BIOLOGY FINAL STUDY GUIDE

All BUT one of the following is a component of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids DO NOTcontain

Amino Acids

C, H, O ONLY

Carbohydrates

FAST FUEL

Carbohydrates

This is a path for the transfer of matter and energy through an ecosystem by eating and being eaten.

Food chain

What happens to the amount of available energy in the pyramid as it moves up through the different levels?

It decreases

C, H, O, AND SOMETIMES P

Lipids

AMINO ACIDS

Proteins

C, H, O, N

Proteins

ENZYMES

Proteins

POLYPEPTIDES

Proteins

Which biological molecule contains a large amount of the element nitrogen?

Proteins

A specific bird species lived in and around the swamps and lowlands in the Southeastern United States. Slowly, as more people moved south, these lands were cleared. Over time, this bird species started disappearing. The last of these birds was seen in the late 1900's. The most likely

The birds' habitat was destroyed

A forest fire lightly burned part of the park. The fire added nutrients to the soil. The fire also helped pine cones open and drop their seeds on the ground. These seeds sprouted and grew into strong, healthy seedlings. What effect did the change in the environment MOST LIKELY have on the pine trees growing in the park?

The fire helped release the seeds that grew in the improved soil

In a protected grassland preserve, there are herds of antelope and zebra and a pride of fifteen lionesses with cubs. A conservation program for lions plans to move the pride to a national park fifty miles north. What effect would this move have on the stability of this grassland preserve?

The herbivorous animals would initially thrive, but eventual overgrazing would lead to starvation or migration

The antelope and zebra are living on a preserve, where there is usually no hunting. Herbivores always have natural predators. The herbivores would not follow the lions; they are contained in a preserve and they do not know where lions have been moved to. Elk herds in Yellowstone National Park are herbivores that eat on the available vegetation. Which factor is important to ensure the stability of this ecosystem?

The predators, such as grey wolves, to keep the elk population from growing too large

In African savannas elephants are a keystone species. Elephants eat small trees, such as acacia, that grow on the savanna. Even if an acacia tree grows to a height of several feet, elephants are able to knock over the tree and uproot it. Imagine a drastic decline the elephant population that lives within the African savannas. What would be the inevitable result?

The savanna would succumb to succession and evolve into a woodland

An aquatic ecosystem was rich in benthic microalgae and sea grasses. Over the years,industrial pollutants have reduced these populations considerably. How would this affect the ecosystem?

There would be less energy transferred to the highter trophic levels.

The deepest ocean zone, found in trenches and canyons, is called the hadal zone. Find it on the illustration. The few species that live here include tiny isopods, a type of crustacean related to crabs and shrimp and invertebrates such as sponges and sea cucumbers. Considering the darkness, depth, cold temperatures, how do these organisms get the food needed to survive?

They are dependent on falling parts of dead or decaying plants and animals, called marine detritus

Proteins are different based on number and type of ____________ contained in their polypeptide chain(s).

amino acids

A forest ecosystem can support a limited number of bears. This is because bears hibernate

available energy is lost from one trophic level to the next

Known as the twilight zone, the mesopelagic zone meets the photic zone above and becomes very dark as depth increases. Temperature decrease; pressure increases. Because nutrients are limited here, some animals rise to the photic zone at night for food. Many animals in this subzone can eat animals larger than themselves because they are equipped with large sharp teeth with expandable jaws and stomachs. Another key physical feature of animals living in this zone is ____________, which has a variety of purposes, including predator deterrence, communication, and lures for prey.

bioluminescence

MONOSACCHARIDES

carbohydrates

PRODUCT OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

carbohydrates

Which biological polymer consists of many simple monosaccharides joined together?

carbohydrates

All living things are made of organic compounds which contain the element

carbon

This element is found in all living things. It is recycled when organisms die. It is transformed from one form to another through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. That element is

carbon

Primary producers are the basis of any food chain. Sunlight powers photosynthesis which results in the production of chemical energy, glucose. Some organisms are known to survive in dark habitats in which sunlight cannot penetrate. What process is responsible for how these organisms

chemosynthesis

An ecological community is defined as a group of actually or potentially interacting species living in the same place. A community is bound together by the network of influences that species have on one another. Inherent in this view is the notion that whatever affects one species also affects many others. We build an understanding of communities by examining the two-way interactions of pairs of species. The relationship of two species that can be represented as +/0 would best be described as

commensalism, one species benefits, one unaffected

These are the groups of plants and animals that interact within an ecosystem.

community

This is an organism that relies on other organisms for its food and energy supply; also called a heterotroph.

consumer

If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of an ecosystem, the

death rate rises

This is an organism that breaks down and gains nutrients from dead organisms.

decomposer

How can a population decrease in size?

decreased birthrate and emigration

Populations and abiotic factors with which they interact in the setting of a community.

ecosystem

This display graphically shows the energy that is available at each trophic level in a food chain.

energy pyramid

A representation of the linkages between food chains in a community.

food web

In a simple food chain, small fish eat algae; bigger fish eat the smaller fish; bears eat the bigger fish. Using the above scenario, which of these would have the largest amount of available energy?

grass

The area where an organism lives its life including the living and nonliving factors.

habitat

All organic compounds contain carbon and ________.

hydrogen

The graphic shows the island of Krakatoa, which disintegrated in 1889, due to the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. In the century since the eruption, the island has reformed from lava flows. The table above shows the number of species of various plant types that were found on the island over a 30 year period, since the island re-surfaced above the ocean in the 1950's. Which category of plants, given enough time, will probably form the climax community?

large trees

Any abiotic or biotic factor in an ecosystem that causes a population's size to slow ordecrease is a ____________ factor.

limiting

Organic compounds ALL contain the element carbon. Which organic compound, used for stored

lipid

FATTY ACIDS

lipids

GLYCEROL

lipids

STORED ENERGY

lipids

The acacia tree provides a number of benefits to the Pseudomyrmex ants that live on or near the trees. The trees provide shelter, protein, and nectar. The ants provides several forms of protection. They attack and remove herbivorous insects. They also remove vines that might overgrow the acacia and kill the growing shoots of nearby plants that might become competitors. The relationship between these ants and the acacia trees may best be described as

mutualistic

This is the role of a species in an ecosystem, consisting of such things as what it eats, when it eats, and where it lives.

niche

Which element IS found in proteins, but NOT found in carbohydrates?

nitrogen

In food chains, the flow of energy is ALWAYS _________.

one-way

Which is NOT a way carbon gets released into the ocean?

photosynthesis of ocean plants

Based on the pyramid, which organism(s) provide the MOST available energy?

phytoplankton and bacteria

The wolves and moose of Isle Royale are the focus of the longest-running study of a predator-prey system in the wild. Both are recent arrivals to Isle Royale: moose swam to the island in the early 1900's. Wolves followed decades later, traveling over the ice from Canada in the 1940's.About 40 years into the study, the wolf population crashed when humans introduced the canine-parvovirus. Additional factors over the years have impacted both populations. At one point during the study, the moose population collapsed during the most severe winter on record followed by an outbreak of moose ticks. What point on the graph represents the outbreak of moose ticks and a drastic decline in the moose population?

point c

This is an organism that supplies matter and energy, also known as an autotroph.

producer

If these organisms were arranged in a food pyramid, which organism would have the LEAST amount of total energy available? Red fox, sage shrub, fence lizard grasshopper

red fox

Look carefully at the model. During a drought, there is less water available for the plants. There is less runoff and less infiltration. During a drought, less water is returned to the atmosphere by the plants through __________, and there is a decrease in the plants' rate of ___________.

transpiration, photosynthesis

Several studies have shown an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. These increased levels play a direct effect on biogeochemical cycles. In the water cycle, with increased CO2 levels, plants decrease their rate of __________________ thereby holding onto the reactants of photosynthesis. Because plants hold onto these reactants, ______________ increases because

transpiration, runoff

The carrying capacity of any population will stay the same

unless enfironmental conditions change