer?
dog
Terrestrial biomes are generally named based on the
dominant types of plant life.
In large natural ecosystems, competition between two species over time will usually result in
each species occupying a slightly different niche
The role a species plays in the community is called its
ecological niche.
The study of the interrelationships of plants and animals with each other and with their environment is known as
ecology
The ____ is made of a community of organisms, plus its physical environment
ecosystem
Most natural food chains are only four or five links long, rarely more. The number of trophic levels is limited because
efficiency of energy transfer is very low, about 10 percent.
Of all the aquatic communities, ____ act as a nutrient trap.
estuaries
Which are NOT strictly a freshwater community?
estuaries
Introduction of alien or exotic species into new ecosystems does NOT occur by
expansion of the new species itself.
When growth proceeds at a rate similar to 2 4 8 16 32 64...etc., it is called
exponential growth
Ecosystems are based on complex interactions between communities. What are possible consequences from a disruption of these interactions? Increases in
extinctions
Compared to the numbers of grasshoppers or deer, there are few mountain lions. The reason that large and fierce animals, such as the mountain lion, are rare in an ecosystem is that
food chains are 10-20% efficient at each step, top carnivores require large amounts of calories
In an ecosystem, caterpillars eat grass. Field mice eat the caterpillars and seeds from the grass. Snakes eat the mice. Hawks eat both snakes and mice. This would be considered a(n)
food web
Which of the following does NOT pertain to fossil fuels
formed during the last 1,000 years
In a typical prairie food web, Which organism is the tertiary consumer
fox
In prairie food web, energy moves from grass to grasshopper to mouse to fox. Which is the primary producer
grass
Which of the following groups of organisms would NOT be considered to be consumers
grass
In a typical prairie food web, Which organism is the primary consumer?
grasshopper
When settlers move into a wooded area, they slash and burn the woods, increasing grass production. Initially, they are likely to see
grasshoppers increase.
Which would be characterized by rich soils, insufficient rainfall for trees, and many herbivores?
grasslands
Temperate deciduous forests are defined by
growing season between 140 and 300 days.
In a grassland biome, which organism would most likely be at the highest trophic level
hawk
In the following food chain, which organism is at the third trophic level? grass rabbits snakes hawks foxes
hawks
In the desert, plants and animals are adapted to withstand
heat and dryness
Which eats only plant foods
herbivore
The primary consumers that feed directly on green plants are called
herbivores
Which of the following is a renewable energy sources?
hydropower
Allowing animals to overgraze land could lead to all of the following consequences EXCEPT
improved nutrition for local human occupants.
Parasites are found
in all kingdoms, sometimes a parasite uses more than one host
A scientist observes a population of grasshoppers in a farmer's field several times over the summer. She notices that after each application of an insecticide the grasshopper population increases to its pre-pesticide levels very rapidly. This finding indicate the grasshopper population is
in the exponential growth phase.
What is the main use of most of the world's freshwater supply?
irrigation of crops
Which of the following is NOT true about a food web? It
is stable
Aquatic plants are rooted in a shallow lake region near the shore called the
littoral zone
Which would NOT be a characteristic of an estuary
low % of immature animals
During summer months many highly populated communities are placed under water restrictions during which people are not allowed to wash their cars or water their lawns. The reason for this would probably be
low levels of water in underground aquifers
In a typical prairie food web, Which organism is the secondary consumer
mouse
Which of the following organisms would be considered a decomposer
mushroom
A form of symbiosis in which both participants benefit is
mutualism
A Clown fish receives protection from predators, while the anemone receives some food from the fish. This is
mutualism.
Some algae and fungi live in associations known as lichens this association is an example of
mutualism.
Oftentimes around the world, famine causes severe loss of life in less developed countries. In many cases, what is the initial step that would eventually lead to a famine situation
no access to water
Resources that are NOT in limited supply are
nonrenewable resources
The current rate of human population growth is
not sustainable.
In an Asian rice paddy, carp eat decaying material from around the base of rice plants while a snail scrapes algae from the leaves, stems, and roots of the same plant. They can survive at the same time in the same rice paddy because they
occupy different habitats and use the resources differently.
Animals that feed on both plants and other animals are called
omnivores
Less energy is available at the next trophic level because
only a portion of the food that is digested can be used to make ATP
Species of grain beetles can live on dry meal, obtaining water as metabolic water. Many of these beetle species are grain pests that do considerable damage to stored grain. You set up a dozen jars of dry meal and introduce 50 individuals of each species to each jar, being careful to have half of each species from each sex. The food supply is sufficient to last for a year and the size is adequate so that wastes do not become toxic. The examination of the jars in six months will find
only one species per jar, similar to competitive exclusion principle experiment with paramecia
Ecology is best defined as the study of
organisms as they interact with other organisms and with their physical surroundings
Which of the following statements is NOT a correct association about pollution
ozone depletion—CFCs like Freon have chlorine atoms that break down the ozone shield
Lice living in the human hair is one of
parasite/host.
The relationship between house pets and ticks would be best described as
parasitic
Which of the following does NOT add carbon to the atmosphere?
photosynthesis
The primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems are the ____, whereas in freshwater and saltwater ecosystems it is ____.
plants; algae
All the members of the same species that inhabit a particular area are termed a
population.
Interaction between two species in which one feeds on the other is
predation.
Overall, the most scientifically correct viewpoint toward predators is
predators help keep prey populations from overexploiting limited food resources
Organisms that eat producers are known as
primary consumers
In a grazing food chain
primary consumers eat photosynthetic organisms
The base of an ecological pyramid represents the
producer trophic level
When moist air from over an ocean moves inland and up a mountain slope, it causes heavy precipitation on the windward side. On the leeward side of the mountain, the region receives far less rain. This is referred to as
rain shadow
When 2 similar species inhabit in same area, they may over time evolve to become more diff and
reduce competition
An African tropical grassland that varies cool, dry seasons with hot, rainy seasons is the
savanna
Which biome supports the greatest variety and number of large herbivores?
savanna
Grasslands do NOT have trees because
soil is poor
Settlers move into an area and harvest most of the foxes for fur. They are likely to see
squirrel populations increase
Pollutants from industry contain _______, which can react with water to produce airborne particles of acid.
sulfur dioxide
Almost all life on Earth is directly or indirectly dependent on
sun
The ultimate source of energy for the majority of organisms on Earth, including humans, is
sunlight
An intimate relationship between two different species is called
symbiosis
A coniferous forest that runs along the west coast of Canada and the United States, due to the moist winds off the Pacific, is called the
taiga
The largest biome on Earth is the
taiga
Which of the following biomes contains trees?
taiga
The particular type of terrestrial biome that develops is strongly influenced by
temperature, rainfall, and altitude
Into which category would a human be assigned when eating chicken?
tertiary consumers
What causes an ocean breeze to blow
the differential heating of land and water
Which of the following features is not a defining characteristic of an aquatic biomes
the dominant plants that live there
Which of the following is a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
the food chain
Which biome has both a high temperature and plentiful water?
tropical forest
As the latitude increases, which biome sequence would be present?
tropical forest, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra
The biome characterized by warmth, rain, and a very rich diversity of trees, shrubs, and vines is the
tropical forest.
Which biome has the greatest diversity of species and total amount of living matter
tropical rain forest
Which of the following communities will have the highest net primary productivity?
tropical rain forest& estuaries
A treeless region with little rainfall in the far north is the
tundra
Which would be characterized by little rainfall, permafrost, and reindeer?
tundra
What drives the movement of winds across the face of the Earth?
unequal heating of the surface of Earth by the sun
Which of the following would allow optimal population growth?
unlimited resources
Which is NOT a density-dependent factor?
weather
Which of the following organisms is a producer?
wheat
Which factor will have the greatest impact in determining the type of biome in a location?
wind patterns
