Biology I: Chapter 27

___ develop from multicellular embryos, evolved from green algae, have a cuticle covering the aerial portion of the plant, store starch, and are a monophyletic group.

All plants

Hornworts belong to the phylum ___ and live in disturbed habitats such as fields and roadsides.

Anthocerophyta

In mosses, fertilization occurs in the ____. The transfer of gametes relies upon ___.

Archegonium; water

Liverworts can produce archegonia and antheridia on a haploid gametophyte and are ___.

Bryophytes

The green, gametangia-bearing moss plant is the haploid gametophyte ___.

Generation

The spore cases on a fern are often arranges in ___, usually on the ___, and called sporangia.

Sori; fronds

The spore cases on the leaves of ferns, ___, often occur in clusters called ___.

Sporangia; sori

The gametophyte generation of a plant produces haploid ___ by mitosis and is haploid.

Gametes

The haploid part of the life cycle is called the ___.

Gametophyte generation

The leafy green part of a moss is the ___.

Gametophyte generation

Green algae and plants store excess carbohydrates as ___ and have ___ as a major component of their cell walls.

Starch; cellulose

The waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the ___.

Cuticle

The sporophyte generation of a plant is ___ and produces haploid spores by ___.

Diploid; meiosis

___ is a polymer in the cell walls of large, vascular plants that strengthens and supports the plant and its conducting tissues.

Lignin

Spores grow to form a plant body by ___, into a ___ plant, and into gametophyte plants.

Mitosis; haploid

A sporangia is on a ___ plant, on a ___ plant, and found on ___.

Diploid; vascular; ferns

The bryophytes includes ___, ___, and ___ AND are small plants that lack a ___ system.

Mosses; liverworts; hornworts; vascular

The diploid zygote of mosses develops into a mature ___.

Sporophyte

The diploid part of the life cycle is called the ___.

Sporophyte generation

Fossil evidence indicates that ___ are probably the first group of plants to arise from the common plant ancestor.

Bryophytes

Club mosses were major contributors to our present-day ___.

Coal deposits

The adaptation of plants to land environments involved a number of important adaptations. Among them was the ___ that covers aerial parts, protecting the plant against water loss. Openings in this covering also developed. These ___ facilitate the gas exchange that is necessary for photosynthesis.

Cuticle; stomata

The two main clades of seedless vascular plants are ___ and ___.

Ferns; club mosses

Land plants are thought to have evolved from ___.

Green algae

A strengthening compound found in cell walls of vascular plants is ___.

Lignin

Plants are considered to be a ___ group.

Monophyletic

Ferns are ___ the most important group of bryophytes.

NOT

Stomata allow gas exchange for ___.

Photosynthesis

The body of a liverwort is a flattened, lobed structure called a ___.

Thallus

The two vascular tissues present in vascular plants are the ___ and the ___.

Xylem; pholem

In plant life cycles the first stage in the diploid sporophyte generation is the ___.

Zygote

Plants live one part of their lives in a multicellular haploid stage and another part in a multicellular diploid stage. Having two stages to the life cycle is referred to as ___.

Alternation of generations

In plants, the male gametes form in the ___.

Antheridia

Plant sperm cells form in ___ and ___ gametophyte plants.

Antheridia; haploid

Red algae, green algae, and land plants are collectively classified as ___.

Archaeplastids

In plants, the female gametes form in the ___.

Archegonia

Liverworts reproduce sexually and asexually. In sexual reproduction, the haploid gametangia are called ___ and ___.

Archegonia; antheridia

Of the four major groups of plants only the ___ lack a vascular (conducting) system. This group reproduces via ___.

Bryophytes; spores

The carbon used by plants to make sugars and other organic molecules is obtained from ___ present in the atmosphere.

CO2

Plants and the group from which they are thought to be derived have the same photosynthetic pigments. They contain both ___ A and B, and the carotenoids including xanthophyllis ( yellow pigments) and carotenes (orange pigments).

Chlorophylls

In the plant life cycle, the first stage in the sporophyte generation is the ___, and the ___ are the first stage of the gametophyte generation.

Diploid zygote; haploid spores

The sex organs of plants, or ___, as they are called, are multicellular structures producing gametes.

Gametangia

During asexual reproduction in liverworts, tiny balls of tissue called ___ form on the thallus, and after they are dispersed by raindrops they will develop into a new liverwort.

Gemma

Plants are thought to have evolved from ancient forms of ___ because of the numerous characteristics they have in common.

Green algae

The ___ and ___ are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds.

Gymnosperms; angiosperms

Plants have a character that distinguishes them from green algae. That characteristic is development from multicellular embryos enclosed in ___.

Maternal tissues

The leaves of vascular plants that evolved from branching stems are ___ and contain more then one ___ strand.

Megaphylls; vascular

There are two types of true leaves: the small ___ with its single vascular strand and the larger ___ with multiple vascular strands. Of these two types of leaves, the ___ represents the majority of leaves we see today.

Microphyll; megaphyll; megaphyll

The three groups of bryophytes are ___, ___, and ___.

Mosses; liverworts; hornworts

The mature fern gametophyte is a tiny, green, often heart-shaped structure called a ___.

Prothallus

Each moss plant has tiny, hair-like absorptive structures called ___.

Rhizoids

In ferns, the sporophyte is composed mainly of an underground stem called the ___, from which extend true roots and leaves called ___.

Rhizome; fronds

The vascular plants include the ___, ___, and ___.

Seedless vascular plants; gymnosperms; angiosperms

The stem of horsetails are impregnated with ___.

Silica

___ gametangia is not a characteristic of plants.

Unicellular

When a gamete produced by an archegonium fuses with a gamete produced by a male gametophyte plant, the result is a diploid ___, the first stage in the sporophyte generation, fertilization.

Zygote