Biology Honors: 1st Semester Exam Review
If the two traits sort independently, then what is the expected ratio of the phenotypes expressed by the offspring in this cross?
9:3:3:1
Most organisms obtain energy from food by the process of cellular respiration. Which is the MOST LIKELY explanation for what prevents Earth from running out of oxygen? (A) The overall reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the opposite of one another, therefore the products of one are the reactants of the other, creating a cycle. (B) The energy—and thus oxygen—flows for cellular respiration and photosynthesis take place in the same direction, and therefore build upon one another. (C) Cellular respiration is a process that deposits energy and oxygen, and photosynthesis withdraws energy and uses oxygen, therefore balancing each other. (D) Oxygen readily accepts electrons, so cellular respiration uses a negligible amount of oxygen. (E) Cellular respiration is balanced by fermentation, an alternative process of glucose metabolism which returns oxygen to the atmosphere.
A
One of the challenges facing the world today is supplying enough food for the human population. Farming with genetically modified plants is a possible solution to this challenge. What is a concern with using GM plants? (A) GM plants produce higher yields, which may lead to an increase in the amount of wasted food. (B) Farming with GM plants that are resistant to chemical herbicides may lead to overuse of weed-killing compounds. (C) Farming with GM plants requires less land and energy, which may lead to lower food costs and an economic crisis for farmers. (D) GM plants require more insecticide use, which may increase the chance of chemical residues in the food supply. (E) Scientific studies on GM plants are not available so the effects of GM plants are unknown.
A
Two students are developing a computer simulation of a chemical reaction that forms amino acids. Their simulation uses colored spheres to represent atoms of different elements. It uses lines connecting the spheres to represent chemical bonds. For the simulation to be accurate, which of these features should be included? (A) lines that break and reform between the spheres (B) spheres that break apart into small pieces (C) spheres that disappear during the simulated course of the reaction (D) spheres that appear during the simulated course of the reaction (E) lines that never break once they are placed
A
Which component of the human nervous system is correctly matched with its organizational level? (A) neuron: cell (B) nerve: organ system (C) brain: tissue (D) nervous system: organ
A
What structural feature does glucose share with larger organic molecules, including DNA and proteins?
A basic structure, or backbone, formed by chains of carbon atoms
What is the function of DNA in this pattern of inheritance?
A chromosome containing the allele for a widow's peak was passed from parent to offspring in each generation.
dihybrid cross
A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data
Central vacuole
A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
When Mendel crossed true-breeding tall pea plants with true-breeding short pea plants all the offspring were tall. Then he allowed the first-generation tall plants to self-pollinate. What were the ratios of phenotypes he expected in the F2 generation?
A monohybrid cross of pea plants that carry two alleles for plant height, the expected ratio is 3 tall : 1 short.
The best model to represent ATP and ADP would be?
A rechargeable battery
asexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
When prokaryotic cells copy their DNA, replication begins at:
A single point on the chromosome
scientific law
A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions. Cannot become a theory.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Thomas Hunt Morgan concluded that in the fruit fly Drosophila, all of the genes are grouped into four linkage groups. Which of the additional statements are true for Drosophila fruit flies? (A) Drosophila has four chromosomes. (B) The traits of each linkage group are generally inherited together. (C) The four linkage groups assort independently during meiosis. (D) Crossing-over between genes on the same chromosome occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis. (E) Crossing-over between genes on different chromosomes occurs during prophase 2 of meiosis.
A, B, C, D
Which of these statements describes how organisms could use molecules of glucose? I. Several glucose molecules could be assembled into a larger molecule. II. Glucose molecules could be broken apart to form smaller molecules. III.The atoms of glucose molecules could be combined with other elements to form a different molecule.
All answers are correct
cytoplasm division
-Dividing of the cytoplasm and the organelles - Cytokinesis begins during late Anaphase and is completed at the end of telophase - Each daughter cell restarts the cell cycle anew with interphase
If two people with LMLN genotypes have children, what is the expected ratio among LMLM, LMLN, and LNLNgenotypes?
1 LMLM : 2 LMLN : 1 LNLN
recessive allele
An allele that is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen that is rare in nature. A compound nicknamed "heavy water" has identical chemical properties as normal water, but its molecules use deuterium instead of the more common hydrogen isotope. In a science experiment, Professor Byron adds heavy water to the soil of a growing plant. The plant takes up and uses heavy water in the same way it would take up normal water. After several days, the professor looks for deuterium in the plant and in the gases that the plant releases. Which is the MOST likely result of the experiment?(A) Deuterium is part of plant sugars in leaves, but no other compounds in the plant. (B) Deuterium is part of plant sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds throughout the plant. (C) Deuterium is in the gases that the plant releases, but not in any plant tissues. (D) Deuterium is in the plant roots, but not elsewhere in the plant. (E) Deuterium remains in the soil, but not in any plant tissues or gases that the plant releases.
B
In pea plants, green peas (G) are dominant over yellow peas (g), and tall height (T) is dominant over short height (t). In a dihybrid cross of the two traits, what is the expected fraction of the offspring who show the recessive form of both traits, meaning they are short and have yellow peas? Assume that the two traits sort independently. (A) 1/100 (B) 1/16 (C) 1/8 (D) 1/4 (E) 1/2
B
Nayla is planning an investigation on the role of osmosis in maintaining homeostasis. She plans to study red blood cells in a liquid suspension, similar to blood plasma. For Nayla to observe the greatest variety of osmotic activity in the red blood cells, she should test the effect of which of these independent variables? (A) the number of red blood cells per liter of the liquid suspension (B) salt concentration of the liquid that surrounds the red blood cells (C) temperature of the liquid suspension (D) oxygen concentration of the red blood cells (E) oxygen concentration of the surrounding liquid
B
When news of a scientific discovery is reported, readers must assess the credibility of the claim. In general, which statement indicates a valid and credible claim? (A) The scientist aimed for pinpoint accuracy by using a small sample size. (B) The scientist followed strict standards of investigation and scientific methodology throughout the research. (C) The scientist assured that the experiment was broad in scope by testing many variables in each trial. (D) No other scientists replicated the experiment to avoid the legal issues of patent infringement. (E)The scientist restated the hypothesis after performing the trial in order to have a more accurate hypothesis.
B
Cells rely on compounds that readily store and release energy. Which statement describes how energy storage and release occurs in cells? (A) The Krebs cycle serves to store energy and make it readily available for cell function. (B) ATP attracts an additional phosphate group and stores energy in the form of ADP. (C) ATP stores energy and releases it as ATP reverts back to ADP. (D) The electron transport chain stores energy in the bonds of NAD+ and releases it as NAD+ reverts back to NADH. (E) Energy is trapped in FADH2, and released in the cell when FADH2 converts to NADH.
C
Jan is researching a procedure to synthesize valine from glucose and other compounds. The procedure involves several chemical reactions. Most likely, one of the reactions will accomplish which of these tasks? (A) removing sulfur atoms from a 6-carbon sugar (B) adding oxygen atoms to a 6-carbon sugar (C) adding an amino group (-NH2) to a carbon compound (D) removing a carboxyl group (-COOH) from a carbon compound (E) adding double bonds between two carbon atoms
C
Which of the following processes involves interactions among all three forms of RNA (messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA)? (A) transcription of DNA into pre-mRNA (B) editing of pre-mRNA to form mRNA (C) translation of mRNA into a polypeptide (D) modification of a protein for export from the cell (E) DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle
C
Which statement best describes an event that occurs in glycolysis that contributes to the production of ATP? (A) Pyruvic acid is broken down to form carbon dioxide. (B) Oxygen molecules are broken down and converted into pyruvic acid. (C) High-energy electrons are passed to NAD+ forming NADH. (D) Carbon atoms in glucose are transformed into energy in the form of ATP. (E) Hydrogen atoms are combined with oxygen atoms, forming water.
C
Light independent reactions is also known as:
Calvin Cycle
Atoms of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are found in all biological macromolecules. Which macromolecules are made ONLY of these three elements?
Carbohydrates and lipids
Plants use the sugars produced by photosynthesis to synthesize which of the following types of biomolecules?
Carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids
interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
G1 phase
Cell growth
Marcus is developing a model to compare the cells of prokaryotes, such as bacteria, and the cells of multicellular eukaryotes, such as a plant or animal. He begins by drawing a model of a bacterial cell. Which strategy would be MOST useful for modeling the cells of the multicellular eukaryote? (A) Draw many cells that are the same size and shape as the bacterial cell, and in close contact with one another. (B) Draw many cells that are larger than the bacterial cell, and all the same size and shape, and in close contact with one another. (C) Draw many cells that are either larger or smaller than the bacterial cell, of a variety of sizes and shapes, and isolated from one another. (D) Draw many cells that are larger than the bacterial cell, of a variety of sizes and shapes, and in close contact with one another. (E) Draw many cells that are smaller than the bacterial cell, that lack nuclei and organelles, and in close contact with one another.
D
Police departments and other agencies are often tasked with investigating crimes. Which of the following describes a solution to a problem that investigators face that DNA fingerprinting can help solve?
DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify persons that were wrongly convicted of a crime.
What do the dark bands in each sample of DNA represent?
DNA fragments of different lengths
Avery and his team wanted to identify the molecule of transformation, which Griffith discovered in his experiments. They extracted a mixture of molecules from the heat-killed bacteria and treated them with enzymes that destroy specific molecules. What molecules were responsible for such transformation?
Deoxyribosenucleic Acids (DNA)
dominant
Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Frederick Griffith
Discovered transformation during an experiment that involved injecting mice with smooth S cells, rough R cells, heat-killed S cells, and heat-killed S cells with living R cells.
What is the pattern of inheritance for the pedigree?
Dominant alleles
A student concludes that the same pedigree could also apply to an X-linked recessive trait. Is the student's conclusion accurate? (A) Yes, because only a few family members express the trait. (B) Yes, because more females than males express the trait. (C) No, because males and females always express X-linked traits in equal frequencies. (D) No, because if a son expresses the trait, then his mother must express it as well. (E) No, because if a daughter expresses the trait, then her father must express it as well.
E
Stewart is investigating how plants maintain homeostasis in response to the amount of water that is available to them. As part of the investigation, he studies a plant that receives sufficient water and has straight, upright stems and firm leaves. He also studies another plant that was grown in dry soil, and that has wilted stems and leaves. When Stewart examines the cells of the plants under a microscope, which organelle will display the greatest difference between the two plants? (A) the nucleus, because chromosomes thicken in water (B) the cell membrane, because water diffuses across it (C) chloroplasts, because photosynthesis depends on water volume (D) ribosomes, because protein synthesis depends on water volume (E) the central vacuole, because it stores water and provides support
E
Which describes asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction? (A) Offspring inherit some of their genetic information from each of two parents. (B) Offspring are more genetically diverse than their parents. (C) The process of meiosis produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells. (D) The process provides an advantage to a population when the environment changes. (E) Genetically identical offspring are produced from a single parent.
E
Which of the following processes is directly controlled by the cell nucleus? (A) Osmosis because the nucleus has nuclear pores that allow water to move in and out. (B) Energy production because the nucleus contains mitochondria. (C) Cell membrane assembly because the cell membrane is made from the nuclear envelope. (D) Waste removal because a steady stream of molecules moves out of the nucleus. (E) Protein synthesis because DNA in the nucleus contains the instructions for making proteins
E
In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b). A cross of two black guinea pigs produces three offspring, all of which have black fur. What conclusion can be drawn about the genotypes of the two parent guinea pigs of the cross?
Either parent could be homozygous dominant (BB) or heterozygous (Bb).
During photosynthesis, how is the light energy that strikes the cell transformed into the chemical energy stored in sugars?
Energy is transferred to sugars through intermediates, such as ATP and NADPH.
How do alleles that display codominance differ from alleles that display simple dominance?
If two alleles are codominant then both alleles will be expressed in heterozygotes.
experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Advantages of sexual reproduction:
Increased survival in changing conditions, genetic diversity and rate of reproduction
What is the role of molecular oxygen (O2) in cellular respiration?
It accepts electrons when reacting to form water.
What is the significance of this genetic code?
It describes how RNA is translated to amino acids.
Photosynthesis converts light energy to stored chemical energy. What best describes the role of molecular oxygen (O2) in this process?
It is a byproduct that is released into the atmosphere
Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding plants with green pea pods with true-breeding plants with yellow pea pods. The resulting F1 generation all had green pea pods. What did he observe in the F2 generation?
Mendel observed green and yellow pea pods in a 3:1 ratio because the F1 generation was heterozygous.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What characteristic of the structure of DNA allows DNA to carry coded genetic information?
Nitrogenous bases
Evolutionary theory has become the central organizing principle of biological science. Could this scientific theory ever become a scientific law?
No, because a theory is a complex explanation that does not become a law.
Introns
Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences.
What event is MOST LIKELY to cause XYY Syndrome?
Nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis
anaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Most organisms obtain energy from food by the process of cellular respiration. How is this?
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposites of one another allowing for one to be the products and the other to be the reactants
Animal cell versus plant cell:
Plant cells have Chloroplasts, a cell wall, and vacuoles but animal cells do not
Which is the most likely type of ethical or social issue that could arise from the use of DNA fingerprinting?
Privacy issues that arise when a donor's DNA is identified without his or her consent
Which of the following processes is directly controlled by the cell nucleus?
Protein synthesis because DNA in the nucleus contains the instructions for making proteins
Which of the following activities occurs in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
role of photosynthesis in carbon cycle
Removes CO2 from the atmosphere; only plants and other producers do this
Griffith's experiment
Reported in 1928 by Fredrick Griffith, was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation.
Steps of protein synthesis include what structures?
Ribosomes, Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus
The most significant reason that gene therapy is not approved is because it has failed to meet what criteria?
Safety to the patient, because some tests have been fatal
Roger is comparing a model of a sugar molecule to a model of an amino acid. Which of the following evidence statements would be supported by the two models?
Sugars and amino acids are made of the same elements except amino acids also contain nitrogen.
In an investigation, plant cells are placed in water that has been tinted blue. The investigators observe the color of the cells changing to blue. What additional observation would be evidence that the cells maintain homeostasis in response to this change?
The central vacuole in the cells increases in size.
Metaphase can be labeled as:
The centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
What event may result in altered genes during eukaryotic DNA replication?
The enzyme telomerase is switched off
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
A griffin is a mythical creature that appears in many stories. It has the head of an eagle and the body of a lion. What role, if any, could the griffin have in the science of biology?
The griffin has no role in biology, because it is not real.
Lisa is investigating a chemical reaction involving carbon compounds. Which of these results could NOT occur, according to scientific laws about chemical reactions, matter, and energy?
The mass of carbon in the products is greater than the mass of carbon in the reactants
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
G2 phase
The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
In her report of an investigation, Shira states that the height of a bush is 0.65 meters. Nathaniel states that the height of the same bush is 65 centimeters. How do the statements of the two students compare?
The students used different metric units to state the same height.
S phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
What is the role of ATP and NADH in the electron transport model?
They are synthesized as electrons are transported along the chain.
Marissa and Gene have phenotypes at the opposite extremes of a polygenic trait. What phenotype will their children most likely have?
They will have the intermediate phenotype for the trait at the middle of the bell curve.
A medical researcher hopes to cure a disease in mice by changing a gene. How can she change the sequence of a gene?
Through CRISPR
Human nerve cells and muscle cells have many structural and functional differences. What role does DNA play in these differences?
Transcription factors and gene expression is different in nerve cells and muscle cells.
What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
Water is split, producing electrons that are used to replace the electrons lost in photosystem II. Splitting water also produces oxygen and four protons, which remain in the thylakoid. Oxygen is later released so we can breath
Griffith's experimental questions:
What made the mice injected with disease-causing bacteria die?
Serious genetic disorders include cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease. What determines whether a person has a genetic disorder?
Whether defective genes were inherited from the parents
Two scientists are both studying RNA. One scientist is studying RNA in mice and the other is studying RNA in E. coli bacteria. Would each scientist use the same genetic code?
Yes, they would read it in a 3 base pair sequence
What best describes the role of molecular oxygen in the process of photosynthesis?
a byproduct that is released in the atmosphere
scientific theory
a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations
totipotent cells
able to differentiate into all cell types
Carlo is studying a report from the Human Genome Project. He selects at random a 100 base-pair sequence of the genome. What is the most likely function of this sequence?
an unknown function that is neither gene transcription nor gene regulation
What is the source of the chemical energy that is captured in ATP?
chemical bonds in glucose
Punnett Square
diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross
Exons
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
In a model summarizing cellular respiration, which of the following must be representedas raw materials, or the reactants of the process?
glucose and oxygen
What is the purpose of DNA replication in the S phase of the cell cycle?
make two copies of each chromosome, increase genetic diversity and conserve genetic information
M phase
mitosis and cytokinesis
Where would a label for oxygen be MOST useful to add to the diagram?
pointing out to the leaves
Photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
light-dependent reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
A student is developing a model that shows the steps of protein synthesis. The model should include activities in which three structures?
ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus
Metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the centromeres of chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Farmer Jones noticed that some of his chickens grow much faster than the others. What can he use to increase the frequency of this trait in his chickens?
selective breeding
Light Independent Reactions
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis; proteins are assembled on ribosomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Some family members are carriers of the recessive trait, meaning their genotype includes the recessive allele but they do not display the trait. Which squares or circles in the pedigree could represent carriers of the recessive trait?
some but not all of the unshaded circles, and none of the unshaded squares
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
A cell gains energy by combining glucose with oxygen in a series of chemical reactions. The products are carbon dioxide and water. What is the source of this energy?
the breaking of chemical bonds within the molecules of the reactants
telophase
the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
A fetus is a developing baby before birth. Parents are now able to have a karyotype analyzed for a fetus. Based on this analysis, what information can parents learn about their baby?
the presence or absence of a chromosomal disorder, such as Down syndrome
Which is a role of cellular respiration in cycling materials between the atmosphere and the biosphere?
transfers carbon to the atmosphere in carbon dioxide