Biology Final
the relationship between strands of RNA and DNA is
complementary
What concept is used to express the growth rate of a given population?
doubling time
what concept is used to express the growth rate of a given population
doubling time
the immediate results of the widespread use of pesticides and fertilizers included_____, but long term results included
dramatic increases in crop yields, the evolution of pest resistance
Suppose we have a heterozygous individual AaBb and we cross it with an individual that is AAbb. What will be the proportion of aabb homozygotes in the progeny?
0%
about how much energy in the producers of an ecosystem will be available to primary consumers in this ecosystem
10%
there have been six mass extinctions in the last 600 million years. Roughly, how many years does it take to recover the lost biodiversity after a mass extinction
10,000,000
The insertion of how many nucleotides into a genetic sequence does less damage to the code than the insertion of other numbers of nucleotides?
3
when dingoes are excluded from populations of red kangaroos, kangaroo survival is enhanced as much as
300%
Consider the process of meiosis of a pea plant, whose diploid chromosome number is 14. When does this chromosome number become haploid and what is the state of the haploid chromosome?
Anaphase I, 7 chromosomes each with 2 chromatids
Data from the Hubble Telescope show remarkable images of the Eagle Nebula. Scientific data based upon the study of the Eagle Nebula are consistent with which of the following statements?
Because the elemental composition in the areas within the Eagle Nebula where stars are forming is similar to that of our sun, it is possible that conditions for life could repeated in these new solar systems.
Of the features listed below, which one most likely explains why influenza viruses can change antigenic properties so quickly?
Cells infected with two different strains of virus can shuffle their 9 segments of their genome giving many possible new combinations
Which of the following could provide the best data for determining the phylogeny of very closely related species?
Comparison of nucleotide sequences in homologous genes and mitochondrial DNA
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme which functions to:
Copy an mRNA into a DNA:RNA hybrid prior to displacing the RNA and making a complementary DNA strand
Which example shows the earliest form versus something that evolved at a later time?
Cyanobacteria versus chloroplasts
In testing for the presence or absence of an inherited disease, such as breast cancer (5-10% or all breast cancers are inherited)
DNA primers that distinguish the mutant condition from the normal condition are used to copy the DNA region of interest
In order to perform an experiment utilizing PCR, which of the following conditions must apply?
DNA primers that flank the region of interest from both directions must be included in the reaction mixture
Which of the following statements would Darwin have disagreed with?
Descent with modification occurs through inheritance of acquired characteristics
Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation
Grand Canyon Squirrels
You set your time machine for 3 billion years ago and push the start button. When the dust clears, you look out the window. Which of the following describes what you probably see?
Green scum in the water
of the options listed below, which two Homo species migrated out of Africa beginning about the time noted for the start of their migration
H erectus (2 MYA) and H. sapiens (.1 MYA)
Geological evidence indicates that two land masses became separated by a deep ocean channel 45 million years ago and have been moving apart ever since. You are studying a group of organisms that is widespread as a native part of the biota on both land masses. What can you conclude about the group's evolutionary history?
It depends on the dispersal abilities of the organism. If the organism cannot move across the open ocean, it is very likely that the group's ancestors were present on the original land mass before it broke up
Areas occupied by large numbers of humans are shaped into cities, town, suburbs, and rural areas (in order of decreasing pop. density). what would you predict about the biodiversity of these areas
It increases as one proceeds from citites to towns to burbs to country
how does the ribosome know when it should stop translation of the mRNA
It recognizes specific sequences in the mRNA that do not code for amino acids
Which is not a characteristic of the Genetic Code?
It varies significantly between different organisms
The data here show the frequencies of the two morphs of Biston betularia - carbonaria, the dark form, and typica, the light spotted form, from 1950-2000, when oil was replacing coal as a heating fuel in the country. These data based upon experiments by Michael Majerus were intended to check the validity of earlier experiments of this type done by Kettlewell. Kettlewell's data was questioned because of which reason listed below
Kettelwell used lab grown and wild populations of moths mixed together
How do living cells retain order which would seem to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Living cells require a continuous source of energy to avoid decay predicted by the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Which describes the relationship between mutation and natural selection?
Mutation creates variation within a population and increases the chance of survival of a population in a changing environment
Suppose i go hunting for foxes in a deciduous forest containing all sorts of familiar plants, amphibians, worms, insects, mice, small seed and insect-eating birds, deer, elk, moose, fox, wolves, bear, mountain lions, owls, etc (i want the pelts but hey maybe fox tastes okay too). At which trophic level am i functioning
None of the above (tert or quarnt)
Think about the habitats occupied by the ancestors of reptiles. Which of the following sequences of habitats for the lineage of terrestrial reptiles is supported by the fossil record?
Ocean...estuaries...streams...shoreline
Wallace wrote that after a long period of natural selection, "the superior variety would then alone remain, and would have replaced the original species." Which of the following would be a s good addition to this statement?
Of course, this does not rule out that the original species might live on elsewhere, where conditions were different since the beginning
As the investigator at a crime scene, you take samples from several isolated blood spots. Most large (volume) samples belong to the victim based upon the blood type. Several blood samples are present in minute volumes too small for standard typing. Which of the following techniques would be best used in determining whether the blood sample belonged to the victim or the assailant?
PCR of several single copy tandem repeat (str) DNA sites
The properties of phospholipids that make them good candidates as building blocks for formation of micelles, protocells and modern cell membranes include which of the following
Phospholipids have a hydrophobic and an opposing hydrophilic end
Logically, which of the following combinations of organisms can survive in isolation from other forms of life
Producers, decomposers
Why do many scientists believe that RNA was the first information containing macromolecule?
RNA has been shown to have both self-replicative and catalytic activities.
deep branch points near the base, or trunk, of an evolutionary tree represent ______, while branch points near the tips of the branches represent______
Relatively ancient common ancestors, relatively recent common ancestors
In the life cycle of HIV the viral genome often remains dormant for long periods of time, Since the HIV genome is RNA and the host genome is DNA, how do the genomes maintain dormacy?
Reverse transcriptase converts the RNA genome of HIV into double stranded DNA which is compatible with integration into the host genome.
All animal cells in either mitosis or meiosis change shape to a roughly spherical shape. Why?
The microtubules determining cellular shape are disassembled and remade or recycled into the spindle apparatus causing the rounding up the cell
Which of the following statements about DNA molecule is incorrect?
The nitrogenous bases face outward from the backbone
An E. Coli cell living in the human colon, and a methanogen living in acid mine drainage water occupy separate phylogenetic domains because:
Their ribosomal RNA sequences are significantly different
The human genome has 3.2 billion base pairs and approximately 23,000 genes. What is the likely explanation for the large genome size and the number of genes?
There are large regions of the human genome that do not contain active genes
The biologist Harry Meade, a farmer's son now working in Massachusetts, is producing the human protein Antithrombin III in goats. Which of the following steps was the most important in generating a heard of Antithrombin III producing goats?
To place the cDNA for antithrombin III into the goat genome next to a strong promotor
Under what circumstances can simple chance affect the frequency of genes in a population
When the population is very small thus amplifying the effect of random chance
Down syndrome is due to trisomy of chromosome 21. However, individuals with Down syndrome range in their severity of the expressed phenotypes associated with this birth defect. What causes this variability?
While chromosome 21 contains all of the same genes, they are not identical in all individuals, thus the phenotype can vary extensively
Most differentiated cells retain
a complete set of their genes, and retain the ability to express those genes under certain circumstances
a rise in global temperatures could conceivably lead to local or regional cooling if the glacier atop of Greenland were to melt. Why
a decrease in both salinity and temperature of the wester Atlantic Gulf Stream would result in turnoff of the trans-atlantic conveyor-type current
How can a person with an XY genotype have the external genitalia of a woman
a gene on the y chromosome that is necessary to generate male genitaia is mutant or missing
Human social behavior appears to be
a product of our genes, external influences, and environment
An emergent property is
a situation where the whole is greater than the sum of the individual parts
What is an alien species in an ecosystem
a species introduced for the first time into an otherwise undisturbed ecosystem
biologists have found more that 500 species of fruit flies on the various Hawaian Islands, all apparently descended from a single ancestor species. This example illustrates
adaptive radiation
Wolves are natural predators of moose. Early efforts to control wolf populations in Yellowstone National Park by their removal led to
adverse impacts in new growth vegetation
Fossil and genetic evidence strongly support the idea that modern humans
all derive from a single African lineage that spread from there into other parts of the world starting about 85,000 to 60,000 years ago
The first organisms recorded in the fossil record were most likely
anaerobic bacteria
The Ediacaran fauna
are fossils of small, soft-bodied marine animals
Regarding the figure below, the number of individuals equals the initial carry capacity
at the peak
Why is cDNA used in preparing to make therapeutic proteins in bacteria
because it does not have introns, that bacteria cannot remove
Explosions of stars or Supernovae were created by _____ and resulted in _____.
buildup of Fe ; providing enough energy so that the remaining chemical elements were formed
Continued exponential growth is expressed
by no populations in nature
the maximum number of individuals a habitat can support is called its
carrying capacity
Ribozymes
catalyze chemical reaction but do not contain amino acids
The rapid loss of tropical rain forests is occurring mostly due to
clearing of regions to create favorable areas for growing food crops
the rapid loss of tropical rain forests is occuring mostly due to
clearing of the regions to create favorable areas for growing food crops
In preparing a vaccine each year for flu, government scientists
combine three viruses with a benign virus to fabricate a combination vaccine
Prions are proteins that cause disease because they:
contain a transmissible conformation
DNA differs from RNA because DNA
contains thymine in place of uracil
nitrogen is a significant component of the atmosphere, required for life, yet it requires assistance from what organisms or mechanisms to enter living systems
conversion of N2 to NH3 by bacteria
Chemical nutrients
cycle between abiotic and biotic resrvoirs
In terms of globabl air circulation, the tropics are a region where air
descends and warms, creating an arid belt
the most significant genetic event during mitosis is
distributing a copy of each chromosome to the opposite pole of the cells
Although Mendel studied 7 pairs of traits that assorted independently and pea has 7 chromosomes, two of his pairs of traits turned out to be in the same linkage group but nonetheless were inherited independently because
during prophase I recombination occurs between genes that are widely separated on a linkage group
These data for three species of lizards on the island Exuma show the percent of the total weight of their food as a function of the size of the prey they consume. Select from the following the most logical conclusion
each species occupies a different ecological niche
Photosynthesis is a complex process that likely evolved in the following way
early bacterial systems adapted light harvesting mechanisms into a cyclic photosynthetic mechanism that eventually evolved into the modern photosynthetic scheme
Which one of the following conditions explains the fact that the following biomes can appear at the same latitude and longitude: tropical forest, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, alpine tundra
elevation
Which one of the following conditions explains the fact that the following biomes can appear at the same latitude and longitude: tropical forest, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, and alpine tundra?
elevation
The flow of _____ into ecosystems occurs in one direction only, while ______ are recycled within the ecosystem itself
energy, chemicals
Antibiotics, such as streptomycin can obstruct protein synthesis in bacteria but not humans because
eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are different
A phylogeny or a phylogenetic tree indicates
evolutionary relationships among species starting with an ancestral form and including branches leading to its descendants
The 2009 H1N1 flu virus
evolved through the genetic reshuffling of viruses that infect humans, birds, and pigs
Organisms follow either an r or a K strategy, in general, in their life cycles. Which characteristic is NOT representative of r species strategy
extensive care of young
Which of the following contributed toward protocell formation and evolution?
formation of fatty acids and self-assembly of vesicles, encapsulation of a genome and separation of diverse genomes, and physical grouping of non-random chemical interations
Mendel obtained hybrids for two traits, for example seed texture (round vs wrinkled) and seed color (green vs yellow) in pea plants. When the hybrids were bred with each other he observed the progeny showed
four phenotypes
Rhagoletis flies diverged into two races, one that laid eggs on apples early in the fall and the other that laid eggs on Hawthorn fruits later in the fall. The Hawthorn race is ancestral. From which individuals of the Hawthorn race of Rhagoletis flies were the apple race flies most likely selected?
from those flies that emerge early from the pupal case
The effect of genetic drift on a population whose number has decreased to very low numbers either once or multiple times is called a bottleneck effect. Which of the answers below most likely explains the impact on such a population?
genetic diversity is decreased
Suppose you have a female heterozygous for a recessive allele "Aa" on the X chromosomes, and she is expecting a baby with a male that expresses this recessive allele "a". The baby
has a 50% chance of expressing the recessive phenotype
records of temperature taken over the last 100 years have shown that globabl temperatures
have increased significantly
Under the biological species concept, a species is a group of organisms that
have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
Which of the following mechanisms for transcriptional regulation is shared between bacteria and eukaryotic organism?
having regulatory proteins that either inhibit or assist in RNA polymerase binding to the promoter
which of the following ecological problems might result from fertilizing a golf course with phosphorus-rich fertilizer
heavy growth of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes and rivers caused by phosphorus runoff
Natural selection is sometimes described as "survival of the fittest." Which of the following best measures an organisms fitness?
how many fertile offspring it produces
Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier
hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweeds always die before reproducing
Evolution is promoted in a natural population
if some genotypes produce phenotypes that are more adaptive than other phenotypes
If you had to chooses, where would you rather get infected with a serious bacterial disease?
in a remote, sparseley populated area where the bacteria have not been exposed to antibiotic drugs
Drought conditions in the Galapagos Islands during the 1970s caused a drop in the populations of grasses and other plants that produce small seeds, but was not so drastic in affecting plants that produce large seeds. This had the following effect on the finches of the islands
increased the size of beaks
The deoxyribonucleotide sequence that encodes a gene in most eukaryotic cells often contains sequences called ____ not found in the mRNA used to make protein encoded by the gene
introns
Culture
is an evolutionary adaptation of humans that is seen in other animals like some primates who use tools and teach their use to other individuals
The ribosome
is composed of two sub-units that separate after completing translation of the mRNA
Stabilizing selection is a mechanism that
is exemplified when comparing human birth weight with survival of the fetus
The fact that the hand of man, the wing of the bird, the wing of the bat, and the limb of the alligator all have the same bones in the same relative positions
is explained by common descent of all these organisms form a primitive reptile
the number of proteins in humans
is much greater than the number of genes
Recombination or crossing over is important because
it increases the variety of genetic information contained in the gametes
extinction of a species is not uncommon throughout evolutionary time. In fact,
it is estimated that over 99% of all species that ever lived are extict
what explains the saw tooth shaped pattern of atmospheric CO2 concentrations meeasured in the United States
land plants, which are concentrated in the norther hemisphere, consume CO2 faster in the summer than in the winter
Transcription is:
making a complementary RNA sequence to one stand of a DNA molecule
The fossil record of the Cambrian explosion describes a time when
many of the body plans for modern organisms appeared, including the ancestor of vertebrates
nondisjunction occurs when
members of a chromosome pair fail to separate
Human height shows a continuous variation from the very short to the very tall. Height is most likely controlled by
multiple genes
The predatory big-eyed bug attacks and feeds on caterpillars feeding on wild tobacco plants. The bugs are attracted by chemicals produced by the plants. The relationship between the big-eyed bug and the tobacco plant is an example of (choose the most precise answer)
mutualism
Convergent evolution describes
not closely related species that evolve similar characteristics because of living in similar environments
In snapdragons, when crossing a true breeding red flowered plant with a true-breeding white flowered plant, the F1 plants are all pink. Therefor you can expect upon crossing the F1 plants, the resulting F2 plants will
occur in a ratio of 1:2:1 of red:pink:white
habitats with many edges
often result from human activities
Which of the following statements is false
only red blood cells have hemoglobin genes
the primary source of energy for hydrothermal vent communities is
oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the vent water
In an ecosystem, you would expect to find interspecific competition between
populations of two species that occupy the same niche
a species is composed of
populations that have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
The fundamental idea in biology that enables us to explain the diverse life forms on earth is that
populations undergo descent from one generation to the next, with modification
The conversion of proinsulin into insulin by the removal of a portion of the polypeptide chain is an example of
post-translational control
In an area of erratic rainfall, a biologist found that grass plants with alleles for curled leaves reproduced better in dry years, and plants with alleles for flat leaves reproduced better in wet years. This situation would ten to
preserve genetic variation in the grass population
Ancient photosynthetic prokaryotes were very important in the history of life because they
produced the oxygen in the atmosphere
Organisms follow either an r or a K strategy, in general, in their life cycles. Classify the following as utilizing either r or K strategies: dandelions __, deer __, bacteria __
r ; K; r
Land biomes (such as tropical rain forests, taiga, tundra, or grasslands) are determined by
rainfall and temperature
Land biomes are determined by
rainfall and temperature
In our detailed look at a small portion of human chromosome #11 we found
regions within genes or in between genes that contain mobile genetic elements or jumping genes
Mass extinctions
remove well-adapted species and groups from the Earth, and it may take tens of millions of years for species diversity to recover
In the lactose operon E. coli, the _____ is always available and it works by binding to the ______
repressor ; operator
The reason why twelve species of fruit eating birds might survive in a tropical rain forest is most likely due to
resource partitioning
The reason why twelve species of fruit-eating birds might survive in a tropical rain forest is most likely due to
resource partitioning
Mitosis ____ the information from the parent cell in the daughter cells and meiosis ____ the information from the parent cell in the daughter cells
retains; alters
In terms of global air circulation, the tropics are a region where air
rises and cools, dropping rain
one way in which populations and species have been responding to climate change is by
shifting their distribution
If an ecosystem has a carrying capacity of 1,000 individuals for a given species, and 2,000 individuals of that species are present, we can predict that the population
size will decrease
The operation of natural selection depends upon the fact that
some individuals have a better chance to produce more offspring
Proteins like cytochrome C are said to have been highly conserved during evolutionary time. The practical implication of this statement is that
species closely related show few differences in amino acid sequence for cytochrome C
Birth weight in humans is the result of
stabilizing selection
Allopatric and sympatric speciation differ in that
sympatric speciation occurs in the same physical space while allopatric speciation means that populations are separated by a physical barrier like a mountain range or a river leading to speciation
Factors that are independent of population density and that limit population growth include
temperature
typically, considering islands or lakes, a ____ increase in surface area corresponds to a _____ increase in number of species
tenfold, twofold
The human fossil record shows
that at several times there were more than one hominid species alive on the earth at the same time
The studies by Yamanaka and others with stem cells have shown
that differentiated cell types can be converted into induced pluripotent stem cells
The studies of Yamanaka and others with stem cells have shown
that differentiated cell types can be produced from induced pluripotent stem cells
The evolutionary reason that pea hens prefer peacocks with large tails and many eye spots is
that the size and spot density are indicative of peacock fitness shown as an increased two year survival rate of chicks
What is the basis for the difference in the synthesis of the leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules
the DNA strands are antiparallel and must be synthesized in opposite directions by DNA polymerase
The mount Sain Helens area has recovered remarkably well from the 1980 eruption of that famous volcano. It is said to be a resilient system. why
the area surrounding mt. saint helens provided hardy plants and animals that were pioneer species
In Denmark, behavior modifications of the snail Succinea caused by a parasite infection are important because
the birds that eat the fleshy part of the snail serve as the final host for development of the parasite
behavior modifications of the snail Succinea caused by a parasite infections are important because
the birds that eat the fleshy part of the snail serve as the final host for development of the parasite
in the lac operon in e. coli, covered in class, suppose there is a mutation that completely deletes the operator sequence. In this mutant, which of the following characteristics would be found
the cell is always making enzymes for the utilization of lactose, even when no lactose is available
Cancer is not usually inherited because
the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells
Coevolution is
the evolution of two populations of divverent species in response to selection pressures that individuals from the two populations place on eachother
The picture on the right was taken underwater and shows a large number of fish of the same species forming a circle or spiral. Which is the best description of what is going on
the fish swim, stick close to their own kind, and imitate what their neighbors do. The result is a swirling circular gathering
Which of the following statements is false
the general shape of transfer RNA molecules varies from one transfer RNA to another
the open ocean and the tropical rainforests contribute the most to Earths net primary productivity because
the ocean covers a huge surface area and the tropical rain forest has a high rate of productivity
DNA and RNA are alike in
the phosphate bonding of adjoining nucleotides
Consider the ecosystem depicted on the left- a fresh water lake. Of the possibilities listed below, what will happen if there is a sudden infestation of a parasite that sterilizes trout
the primary producers will increase in numbers
The dna molecule is double stranded and only one strand is utilized to encode the mRNA for any particular gene. At the molecular level, how is the correct strand and direction of transcription by RNA polymerases determined
the promoter region for DNA binding has a directional feature such that binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter determines which strand of the DNA is the template
which of the following statements accurately illustrates how the lac operson repressor protein functions
the protein has alternate forms that detect whether lactose is present in the cells
One of the most important clues indicating that A. afarensis (Lucy) walked on two legs is
the structure of Lucy's feet are more human-like than chimpanzee-like
Plant height is autosomally inherited in pea plants. Tall (T)is dominants over dwarf (t). If a dwarf plant is crossed with a tall plant and both tall and dwarf plants are produced among the offspring, the most important conclusion is that
the tall plant is heterozygous for the T gene
in humans, skin color is inherited but it can also be affected by exposure to sunlight. In many populations there is a distribution of skin color like the one shown above. What is the reason for the shape of this distribution
there are multiple genes that contribute to skin color with about the same level intensity, but they are not on the same chromosome
which of the following statements about the treatment or prevention for a prion infection is true
there is no known treatment or cure for prion infections
Pines and spruces are an exception to the rule that species diversity of a taxon increases as one approaches the Earth's equator. The reason for this is likely:
they are adapted only to cold climates unlike flowering plants
The North American Pronghorn far outraces any predators remaining on the North American continent. If maintaining this speed means bearing fewer offspring, which of the following is the most likely to happen given enough time
this species will slow down
As shown in the video in class, the biologist Harry Meade, a farmers son now working in Mass., is producing the human protein antithrombin III in goats. Which of the following steps was the most important in generating a herd of antithrombin iii producing goats?
to place the gene for anti.... in a fertilized egg
One impact of damming a river is that water behind the dam builds up and covers previous terrestrial ecosystems often leaving small fragments of land as islands within the newly created lake. Why are the top predators likely to disappear from the small islands created by damming the river?
top predators need greater area to hunt their prey than what may have been available on the largest island created within lake
Chromosome silencing by making the DNA structure more condensed affects gene/protein regulation by...
transcription of genes
According to the principle of competitive exclusion
two species differ in their abilities to exploit identical resources in a single habitat
forensic DNA investigations depend on the fact that at a given location in the DNA
variable numbers of sequences are repeated in different individuals
Ebola is a ____ disease with ____ infectivity
viral ; high
which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic
whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes
When the birth rate plus immigration equals the death rate plus emigration the result is
zero population growth