Biology Final
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
Fimbriae
In this reaction _____.
heat has been released to the environment
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
Enzymes work by _____.
reducing EA
Drag the terms on the left to correctly complete these sentences. Not all the terms will be used.
1. DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules, called sister chromatid(s), which separate during mitosis. 2. After chromosomes condense, the centromere(s) is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other. 3. During mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the kinetochore(s). 4. In dividing cells, most of the cell's growth occurs during interphase. 5. The mitotic spindle(s) is a cell structure consisting of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division. 6. During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called chromatin. 7. In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by cytokinesis, when the rest of the cell divides. 8. The centrosome(s) are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis.
Complete the sentences by dragging the terms to the appropriate locations. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
1. During prophase, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle lengthen. 2. During anaphase, the nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen and move past each other, and the kinetochore microtubules shorten. 3. During telophase, the nonkinetochore microtubules disassemble.
Drag the terms to the appropriate blanks to complete the following sentences summarizing the redox reactions of photosynthesis. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
1. In the light reactions, light energy is used to oxidize H2O to O2. 2. The electrons derived from this oxidation reaction in the light reactions are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. 3. The Calvin cycle oxidizes the light-reactions product NADPH to NADP+. 4. The electrons derived from this oxidation reaction in the Calvin cycle are used to reduce CO2 to G3P.
Select the statement that is incorrect.
All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H2O)n
Consider three questions concerning the animal cell that has been treated with the inhibitor. Drag the terms to answer the questions. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
1. Will this cell elongate during mitosis? yes 2. Will the sister chromatids separate from each other? yes 3. Will the chromosomes move to the poles of the cell? no
Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
10
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.
2
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.
6
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
6
What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
6
Which of these is a testcross?
A? x aa
In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?
ATP
Which of the following enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it unwinds during DNA synthesis?
Topoisomerase
Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5 . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8 . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions?
ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.
You have an enzymatic reaction proceeding at the optimum pH and optimum temperature. You add a competitive inhibitor to the reaction and notice that the reaction slows down. What can you do to speed the reaction up again?
Add more substrate; it will outcompete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate.
What property of dishwashing liquid (detergent) makes it useful to wash grease from pans?
Amphipathic nature
In the accompanying image, a nucleotide is indicated by the letter _____.
B
In the following cross the genotype of the female parent is BbGg. What is the genotype of the male parent? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes, G = green skin, g = white skin]
BBGg
How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.)
Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.
Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to this animation?
Both sodium and potassium ions are transported against their concentration gradients.
A nitrogenous base is indicated by the letter _____.
C
The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.
C
Which of these is(are) pyrimidines?
C, D, E
How could the botanist best determine whether the genotype of the green-pod plant is homozygous or heterozygous?
Cross the green-pod plant with a yellow-pod plant.
The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.
D
The parent cell that enters meiosis is diploid, whereas the four daughter cells that result are haploid. Which statement correctly describes how cellular DNA content and ploidy levels change during meiosis I and meiosis II?
DNA content is halved in both meiosis I and meiosis II. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis I, and remains haploid in meiosis II.
Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?
DNA is usually double-stranded, whereas RNA is usually single-stranded.
What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
DNA polymerase
Why is it correct to say that the linear electron flow of the light reactions directly captures energy in NADPH but only indirectly captures energy in ATP?
Electrons are directly transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH, but electron flow is used to generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Electrons are not directly transferred to ATP.
True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.
False
True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.
False
NADH and FADH2 are both electron carriers that donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons ultimately reduce O2 to water in the final step of electron transport. However, the amount of ATP made by electrons from an NADH molecule is greater than the amount made by electrons from an FADH2 molecule.
Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.
Drag the numbers on the left to complete the sentence on the right. Numbers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
For every molecule of O2 that is released by photosystem II, 2 H2O molecules are needed, which together pass 4 electrons to the PS II reaction-center complex.
Which of the following is the correct order of electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
H2O → P680 chlorophyll a pair → PS II primary electron acceptor → Pq → cytochrome complex → Pc → P700 chlorophyll a pair → PS I primary electron acceptor → Fd → NADPH
The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom, predict the molecular formula of the compound.
H2S
The brackets are indicating a(n) _____ bond.
Hydrogen
If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell?
Hypotonic
What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?
It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.
In the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon atom is released as CO2. However, the oxidation of the remaining two carbon atoms—in acetate—to CO2 requires a complex, eight-step pathway—the citric acid cycle. Consider four possible explanations for why the last two carbons in acetate are converted to CO2 in a complex cyclic pathway rather than through a simple, linear reaction.
It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA.
A BbGg x bbgg cross yields a phenotypic ratio of approximately 5 black eyes, green skin : 5 orange eyes, white skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin. Which of the following best explains these results?
Mendel's law of independent assortment is being violated.
That each gamete contains a single allele of the eye color gene is an illustration of _____.
Mendel's law of segregation only
The observed distribution of alleles into gametes is an illustration of _____.
Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.
NADPH
If the Calvin cycle slows down, what will happen to the rate of O2 production in PS II, and why?
O2 production will slow down because less NADP+ will be regenerated in the Calvin cycle.
Which of the following particles could diffuse easily through a cell membrane?
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
RuBP
A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions. Which solution will decrease in volume?
Solution A: 1.4% (m/v) starch
A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions. Which solution will increase in volume?
Solution D: 12.4% (m/v) NaCl
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms.
Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) the driving forces for diffusion of Na+ and K+ ions through their respective channels? Select all that apply
The diffusion of Na+ ions into the cell is facilitated by the Na+ concentration gradient across the plasma membrane. The diffusion of K+ ions out of the cell is impeded by the electrical gradient across the plasma membrane. The electrochemical gradient is larger for Na+ than for K+.
When a pigment molecule in a light-harvesting complex absorbs a photon of light, what happens to its excited-state electron?
The electron falls back to its ground state, while passing its excited-state energy to an electron in a nearby pigment molecule.
If more sugar were added to the solution on the left side of the tube, what would happen to the water level on the right side of the tube?
The water level would go down.
If crossing over did not occur, which of the following statements about meiosis would be true? Select all that apply.
There would be less genetic variation among gametes.
Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?
These atoms are isotopes.
An action spectrum plots the rate of photosynthesis at various wavelengths of visible light, and it shows that blue light with a wavelength of about 490 nm is effective in driving photosynthesis. Based on this information and the absorption spectra shown at left, what role may chlorophyll b and carotenoids play in photosynthesis?
These pigments are able to absorb more wavelengths of light (and thus more energy) than chlorophyll a alone can absorb. As part of light-harvesting complexes in photosystems, they broaden the range of light that can be used in the light reactions.
You obtain the pigments called carotenoids in your diet when you eat carrots. Why do carotenoids appear yellow and orange?
They absorb blue/green light and reflect yellow and red wavelengths of light.
Which of the following statements about Okazaki fragments in E. coli is true?
They are formed on the lagging strand of DNA.
Which statements are true for chloroplasts? Select the three that apply.
They contain the green pigment chlorophyll. They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma. They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy.
True or false? Single-stranded DNA molecules are said to be antiparallel when they are lined up next to each other but oriented in opposite directions.
True
True or false? The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group.
True
True or false? Osmosis is a type of diffusion.
True (Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.)
Which of the following statements about the conditions shown in the U-shaped tube are true?
Water is tightly clustered around the hydrophilic solute molecules on both sides of the membrane There is less free water in the right arm of the tube than in the left arm of the tube.
Which statement about weak bonds is correct?
Weak bonds are transient and easily reversible.
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
a space station orbiting Earth
Proteins are polymers of _____.
amino acids
What element does not prefer to react with other elements?
helium
An enzyme _____.
is an organic catalyst
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
lysosome
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
microtubules
What is a function of a bacterium's capsule?
protection
Arrow A is indicating a(n) _____ protein.
structural
What happens when two atoms form a chemical bond?
A chemical bond forms when two atoms transfer or share outer electrons to complete their outer shells.
Which molecule is less soluble in water--a fat or a phospholipid? Why?
A fat molecule is less soluble in water because it has three non-polar fatty acids and no polar or charged head like a phospholipid has.
How many fatty acids are in a phospholipid?
2
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
75
Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers? See Concept 4.2 (Page)
They differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds.
Atoms have no electric charge because they have ________.
an equal number of protons and electrons
The result of the following cross indicates that genotypically the offspring _____.
are all Rr
In order to determine the genotype of a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, you would cross this individual with a(n) _____ individual.
bbgg
What is the genotype of the parent with orange eyes and white skin? (Note: orange eyes are recessive.)
bbgg
A phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the offspring of a cross indicates that _____.
both parents are heterozygous for both genes
Which four of the 92 naturally occurring elements make up approximately 96% of the mass of the human body?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
cellular respiration
What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
covalent
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
cytoplasm
Identify three possible components of a DNA nucleotide.
deoxyribose, phosphate group, thymine
A cross between an individual with orange eyes and green skin and an individual with black eyes and white skin is an example of a _____ cross.
dihybrid
A neutral atom has two, eight, eight electrons in its first, second, and third energy levels. This information ________.
does not tell us about the atomic mass of the element
A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.
double covalent
A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously.
exergonic
The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction.
exergonic
The following reaction A --> B + C + heat is a(n) _____ reaction.
exergonic
Select the INCORRECT association.
exergonic ... uphill
A water molecule can bond to up to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.
four ... hydrogen
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
heat, carbon dioxide, and water
What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
hydrogen
In an aqueous solution, water molecules associate with one another through which of the following?
hydrogen bonds
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
hydrogen bonds
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
hydrogen bonds
What holds phospholipids together in a bilayer formation?
hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with water
This cell is in a(n) _____ solution.
hypertonic
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because it _____.
hypertonic solution ... lost water
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____.
hypotonic ... swelled
Trace elements are required by organisms in only minute quantities (less than 0.01% of mass). Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates?
iodine
As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.
is unchanged
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
Suppose that the botanist carried out the test cross described in Parts A and B and determined that the original green-pod plant was heterozygous (Gg). Which of Mendel's findings does her test cross illustrate?
law of segregation
Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____.
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
During which part of meiosis (meiosis I or meiosis II) do the two alleles of a gene separate? During which phase does the separation occur?
meiosis I, anaphase
A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
molecule
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nucleoid region
This is an image of a(n) _____.
nucleotide
What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?
osmosis
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
oxygen
Which of the following molecules can cross the lipid bilayer of a membrane directly, without a transport protein or other mechanism? Select all that apply.
oxygen water lipids carbon dioxide
Facilitated diffusion is a type of _______.
passive transport
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
peptide
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.
peptide bonds
The letter A indicates a _____.
phosphate group
A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.
phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.
photorespiration
What functional feature(s) does the phosphate group contribute to the structure of a phospholipid?
place to attach another small charged molecule negative charge to interact with water
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
plasma membrane
The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.
polar
In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens?
polar covalent
In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
polar covalent bonds.
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
potential
_________ structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein. _________ structure describes the alpha-helices and beta-sheets that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain. _________ structure is the result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex. _________structure is achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three- dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids.
primary secondary quaternary tertiary
In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules?
proteins
Changing the number of _____ would change an atom into an atom of a different element. See Concept 2.2 (Page)
protons
The result of the following cross indicates the orange eyes are _____ black eyes.
recessive to
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes
The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the male parent is _____.
rr
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
substrate
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
You can tell that this is an image of a DNA nucleotide and not an RNA nucleotide because you see a _____.
sugar with two, and not three, oxygen atoms
A salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. Therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a _____.
surface of hydrocarbons
Why isn't this insect drowning?
surface tension
Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?
thymine
In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.
thymine ... cytosine
In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?
to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.
transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
Cytokinesis in animal cells is accomplished by constriction of the cell along the plane of cell division (formation of a cleavage furrow). In plant cells, which have cell walls, a completely different mechanism of cytokinesis has evolved.
-The cell plate consists of the plasma membrane and cell wall that will eventually separate the two daughter cells. -Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules, coalesce at the plane of cell division, and form a cell plate.
How many electrons at a time are passed between the pigment molecules in the light-harvesting complexes?
0
If B represents the allele for black eyes (dominant) and b represents the allele for orange eyes (recessive), what would be the genotypic ratio of a cross between a heterozygous black-eyed MendAlien and an orange-eyed MendAlien?
0 homozygous black (BB): 1 heterozygote (black) (Bb): 1 homozygous orange (bb)
In a situation in which genes assort independently, what is the ratio of the gametes produced by an AaBB individual?
1 AB : 1 aB
If B represents the allele for black eyes (dominant) and b represents the allele for orange eyes (recessive), what would be the phenotypic ratio of a cross between a heterozygous black-eyed MendAlien and an orange-eyed MendAlien?
1 black : 1 orange
Black eyes are dominant to orange eyes, and green skin is dominant to white skin. Sam, a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, has a parent with orange eyes and white skin. Carole is a MendAlien with orange eyes and white skin. If Sam and Carole were to mate, the predicted phenotypic ratio of their offspring would be _____.
1 black eyes, green skin : 1 black eyes, white skin : 1 orange eyes, green skin : 1 orange eyes, white skin
An individual heterozygous for eye color, skin color, and number of eyes mates with an individual who is homozygous recessive for all three characters; what would be the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring? [Hint: B = black eyes, b = orange eyes; G = green skin, g = white skin; C = two eyes, c = one eye]
1 black eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 black eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 black eyes, white skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, green skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, green skin, one eye : 1 orange eyes, white skin, two eyes : 1 orange eyes, white skin, one eye
In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon.
1' ... 5'
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
3
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
3'-TAAACG-5'
Write the complementary sequence for the following DNA sequence, in order from 3' to 5': 5′−CGATATTGAGCTAAGCTT−3′
3′− GCTATAACTCGATTCGAA −5′
This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s)
4
Approximately what wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll a, the pigment that participates directly in the light reactions?
435 nm
Which wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll b?
455 nm
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?
5
Nucleic acids are assembled in the _____ direction.
5' to 3'
Can you tell from these absorption spectra whether red light is effective in driving photosynthesis?
One cannot tell from this graph, but because chlorophyll a does absorb red light, we can predict that it would be effective in driving photosynthesis.
Which part of a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) molecule provides the energy for DNA synthesis?
Phosphate groups
Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll?
Photophosphorylation
Which of the following enzymes creates a primer for DNA polymerase?
Primase
Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?
Primers are short sequences that allow the initiation of DNA synthesis
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis?
Proton gradient
Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel?
Protons
The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the female parent is _____.
RR
You have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. At this point, the reaction has stopped completely. What can you do to regain the activity of the enzyme?
The enzyme is inactive at this point. New enzyme must be added to regain enzyme activity.
If the pores in the selectively permeable membrane became larger, but still not large enough to let the sugar pass through, what would happen during osmosis in the U-shaped tube compared to what is shown in the figure?
The final water levels would be the same as shown in the figure, but the solutions would reach near equal concentrations faster.
If only chlorophyll a were involved in the light reactions, would blue light (wavelength about 490 nm) be effective in driving photosynthesis?
The graph indicates that chlorophyll a absorbs very little blue light, so we can predict that blue light would not be effective.
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.
electronegativity
The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction.
endergonic
This graph illustrates a(n) _____ reaction.
endergonic
Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?
endergonic
"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____.
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
What process exerts the pull on water molecules that is relayed from leaf to root via cohesion?
evaporation
Variations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with _____. See Concept 4.3 (Page)
the presence or absence of functional groups
In this reaction _____.
the products have less potential energy than the reactants
What is energy coupling?
the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
