Biology II Exam 2 Leasi

Members of an r-selected species typically have a short lifespan. a. False b. True

b. True

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and translational components. a. False b. True

b. True

The association of nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium with legumes such as peas is an example of mutualism. a. False b. True

b. True

Which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool? a. An ecosystem b. A population c. A landscape d. A biosphere e. A community

b. A population

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for the chemical evolution of life? a. The availability of chemical building block b. Little or no free oxygen c. Source of energy d. Carbon dioxide e. Time

Carbon dioxide

Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point do the environmental limits begin to slow the growth rate? a. C b. A c. D d. B e. There are considerable environmental limits on all regions of the graph.

a. C

Which were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis? a. Cyanobacteria b. Flowering plants c. Algae d. Gymnosperms e. Green sulfur bacteria

a. Cyanobacteria

Cryptic coloration advertises a species unpalatability to potential predators. a. False b. True

a. False

Species richness is a measure of both the number of species and the relative importance of each species based on its abundance, productivity, or size. a. False b. True

a. False

The first cells were autotrophs. a. False b. True

a. False

The prebiotic soup hypothesis proposes that organic molecules formed from cracks in the ocean floor. a. False b. True

a. False

Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following: a. K-strategists. b. Type I survivorship. c. r-strategists. d. Type II survivorship. e. both r- and K-strategists.

a. K-strategists

What term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring? a. Natality b. Stasis c. Doubling time d. Survivorship e. Emigration

a. Natality

Which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchical organization within ecology? a. Population → community → ecosystem → biosphere b. Community → population → ecosystem → biosphere c. Ecosystem → population → community → biosphere d. Population → ecosystem → community → biosphere e. Biosphere → community → population → ecosystem

a. Population → community → ecosystem → biosphere

Which are assemblages of abiotically produced polymers? a. Protobionts b. Stromatolites c. Polyribosomes d. Endosymbionts e. Ribozymes

a. Protobionts

Eons are the largest divisions of the geologic timescale. a. True b. False

a. True

The growth rate of a population is expressed as: a. b − d. b. K − N. c. i − e. d. (K − N) / K. e. dN / r.

a. b − d.

The best definition of population density is the number of individuals: a. of one species in a given area at a given time. b. of all species in a given area at a given time. c. of one species in a given area. d. of all species in a given area. e. in a given area at a given time.

a. of one species in a given area at a given time.

When r = 0.00001, the population size: a. will increase. b. may increase or decrease, depending on K. c. will decrease. d. is stable. e. may increase or decrease, depending on i.

a. will increase.

Which of the following could be an example of a limiting resource? a. Plenty of nesting sites b. Amount of precipitation c. Genetic mutations d. Abundant food e. Growth rate

b. Amount of precipitation

Which type of organisms were likely the first land animals? a. Reptiles b. Arthropods c. Birds d. Amphibians e. Mammals

b. Arthropods

Competition between species 1 and species 2 is beneficial for species 1 and harmful for species 2. a. True b. False

b. False

Fossil stromatolites are evidence that cells existed 3.5 million years ago. a. True b. False

b. False

In Müllerian mimicry a defenseless species is protected by its resemblance to a dangerous species. a. True b. False

b. False

Territoriality, such as bird nesting on rocks, often results in clumped dispersion. a. True b. False

b. False

The incorporation of DNA into the information transfer system was advantageous because DNA is a catalytic molecule. a. True b. False

b. False

The serial endosymbiosis hypothesis states that the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts was the result of a mutually advantageous symbiotic relationship between two eukaryotic organisms. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of the following scientists worked on the concept of simple organic molecules? a. Francesco Redi b. J.B.S. Haldane c. Anton van Leeuwenhoek d. Robert Hooke e. Alexander Fleming

b. J.B.S. Haldane

What was the dominant life form of the Mesozoic era? a. Fish b. Reptiles c. Vascular plants d. Amphibians e. Mammals

b. Reptiles

Refer to the accompanying figure. How would the survivorship curve for elephants be represented? a. Either A or C, depending on the species b. The curve C c. The curve A d. Elephant populations would be better represented by a curve falling between A and B. e. The curve B

b. The curve C

The graph in the accompanying figure would best be described as: a. an S-shaped curve. b. being a J-shaped curve characteristic of exponential growth. c. being characteristic of arithmetic growth. d. a J-shaped curve. e. being characteristic of exponential growth.

b. being a J-shaped curve characteristic of exponential growth.

The atmosphere of early Earth is currently thought to have contained: a. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, hydrogen, and nitric oxide. b. carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen. c. methane, water, ammonia, nitrogen, and oxygen. d. carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. e. carbon dioxide, ozone, nitric oxide, water, and hydrogen sulfide.

b. carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Habitat is best described as: a. the totality of adaptations by a species to its environment. b. the local environment in which a species lives. c. the abiotic components of a species' environment. d. what competes with a species. e. what a species eats.

b. the local environment in which a species lives.

Which is the largest division of the geologic time scale? a. Millennium b. Epoch c. Eon d. Period e. Era

c. Eon

Which of the following would increase population size? a. Emigration b. Mortality c. Natality d. An r less than 0 e. An r equal to 0

c. Natality

Vascular plants and air-breathing animals first appeared during which time period? a. Cambrian period b. Cretaceous period c. Silurian period d. Permian period e. Ordovician period

c. Silurian period

The realized niche for the green anole as described in the book was determined by: a. symbiosis. b. disease. c. competition. d. a limiting resource. e. coevolution.

c. competition.

Niches apply to: a. communities. b. groups of species. c. individual species. d. individual organisms. e. ecosystems.

c. individual species

The first cells were most likely heterotrophic anaerobes because: a. they manufactured organic molecules and do not need oxygen. b. they were dependent upon cyanobacteria for oxygen. c. they utilized preformed organic molecules and did not need oxygen. d. they manufactured organic molecules and needed oxygen. e. they utilized preformed organic molecules and needed oxygen.

c. they utilized preformed organic molecules and did not need oxygen.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Within a boundary, chemical reactions occur among complex molecules. b. The pre-cell system develops the ability to deduct. c. RNA often has catalytic properties; such enzymatic RNAs are called lysosomes. d. A source of energy is coupled to the chemical reaction sequence. e. As the pre-cell system continues to evolve, its size and organization decrease.

d. A source of energy is coupled to the chemical reaction sequence

A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit: a. camouflage. b. epistasis. c. Müllerian mimicry. d. Batesian mimicry. e. mutualism.

d. Batesian mimicry.

Which period of Earth represents when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the Burgess Shale? a. Carboniferous period b. Silurian period c. Devonian period d. Cambrian period e. Ordovician period

d. Cambrian period

A biological community and its abiotic environment together comprise which of the following? a. Rhizosphere b. Association c. Population d. Ecosystem e. Biosphere

d. Ecosystem

One critical requirement for life to arise on Earth was time for which of the following to occur? a. The salinity of the oceans to stabilize b. The Earth's various climates to stabilize c. The ozone layer to form, so that the level of ultraviolet radiation was reduced d. Molecules to accumulate and react with one another e. The atmospheric temperature to increase sufficiently

d. Molecules to accumulate and react with one another

Who first proposed the concept that simple organic molecules could form spontaneously from simpler raw materials? a. Charles Darwin b. Watson and Crick c. Miller and Urey d. Oparin and Haldane e. Thomas Malthus

d. Oparin and Haldane

Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to clumped population dispersion? a. Presence of family groups and pairs b. Patchy distribution of resources in the environment c. Pressure from predation d. Severe competition among individuals e. Limited seed dispersal or asexual reproduction

d. Severe competition among individuals

Which of the following periods occurred during the Paleozoic era? a. Triassic period b. Jurassic period c. Ediacaran period d. Silurian period e. Paleogene period

d. Silurian period

The iron-sulfur world hypothesis suggests that organic molecules formed near: a. sulfur pools. b. volcanoes. c. pools of water. d. hydrothermal vents. e. low atmosphere clouds.

d. hydrothermal vents.

An example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in: a. coral animals and dinoflagellates. b. yellow goldenrod spiders and goldenrod. c. mycorrhizae. d. milkweeds and monarch caterpillars. e. the poison arrow frog and flying insects.

d. milkweeds and monarch caterpillars.

The relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as: a. character displacement. b. parasitism. c. commensalism. d. mutualism. e. Batesian mimicry

d. mutualism.

Refer to the accompanying figure. A population that produces a large number of offspring, but the offspring must survive independently, would be represented by the curve labeled: a. C. b. B. c. either A or B. d. either A, B, or C. e. A.

e. A

Which hypothesis states that life developed from nonliving matter? a. Organic evolution b. Natural selection c. Abiotic evolution d. Inorganic evolution e. Chemical evolution

e. Chemical evolution

Amino acids and other organic molecules were formed in the laboratory of Miller and Urey from which of the following? a. Heat, ultraviolet radiation, water, carbon dioxide, and amines b. Heat, electrical discharge, water, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide c. Ultraviolet radiation, electrical discharge, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and ammonia d. Heat, infrared radiation, water, carbon dioxide, and free nitrogen e. Hydrogen, methane, water, ammonia, and electrical discharge

e. Hydrogen, methane, water, ammonia, and electrical discharge

Many poisonous snakes share warning colors of red, yellow, and black. This is an example of: a mutualism. b. camouflage. c. character displacement. d. Batesian mimicry. e. Müllerian mimicry.

e. Müllerian mimicry.

A significant reduction in the amount of which gas would allow more ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth's surface? a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide c. Cyanide d. Methane e. Ozone

e. Ozone

What was a significant outcome of the Miller and Urey experiment? a. They were the first to synthesize living cells. b. They proved that the iron-sulfur world hypothesis was false. c. They demonstrated natural selection. d. They proved that life did not originate on Earth. e. They synthesized organic molecules from inorganic materials.

e. They synthesized organic molecules from inorganic materials.

One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is: a. extinction event. b. reproductive potential. c. species diversity. d. species sparsity. e. limiting resources.

e. limiting resources.

Stromatolites are rocklike columns composed of: a. heterotrophic organisms. b. protists. c. dinoflagellates. d. photosynthetic eukaryotes. e. microbial biofilms.

e. microbial biofilms.

One of the most significant steps in the evolution of true cells from macromolecular assemblages was the evolution of: a. covalent bonding. b. valence electrons. c. electronegativity. d. hydrogen bonding. e. molecular reproduction.

e. molecular reproduction.

Presently, it is thought that organic polymers may have formed and accumulated on: a. sand and mud. b. sand and heavy metals. c. water and shells. d. silt and sand. e. rocks and clay.

e. rocks and clay.