Biology keystone study : unit 3-cell division and reproduction
Select all that apply. How does mitosis in animal cells differ from mitosis in higher plant cells? Plant cells maintain chromosomal integrity throughout the process. Plant cells divide by means of a cell plate. Animal cells undergo furrowing. Animal cells produce four daughter cells.
Plant cells divide by means of a cell plate. Animal cells undergo furrowing.
multiple fission
asexual reproduction in which a single cell undergoes many mitotic divisions in the nucleus and a number of daughter cells are produced all at once
centriole
forms the ends of the spindle fibers in the cell during mitosis; normally found in animal cells
step 1- step 2- step 3- step 4-
genetic material duplicates cell grows in size and other cells duplicate cell wall or membrane forms cells seperate
Which occurs more frequently, mitosis or meiosis? mitosis meiosis
mitosis
centromere
part of a chromosome that attaches to the spindle apparatus during mitosis or meiosis
interphase
period between two periods of mitosis
The cell plate is formed during _____. metaphase prophase telophase anaphase
telophase
mitosis
the process involving the division of the nucleus of a body cell
telophase II
the stage of the second meiotic division when the cell divides into two haploid cells that become the gametes
When DNA is duplicated during mitosis, _____. one completely new DNA molecule is formed two completely new DNA molecules are formed two molecules are formed, each with one original side the original molecule thickens and separates into two
two molecules are formed, each with one original side
crossing over
a condition in which non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genes
colony
a group of organisms attached to one another after undergoing asexual reproduction from a common parent
fragmentation
a phenomenon in which organisms break into two or more parts and then each part grows into a new individual
Meiosis is also referred to as _____. cell reduction a reduction of chromosomes nucleic reproduction asexual reproduction
a reduction of chromosomes
cell plate
a structure that forms across the middle of a higher plant cell in telophase;the beginning of a new cell wall which divides the two daughter cells from one another to finish mitosis
spindle apparatus
a system of fibers stretching from one end of a mitotic cell to the other
During which phase are sister chromatids separated? prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
anaphase
When are the homologous pairs of chromosomes separated? telephase II metaphase I anaphase I fertilization
anaphase l
binary fission
asexual reproduction in which a single cell divides into two with no exchange of genetic material;reproduction method of bacteria
budding
asexual reproduction involving the growth of a new individual from part of an older organism;uneven distribution of cytoplasm that results in one cell receiving most of their cell contents
A protozoan that divides to form two daughter cells just like itself would be undergoing _____. multiple fission fragmentation binary fission budding
binary fission
This type of asexual reproduction occurs when a single celled organism divides into two organisms. binary fission budding fragmentation multiple fission
binary fission
_____ occurs when offspring arise as a contiguous outgrowth of the parent. Budding Fragmentation Colonization Meiosis
budding
Select all that apply. Meiosis _____. maintains chromosome number throughout generations causes genetic recombination is employed in maintenance causes genetic variation regulates environmental effects on the organism
causes genetic variation
The process of actual separation of cells at the end of mitosis is called _____. metaphase cytokinesis interphase anaphase
cytokinesis
Most of the cells in the human body are _____. haploid diploid
diploid
Cells having matched pairs of chromosomes are _____. diploid haploid homologous homozygous
dipoid
tetrad
during prophase I, when the two pairs of chromatids of the homologous pair of chromosomes come together to form a four chromatid unit; time when crossing-over can occur
The reproduction of DNA during interphase begins with _____. pairs of bases lining up enzymes separating the DNA molecules enzymes producing new DNA molecules a thickening of the chromatin
enzymes separating DNA molecules
Select all that apply. Which of the following cells would not divide using mitosis? gamete mammal cell flowering plant cell fungal cell bacterial cell
flowering plant cell
Starfish, flatworms, and sponges may be cut into pieces, and the individual parts will grow new individual animals by means of the process of _____. fragmentation budding meiosis propagation
fragmentation
Select all that apply. The two basic functions of meiosis are to _____. maintain chromosomal health generate new chromosomal numbers maintain chromosome number through generations cause genetic variations by recombination produce new types of organisms
maintain chromosome number through generations cause genetic variations by recombination
You are looking through a microscope at onion cells and you see a cell with the sister chromatids lined up across the middle of the cell. What phase of mitosis are you observing? anaphase telophase metaphase prophase
metaphase
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
mitosis: 2 daughter cells,exact same dna, same number of chromosomes meiosis:4 daughter cells, varying dna, half the number of chromosomes
When a parent cell makes several nuclei and divides to make several daughter cells, it is called _____. meiosis mitosis binary fission multiple fission
multiple fission
Which of the following methods of asexual reproduction is usually associated with the production of spores? multiple fission binary fission fragmentation budding
multiple fission
In multiple fission, a cell is produced that has multiple ________. daughter cells spores parent cells nuclei
nuclei
G2 phase
period during interphase between the synthesis of new genetic material and the beginning of mitosis
G0 phase
period during the life of a cell when it has finished mitotic division
The nuclear envelope disintegrates during _____. metaphase prophase anaphase telophase
prophase
The phase during mitosis in which DNA separates into pairs of chromosomes is _____. anaphase prophase metaphase interphase
prophase
During what phase of meiosis does the DNA coil into visible chromosomes? prophase I anaphase I metaphase I telophase I
prophase l
You are looking at a cell through a microscope and see that a tetrad has formed, which phase of meiosis is the cell in? Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase I
prophase l
synapsis
the meiotic process in prophase I in which the tetrads line up side-by-side; initiates the crossing over process
cytokinesis
the part of the cell division that causes the seperation of the cytoplasm.
S phase
the period of interphase when the genetic information is being duplicated
telophase
the phase of mitosis in which the daughter chromosomes have reached opposite ends of the cell, the nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform, and the process of cytokinesis begins
metaphase
the phase of mitosis in which the daughter chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell
meiosis
the process involving the division of the nucleus in a reproductive cell; cell division in which the daughter cells have fewer chromosomes than the parent cell; responsible for genetic recombination
prophase I
the stage in the first meiotic division in which the doubled chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane disappears
metaphase I
the stage in the first meiotic division in which the homologous chromosomes line up as a pair, forming a tetrad of chromatids at the equator of the cell
anaphase II
the stage in the second meiotic division in which sister chromatids of a chromosome split and migrate to opposite poles
prophase II
the stage in the second meiotic division in which the chromatid pair becomes visible and the nuclear membrane disappears
metaphase II
the stage in the second meiotic division in which the chromatid pair lines up at the equator of the cell
anaphase
the stage of mitosis which the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
telophase I
the stage of the first meiotic division when the cell divides into two cells, each containing one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes
anaphase l
the stage on the first meiotic division in which sister chromatids of a chromosome split and migrate to opposite poles
During prophase I of meiosis, crossing over between the sister chromatids occurs. What is the purpose of this process? To produce genetic variation. To duplicate the DNA. To remove the nuclear envelope. To produce the spindle fibers.
to produce genetic variation
sister chromatids
two rod-like strands replicated by a chromosome during interphase; becomes a daughter chromosome by the end of cell division
Select all that apply. During meiosis II: genetic variation results from crossing over chromosomes line up along the middle plate in double file sister chromatids split two diploid daughter cells are formed four haploid daughter cells are formed
genetic variation results from crossing over chromosomes line up along the middle plate in double file sister chromatids split four haploid daughter cells are formed
Meiosis takes place in the of most organisms.
gonads
Select all that apply. The purposes of mitosis are _____. growth of organisms reproduction of gametes cell renewal repair of injuries genetic variation asexual reproduction
growth of organisms cell renewal repair of injuries asexual reproduction
haploid
having a single, complete set of chromosomes, or one half of each pair of homologous chromosomes
diploid
having chromosomes in homologous pairs
The cell conducts its normal functions during ______. interphase meiosis I meiosis II
interphase
chromatin
material in the cell nucleus that carries hereditary information; made up of DNA and various kinds of protein
The cell division process that only occurs in specific cells and at specific times is _____. meiosis mitosis
meiosis
The cell division process that produces daughter cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell is _____. meiosis mitosis
meiosis
The kind of cell division associated with an increase in size and weight of an organism is _____. mitosis meiosis
mitosis
In mitosis, __________parent cell(s) divide into _______daughter cell(s).
one,two
G1 phase
period during the life of a cell between the end of mitosis and the synthesis of more genetic material for another mitotic division
Which of the following expressions is not a function of mitosis? production of gametes growth replacement of cells repair of injury
production of gametes
Binary fission is the most common form of reproduction in _____. animals plants fungi protozoa
protozoa
Damaged cells of an organism are usually _______by mitosis.
replaced
Which of the following would be produced by meiosis? red blood cell cells of the stem in plants sperm cell epithelial cell
sperm cell
The spindle apparatus disintegrates during _____. anaphase telophase interphase metaphase
telophase
parent cell
the cell that begins the process of cell division
prophase
the first part of mitosis in which the chromosomes shorten and thicken, the nucleolus breaks down, and the nuclear envelope disintegrates
When an organism of many cells breaks up into two or more parts and these parts survive to produce a new organism, reproduction occurs by _____. budding fragmentation propagation
fragmentation
The only haploid cells in an organism are _____. parent cells gametes homologous
gametes
Gametes are cells.
haploid
Chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers during _____. anaphase interphase prophase metaphase
metaphase
The phase during mitosis in which chromosomes move into the center of the cell is _____. prophase anaphase interphase metaphase
metaphase
homologous pair
pair of identical chromosomes (chromosomes that contain the same genes) from each parent, which all organisms produced by sexual reproduction receive
A meiotic division produces _____ daughter cells. 1 2 4
4
Meiosis produces _____ daughter cells. 1 2 3 4
4
M phase
a period in the life of the cell when it is conducting cell division
Prokaryotic cells reproduce by _____. binary fission meiosis cytokinesis mitosis
binary fission
The spindle apparatus of animal cells centers on a cell structure called the _____. chromatid centromere centriole mitochondria
centriole
During prophase, each pair of chromosomes is attached to each other by the _____. chromatin chromatid centromere DNA
centromere
The genetic material appearing like a thread in the nucleus is known as _____. chromatin DNA the spindle
chromatin
What is something that can go wrong during interphase? The cell could divide unevenly resulting in a very small cell and a very large cell. The chromatids could separate and all move to the same side of the cell. A base pair could be mismatched during the duplication process causing a mutation. The centromere could attach to another centromere instead of the spindle apparatus,
A base pair could be mismatched during the duplication process causing a mutation.
When a newly formed cell enters into interphase and begins conducting metabolic functions, it is in _____. G0 phase G1 phase G2 phase S phase
G1 phase