Biology Honors Chapter 5

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What is a major difference between filtrate in the nephron and urine leaving the bladder?

The filtrate contains amino acids and vitamins, but urine does not because amino acids, some vitamins, and other nutrients are reclaimed as the filtrate is refined

Which of the following statements about fish gills is true?

They have a large surface area

The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?

a hypertonic sucrose solution because water moves by osmosis from the hypotonic environment, the cell interior, to the hypertonic environment

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of

active transport because the sodium-potassium pump moves ions across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradients. This requires energy and is an example of active transport

Which of the following is a difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

active transport requires the expenditure of cellular energy, and facilitated diffusion does not because active transport can move substances against the concentration gradient, but it requires energy, usually in the form of ATP

A waste product of respiration is

carbon dioxide

Fluidity of an animal cell plasma membrane is enhanced by __________.

cholesterol molecules because at low temperatures, cholesterol hinders solidification of the membrane because it prevents the close packing of phospholipids

Facilitated diffusion is

diffusion occurring via a transport protein

Which of the following statements regarding diffusion is false?

diffusion occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated

Phagocytosis is to eating as pinocytosis is to

drinking

The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of

endocytosis because in endocytosis, the plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell

Which of the following is one way that land animals tend to lose water to their environment?

evaporation because water evaporates from moist surfaces of the body

A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of

facilitated diffusion because in facilitated diffusion, molecules use a transport protein to move across the plasma membrane. There is a net movement of molecules down the concentration gradient -- that is, there is a net movement of molecules from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated

The first step in the formation of urine is the

formation of filtrate that enters Bowman's capsule

Identify Structure A.

glycoprotein which is composed of both a carbohydrate and a protein

The cholesterol associated with animal cell membranes...

helps to keep phospholipids from being too close to one another

A plant cell placed in a(n) _____________ solution will lose water and plasmolyze.

hypertonic

There is a net diffusion of water out of an animal cell when it is placed in a(n) _____________ solution.

hypertonic

An animal cell placed in a(n) ___________ solution will gain water, swell, and possibly burst.

hypotonic

The ideal osmotic environment for a plant cell is a(n) ___________ environment.

hypotonic

Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.

into ... membranous vesicles because the prefix "end-" means "inward"

Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment

is hypotonic to the protozoan

A plant cell surrounded by a(n) _________ solution will be flaccid (limp).

isotonic

The ideal osmotic environment for an animal cell is a(n) _____________ environment.

isotonic

What is hydrophobic like the interior of the plasma membrane?

lipid soluble molecules

In active transport,

molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient because molecules move against their concentration gradient in active transport

In humans, incoming air is filtered, warmed, and humidified in the _____.

nasal cavity because the nasal cavity is a large air-filled cavity. Because of the large surface area, the air is warmed or cooled as it passes through; it is also humidified. Particulate matter is removed by the nasal hairs

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron

Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusion is considered a type of

passive transport

The process of a white blood cell is engulfing a bacterium is

phagocytosis

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.

phagocytosis because this occurs when a cell engulfs a large particle

The ________ is a passageway shared by both food and air.

pharynx

You know that this process is _____ because _____.

pinocytosis ... the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid because pinocytosis is "cell drinking"

Which of the following is a function of the human kidney?

processing of blood to form filtrate material, from which metabolic wastes are discarded because the kidneys function to adjust the composition of the body fluids and rid the body of metabolic waste materials

When placed in a hypotonic environment, where the solute concentration is below that of the cell, a houseplant will _____.

remain standing upright because the water balance in plants is remarkably different. In an isotonic solution plant cells will look flaccid (limp), and in a hypotonic environment they will be turgid (firm). The cell wall allows the plant cell to balance the osmotic pressures inside the cell

In earthworms, gas exchange occurs in the _________.

skin because the entire outer skin of earthworms is the respiration surface

The lipids in a cell membrane are arranged _________.

so that the non polar parts of two lipids point toward each other because a phospholipid bilayer can exist as a stable boundary between aqueous compartments because the molecular arrangement shelters the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid from water while exposing the hydrophilic heads of water

Structure A is a ________.

solute because a solute is crossing the plasma membrane

Osmosis can be defined as

the diffusion of water

Identify Structure D.

the phospholipid bilayer of membrane that can be recognized by the presence of a head and two tails

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that...

the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others

In order for gas exchange to occur, a respiratory surface must be _____.

thin and moist because carbon dioxide and oxygen must be dissolved in water to diffuse through the thin cells of a respiratory surface

Water crosses the plasma membrane

through facilitated diffusion or diffusion because water can cross the plasma membrane through the process of facilitated diffusion. However, water molecules can also cross the lipid bilayer directly

What is the function of Structure E (cholesterol)?

to stabilize the phospholipids in the plasma membrane

A series of air tubes that branches throughout the body describes which gas exchanges system?

tracheae because a tracheal system has its respiratory surfaces at the tips of tiny branching tubes inside the body

Structure B is a ________.

transport protein because the transport protein facilitates the movement of solute across the plasma membrane

Structure A is a(n) _______.

transport protein that allows solute molecules to enter the cell

Through which of the following structures does urine leave the bladder?

urethra

Exocytosis is

when a membranous vesicle is fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing its contents into the extracellular fluid

Phagocytosis is

when the process of engulfing large particles occurs


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