Biology LabSmart Chapter 14

Which of the following are components of natural selections?

Adaptation to the environment heritable variation variation in reproductive success

Which of the following are molecular evidences for common descent?

All organisms use the same basic biological molecules including DNA and ATP. Simple and complex organisms share a large number of genes. All organisms use the same DNA triplet code and the same amino acids in their their proteins.

Which of the following could Charles Darwin truthfully have listed as statements of experience on a resume he might have submitted to the Captain of the HMS Beagle?

Dedicated student of nature and collector of insects spent summer of 1831 conducting geology fieldwork at Cambridge attended divinity school at Cambridge attended many lectures in biology and geology wile at Cambridge

True or false: A phenotypic change that was acquired during an organism's lifetime will be passed on to its offspring.

False

True or false: Darwin and Lamarck proposed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

False

True or false: Marsupials are only found in Australia.

False

True or false: The plants and animals living on the Galapagos Islands are the exact same species as found on the west coast of South America.

False

The reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of its population is called.

Fitness

Select all of the following components of natural section.

Individuals who have favorable traits will survive longer and reproduce more than those who don't have these characteristics Populations produce more offspring than the resource of the environment can support Members of a population have variations that are heritable

The wing of a hummingbird is analogous to which of the following

Insect wing

Which of the following people came up with the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Lamarck

Select all of the following components of natural selection

Members of a population have variations that are heritable Populations produce more offspring than the resources of the environment can support Individuals who have favorable traits will survive longer and reproduce more than those who don't have these characteristics

Which of the following may produce phenotypic variation within a population

Mutation

In any particular environment, which individual would be considered the fittest?

One that survives and produces the most offspring.

The continent closest to the Galapagos islands is

South America

Which of the following is a belief that was held by most people prior to Darwin?

Species had remained unchanged since the time of creation.

What is paleonotoly?

Study of fossils

Which of the following is true about how variations arise in a population?

They are due to random chance, i.e. genetic mutations.

Darwin observed many fossils of plants and animals that looked similar to, but were not exactly like, modern plants and animals. This led him to believe that organisms evolve or change over time.

True

True or false: All living things have both DNA and ATP

True

True or false: Darwin's thoughts about geographic isolation were largely based on his observations of the various species of finches on the Galapagos island

True

True or false: Many developmental genes are common to all animals from worms to humans.

True

True or false: Molecular data supporting common descent is consistent with those provided by a study of the fossil record and comparative anatomy

True

True or false: Populations of organisms can produce more offspring than the environment can support.

True

Evolution by natural selection was proposed by two scientists, Darwin and

Wallace

What is the name of the scientist who also proposed evolution and natural selection during Darwin's time?

Wallace

How did Darwin learn about the work being done by Wallace?

Wallace sent his work to Darwin.

At some point during their development, all vertebrate embryos exhibit which of the following?

a postanal tail paired pharyngeal pouches

Concerning the Galapagos finches, Darwin believed that the diverse species present on the islands most likely evolved from ____ South American species

a single

A characteristic that makes an organism well suited to its environment is called a(n):

adaptation

Structures that have a similar function, such as the wing of a bird and the wing of an insect, but that are not the result of common descent, are considered

analogous

When analyzing the fossil record, one observes that fossils of organisms found in the oldest strata of rock:

are much simpler than present-day organisms

The intentional breeding of certain traits, over others to produce a desirable outcome is called

artificial

The process in which humans play an influential role in the traits of the future generations by crossing organisms with desirable traits is called

artificial

The process in which humans select the traits or characteristics of the bleeding individuals to ensure that these traits appear in the next generation is called

artificial

The color pattern that provides the highest fitness in diamondback rattlesnakes varies across the species range and depends on the

background color

The line of evidence that relies on examining distributions of organisms across the planet in order to determine evolutionary relatonships is

biogeographical

The study of the distribution of life forms on Earth is called

biogeography

The study of the distribution of the life forms on Earth is called

biogeography

The study of the geographical distribution of organisms is called

biogeography

Cabbage, Brussel sprouts, and kohlrabi all resulted from artificial selection from the plant ___ oleracea.

brassica

The belief that the appearance of change in organisms over time can be explained by a series of major extinction events followed by repopulation is called

catastrophism

Which of the following support the hypothesis of common descent?

development the fossil record comparative anatomy biogeography biochemistry

A similarity between Darwin's natural selection and Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characteristics is that in each, the ___ determines the benefits of a physical characteristic.

environment

Darwin's observations of fossils, including a 2,000 kg armadillo-like creature called a glyptodont, led him to believe that living species may have

extinct

The reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of its population is called

fitness

The reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population is referred to as, and can be determined by comparing the number of surviving fertile offspring produced by each member of the population

fitness

Evidence of organisms that have been

fossils

Evidence of organisms that have been preserved in the Earth's crust are called

fossils

The remains of once living organisms are called

fossils

Anatomical structures that are similar due to inheritance from a common ancestor are called

homologous

Archaeopteryx is a bird with both reptile and bird features and is thus considered a transitional link that suggests

how birds have evolved from reptile-like ancestor

Whereas ____ mammals are common in Australia, ____ mammals are more common in South America.

marsupial & placental

The only evolutionary process that selects for traits that are considered adaptations is ____ selection.

natural

In contrast to Lamarck, suggested that organisms acquired traits via what process?

natural selection

The evolutionary mechanism in which organisms best adapted to their environment produce more offspring than less adapted individuals is called

natural selection

The process of results in the evolution of organisms that are well suited to their environment.

natural selection

The process that results in changes in a population as the environment changes is called:

natural selection

Though evolution is generally regarded as a slow process, human activities surrounding bacterial infections like Shigella and MRSA can alter this time line. The evolution of resistance of methicillin occurred in __ year(s)

one

What has lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

overuse of antibiotics

An important difference between artificial selection and natural selection is that the results of natural selection is not

predesired

All organisms use the same DNA triplet code and the same 20 amino acids to build their

proteins

The process by which new species are formed is called

speciation

Charles Darwin's first book on natural selection was titles On the Origin of

species

Which of the following are examples of vestigial structures?

tailbone in humans hip bones in whales

Select all of the following that provide evidence for common descent

the existence of vestigial structures similarities in embryonic the existence of homologous

Sometimes organisms that are very similar evolve separately on different continents. Examples of such organisms are the succulent cacti

the interplay between organisms and their environment influences evolution so that similar environments yield similar adapations

Prior to Darwin, most people believed that the Earth was a few ____ years old.

thousand

Charles Lyell's theory of ___ stated that slow natural processes produces the extreme geological changes observes in Earth's strata and that these processes occurred at a constant rate

uniformitarianism

An anatomical element that is fully developed in one group of organisms but is reduced and non-functional in another group of organism is called a(n)

vestigial

The Galapagos island were formed as a result of volcanic activity.

volcanic

The idea that geological changed occur at a slow, constant rate is called:

volcanic

All of the following are considered evidences for evolution EXCEPT:

written records left on the walls of caves by ancient man