Biology II (ch. 16)

The oldest fossils date approximately _____ years ago.

3.5 billion

How many species are there?

5-30 million (Teacher says: 50-100 million) 1.5 million or so have been formally named and described

You discover a new, single-celled organism with a prokaryotic cell structure. Based on DNA, it seems to share the most number of genetic features with some very early protists. To which domain does this newly discovered organism most likely belong?

Archaea

any of a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms that have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria as well as from eukaryotes

Archaea

are microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled, that can be found everywhere. They can be dangerous, such as when they cause infection, or beneficial, as in the process of fermentation (such as in wine) and that of decomposition.

Bacteria

What are the domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What part of the phylogenetic tree represents the natural selection that leads to a new group of species or groups of species

Branch

Which statement about the evolution of life is NOT true? A.) Evolution of life involved several mass extinctions followed by periods of diversification. B.)When organisms first colonized new habitats, they rapidly diversified into new species. C.)The first diversification of animal life occurred during the Cenozoic Era. D.)The cause of extinction of the dinosaurs was most likely to have been the impact of a large asteroid. E.)Oxygen only became abundant in the atmosphere as a result of the evolution of photosynthetic

C is not true The first diversification of animal life occurred during the Cenozoic Era. (Cenozoic Era is the era we live in now)

_______ is the movement of the continents relative to one another

Continental drift

Why was the classification of the kingdom Monera split into two domains?

DNA evidence showed that it was made up of two distinct groups of organisms, and this was based partly on the work of Carl Woese.

There are 8 taxonomic ranks. What are they in order ?

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species "Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup"

What do Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens have in common? A.) They are all members of different species. B.)They are all mammals. C.) They are all members of the same genus. D.)They are all primates. E.)all of these

E.) all of these

a domain of organisms having cells each with a distinct nucleus within which the genetic material is contained. _______include protist, fungi, plants, and animals.

Eukarya

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. This cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material) are located.

Eukaryote organisms, including plants and animals

a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family, and is denoted by a capitalized

Genus

Mammary glands and a body that is covered with hair; hair has to arise from a specific area of its body

Mammals

What part of the phylogenetic tree represents the last common ancestor of the organisms above a certain point in the tree

Node

What is convergent evolution?

Organisms that are not closely related evolve similar adaptations as a result of independent episodes of natural selection

Pangaea was present during the _____ Era.

Paleozoic

Approximately 245 million years ago, the planet Earth was one large land mass called _____.

Pangaea

A principal taxonomic category that ranks above class and below kingdom

Phylum Example Phylum: Chordata It contains all of the vertebrate animals (fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals), as well as a couple of invertebrate ones.

any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes.

Prokaryote

________ is the unstable form of an element that decays into another element by emitting energetic particles(radiation)

Radioactive isotopes

________ is the amount of radioactivity present in a rock is used as a geologic clock

Radiometric dating

What part of the phylogenetic tree represents the common ancestor of all organisms on the tree

Root

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial, e.g. Homo sapiens.

Species

_________ is systemically identifying, naming, and classifying organisms on the basis of shared traits

Taxonomy

To what are polar bears most closely related?

brown bears

Based on the fossil evidence, where did the ancestors of penguins evolve?

in New Zealand, at a time when New Zealand and Antarctica were in close proximity

Which group do we share with the greatest number of species?

kingdom

In the absence of an instrument to measure Uranium-238, what other atoms could you measure to gauge the age of an ancient rock?

only potassium, argon, rubidium, and strontium

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms

phylogeny

The movement of Earth's upper crust and mantle, which influences the geographical distribution of landmasses and organisms, is termed _____.

plate tectonics

Over time, what events caused changes in the land masses on Earth?

plate tectonics, temperature changes, and climate changes

As far as how many species there are on the planet Earth (i.e., species diversity), which of the following groups may be immeasurable?

protists, bacteria, and archaea

The theory that most species change occurs in periodic bursts as a result of environmental change is _____.

punctuated equilibrium

on a phylogenetic tree, organisms that are closely related:

share more recent common ancestors than those more distantly related organisms.

what directly permitted the diversification of mammals?

the extinction of the dinosaurs, which opened new habitat opportunities

What permitted the evolution of complex eukaryotic organisms?

the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere

Bony vertebral column; they have jaws & a bony protection around their spinal cord

Vertebrates

Both bats and insects fly, but bat wings have bones and insect wings do not. Is this an example of convergent evolution?

Yes, it is convergent evolution.

Which phrase best describes adaptive radiation?

a diversification of organisms as they enter into a new habitat

adaptive radiation

a rapid burst of evolution

Which of these would be in the phylum Chordata with humans? ants sunflowers jelly fish bats mushrooms

bats

Using the ratio of uranium-238 to lead-206 in order to date rocks works _____.

because Uranium-238 decays at a constant rate and starts at 100% in igneous rocks

Why are there so few classified bacteria, relative to invertebrates?

because bacteria are small and do not have easily visible characteristics to distinguish among them

The study of how organisms are distributed in geographic space is called _____.

biogeography