biology learnsmart cell respiration
The net total of ATP produced by prokaryotic cells that undergo aerobic respiration is ______ ATP, as opposed to the 36 ATP molecules produced under ideal conditions in eukaryotic cells.
38
What term describes the second phase of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose?
Calvin cycle
_____________ are organisms that use inorganic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, as a source of energy.
Chemoautotrophs
What is the fluid-filled space that is outside the grana called?
stroma
____________ is the fluid-filled space that is outside the grana in which light-independent reactions take place.
stroma
True or false: In both lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation, NADH donates electrons during this reaction and NAD+ is regenerated.
true
True or false: Many plants in extreme climates have alternative photosynthesis pathways to maximize energy conversion.
true
True or false: The stored energy in food being converted to chemical energy when you eat is an example of the first law of thermodynamics.
true
Plant parts that contain chlorophyll appear green to the human eye because chlorophylls absorb most strongly in the...
violet-blue region of the visible light spectrum and reflect light in the green region of the spectrum.
Place the steps of the Krebs cycle in order from beginning to end.
1) Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound to form a 6-carbon compound known as citric acid. 2) Citric acid is broken down in the next series of steps, releasing two molecules of carbon dioxide and generating one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2. 3) Acetyl CoA and citric acid are generated and the cycle continues.
Which is the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy?
ATP
The most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy is ________ _________.
Adenosine triphosphate
Which includes the Krebs cycle and electron transport and is an aerobic process?
Aerobic respiration
____________ _____________ includes the Krebs cycle and electron transport and is an aerobic process.
Aerobic respiration
Plants, such as sugarcane and corn, that fix carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds instead of three-carbon molecules during the Calvin cycle are called ____________ plants.
C4
Which type of plants fix carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds instead of three-carbon molecules during the Calvin cycle?
C4
__________ plants allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaves only at night, when the plants fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds. During the day, carbon dioxide is released from these compounds and enters the Calvin cycle.
CAM
Which accessory pigments absorb light mainly in the blue and green regions of the spectrum, while reflecting most light in the yellow, orange, and red regions?
Carotenoids
What are the statements about carotenoids that are true.
Carotenoids are accessory pigments that absorb light in the blue and green regions of the spectrum. Carotenoids produce the colors in carrots and sweet potatoes because they reflect light in the yellow, orange, and red regions of the spectrum.
The equation for which process shows the breakdown of glucose to release energy?
Cellular respiration
Which statements about cellular respiration are true?
Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway. In cellular respiration, oxygen is used to break down organic molecules, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide and water.
During which step of the Krebs cycle are electron carriers used?
Citric acid is broken down, releasing two molecules of carbon dioxide and generating one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2.
list the similarities between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
During both reactions, NADH donates electrons and NAD+ is regenerated. Both reactions convert glucose to pyruvate through the process of glycolysis.
Which is true about the CAM pathway?
During the day, CAM plants release carbon dioxide from organic compounds and where enters the Calvin cycle. CAM plants allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaves only at night when the plants fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It is used by plants such as cacti, orchids, and pineapples.
The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the
Krebs cycle
Which is the series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide?
Krebs cycle
Which is the first step in electron transport?
Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II, releasing an electron into the electron transport system.
Which happen during the preparatory reaction?
NAD+ is converted to NADH three-carbon pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A carbon dioxide is given off by the cell
In photosynthesis ______________, is the major electron carrier involved in electron transport.
NADP+
Which is true about the equation for photosynthesis?
Oxygen is a product. It shows that light energy is converted into chemical energy.
Which is true about the equation for cellular respiration?
Oxygen, water, and glucose are reactants. It shows energy being released.
Which statements about chemiosmosis are true?
The breakdown of water is essential for providing the protons (H+) necessary to drive ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis. As hydrogen ions (protons) move through ion channels across the thylakoid membrane, ATP is formed in the stroma. It is the mechanism by which ATP is produced as a result of the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient.
Which best describes the process of chemiosmosis?
The mechanism by which ATP is produced as a result of the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient.
True or false: Anabolic pathways use the energy released by catabolic pathways to build larger molecules from smaller molecules.
true
Which describes how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related?
The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration. The products of cellular respiration are the reactants for photosynthesis.
Which statements describe how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related?
The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration. The products of cellular respiration are the reactants for photosynthesis. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important processes that cells use to obtain energy.
Which step in glycolysis involves electron carriers?
Two phosphates are added to two molecules of ADP and electrons and hydrogen ions (H+) combine with two NAD+ molecules to form two NADH molecules.
True or false: During the light-independent reactions, ATP and NADPH are used to make glucose.
true
____________ fermentation occurs when pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
alcohol
Yeast and some bacteria convert pyruvate to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process is called
alcohol fermentation
ATP consists of
an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
Which processes do not require oxygen?
anaerobic processes
Which are organisms that make their own food?
autotrophs
The second phase of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose is called the __________ ____________.
calvin cycle
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, chloroplasts...
capture light energy from the Sun.
In the final step of the Calvin cycle, an enzyme called converts G3P molecules into 5-carbon molecules called ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphates (RuBP).
rubisco
Which statements about catabolic pathways are true? Photosynthesis is a catabolic pathway, cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway, catabolic pathways use the energy to build larger molecules from smaller molecules, or catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules, cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway.
In prokaryotic cells that undergo aerobic respiration, the location of electron transport is along the _________ _________.
cellular membrane
Which is the catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy?
cellular respiration
_____________ _____________ is the catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy.
cellular respiration
In cellular respiration, NAD+ is an example of a(n) ___________ __________, a substance that temporarily stores energy.
electron carrier
In cellular respiration, NAD+ is an example of a(n) _____________ ___________, a substance that temporarily stores energy.
electron carrier
___________ is the ability to do work
energy
The ____________ in which an organism lives can impact the organism's ability to carry out photosynthesis. As a result, many plants in extreme climates have alternative photosynthesis pathways to maximize energy conversion.
environment
Which occurs in the cytoplasm and regenerates the cell's supply of NAD+ while producing a small amount of ATP?
fermentation
__________ occurs in the cytoplasm and regenerates the cell's supply of NAD+ while producing a small amount of ATP.
fermentation
The _____ law of thermodynamics states that energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
first
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of _________.
glycolysis
The two main parts of cellular respiration are
glycolysis and aerobic respiration.
Stacks of thylakoids in a plant's chloroplasts are called _____________.
grana
What term describes one of the stacks of thylakoids in a plant's chloroplasts?
granum
Chlorophylls absorb most strongly in the violet-blue ____________ region of the visible light spectrum and reflect light in the region of the spectrum.
green
Organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy are called __________.
heterotrophs
In ___________ ___________ fermentation, enzymes convert the pyruvate made during glycolysis to lactic acid.
lactic acid
The two phases of photosynthesis are _____ reactions and _____ reactions.
light-independent, light-dependent
All of the chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as the cell's ____________.
metabolism
Autotrophs that convert energy from the Sun are called
photoautotrophs
In ______, autotrophs use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to form glucose and oxygen.
photosynthesis
The anabolic pathway in which light energy is converted to stored chemical energy for use by the cell is called __________.
photosynthesis
What does an equation that shows water and carbon dioxide combining to form glucose and oxygen represent?
photosynthesis
Which is the anabolic pathway in which light energy is converted to stored chemical energy for use by the cell?
photosynthesis
A light-absorbing colored molecule that is found in the thylakoid membranes is called a _________.
pigment
Which is a light-absorbing colored molecule that is found in the thylakoid membranes?
pigment
The ________ __________ occurs prior to the Krebs cycle.
preparatory reaction
ATP _______ energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming ADP and a free phosphate group. Energy is _____ in the phosphate bond formed when ADP receives a phosphate group and becomes ATP.
releases; stored
Which is the first step in photosynthesis?
the absorption of light
___________ is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.
thermodynamics
A ___________is a flattened, saclike membrane that is arranged in stacks within a chloroplast.
thylakoid
What is the role of electron carriers in cellular respiration?
to temporarily store energy
