Biology Final
The chemical behavior of an atom depends primarily upon which of the following?
the number of electrons in the valence shell
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____.
chloroplasts
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellularstructures?
cytoskeletons
The cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones is defined as
catabolism
the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones is defined as
catabolism
Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created or destroyed
the reactant molecule on which an enzyme acts is called the quizlet
substrates
Which bonds maintain the primary structure of a protein?
peptide bonds
osmosis represents the diffusion of
water
kinetic energy is energy of
motion
most enzymes end in
-ase
How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?
4
a nucleotide is composed of
A nitrogenous base, a sugar, at lease one phosphate group
All the individuals of a particular species living within the bounds of a specified area are collectively described by which of the following terms?
A population
Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water?
A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond.
Which of the following is required for the sodium-potassium pump to transport potassium ions into an animal cell?
ATP is required to help move 3 Na ions out of the cell and 2 K ions into the cell.
Which of the following describes the critical role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism?
ATP serves as an energy shuttle in the cell, coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions.
How would acidification of seawater affect marine organisms?
Acidification would decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shell-building animals.
Which of the four 92 naturally occurring elements make up approximately 96% of the mass of the human body?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?
Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.
The term insoluble fiber on food packaging generally refers to which of the following carbohydrates?
Cellulose
Strong evidence in support of the common ancestry of all life comes from
Charles Darwin proposed that "descent with modification" resulted when organisms of a particular species become adapted to their environment because they possess
Many properties of living things involve the transfer and transformation of energy and matter. For example, plant chloroplasts convert energy from sunlight to which of the following forms of energy or matter?
Chemical energy
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.
Which of the following is the key characteristic that is ultimately responsible for the unique chemical properties of each element?
Each element has a unique number of protons.
Which of the following molecules or structures may be found in Eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction.
Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?
Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.
Which of the following statements describes Charles Darwin's most significant original contribution to understanding both the unity and the diversity of life?
He proposed a mechanism to explain the process of evolution.
Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?
Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power
In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration
In an isotonic solution, the solute concentration is equal between two neighboring areas
Which of the following statements is true regarding cellulose?
It is a primary structural component of plant cell walls.
Which of the following is the most comprehensive definition of metabolism in living organisms?
Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism
Which of the following organelles are enclosed by a double membrane?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
In her studies of chimpanzee behavior, Jane Goodall collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?
Mothers and their infants typically nap for two to three hours each afternoon.
Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are
Nonpolar substances that repel water molecules.
Which of the following processes would be an example of a catabolic pathway?
Providing energy that can be used to drive cellular work.
A plasma membrane exhibits an ability for some substances to cross it more easily than other, this is called
Selective permeability
A controlled experiment is one that?
Test experimental and control groups in parallel.
Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?
The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds.
Which of the following correctly describes any reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium?
The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond.
They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
Why is it important that an experiment include a control group?
Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested or to some other factor.
All the organisms on your campus make up
a community
The process of science involves testing which of the following?
a hypothesis
In most exergonic reactions, the reactants capable of interacting to form products typically must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the:
activation energy of the reaction
the region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the
active site
active transport requires energy usually in the form of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
active transport moves substances ___ their concentration gradients
against
Energy transformations are always associated with
an increase in the entropy of the universe
A single-celled organism isolated from a deep-sea, hot thermal vent was found to have a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. This organism is most likely a member of which of the following domains?
archaea
Which of the following types of cells lack a nucleus?
archaea
Living things are divided into three different domains. Which of these domains are classified as prokaryotes?
bacteria and archaea
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
bacteria and archaea
All of the organism living in a particular ecosystem are collectively known as
biological community
Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization from large-scale to smaller scale?
biosphere → ecosystems → communities → populations → organisms
which structure is common to plant and animal cells
cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and vacuoles.
Structures that are specific to plants are the
cell wall and chloroplasts.
Pinocytosis means
cellular drinking
Which of the following reactions tend to require an input of energy?
dehydration
What structural feature makes the 20 common amino acids different from one another?
different side chains (R groups) attached to an α carbon
All the living organisms in a particular area along with all the nonliving aspects of the environment with which organisms interact are collectively described by which of the following terms?
ecosystem
what is a measure of molecular disorder
entrophy
when an enzyme binds to its substrate this is formed
enzyme-substrate complex
9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules is associated with ________.
eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia
Which of the following reactions releases energy?
exergonic reactions
Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as __________ is to __________.
exergonic; endergonic
One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to_____.
function in the synthesis of proteins
Charles Darwin Proposed the "descent with modification" resulted when organisms of a particular species become adapted to their environment because they possess?
heritable traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in the local environment.
In long-distance signaling, plants and animals use chemicals called
hormones
In an aqueous solution, water molecules associate with one another through which of the following?
hydrogen bonds
Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?
if my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results
Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by all organisms?
iron
the active site of an enzyme is the region that
is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?
it exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule
When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?
it is lost to the environment
diffusion is passive transport because
it uses/needs no energy
A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in ________.
lysosomes
Which of the following will be found in nearly all eukaryotic cells?
mitochondria
Which of the following terms describes membrane-enclosed components of cells that carry out specialized functions?
organelles
The primary structural component of a cell membrane are
phospholipid molecule
Which of the following large biological molecules will self-assemble into a bilayer when mixed with water?
phospholipids
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from:
plant cell or Nearly any eukaryotic organism.
unequal sharing of electrons between atoms will result in which of the following interactions?
polar covalent bond
Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the Golgi Apparatus
protein modification and sorting
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
proteins
Given only a mass number, one can deduce the number of ___ in each atom of element
protons plus neutrons
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
ribosome
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins destined for export from the cell?
rough ER
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
smooth ER
which organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils phospholipids and steroids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
the primary source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is
sun/sunlight
All the living things on Earth along with all the places where life exists are collectively described by which of the following terms?
the biosphere
a covalent bond is formed by
the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms
Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all the organisms?
the structure and function of DNA
Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because
their enzymes have high optimal temperatures
an ionic bond is formed by
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using
transmission electronic microscope.
how many electron pairs are shared between two carbon atoms when they are joined by a double bond
two pairs
Which organelle occupies much of the volume of a plant cell
vacuole