Biology Midterm Study Guide

This graph illustrates how an enzyme catalyzes reactions in biological systems. To start a reaction, a certain amount of energy must be absorbed by the reactants. This is called the energy of activation. Which of the following is the normal energy of activation?

/4

Darwin proposed the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. Darwin used the term natural selection to mean a. the idea that living organisms today descended from a succession of ancestral species. b. an individual organism changes during its lifetime to adapt to its natural environment. c. some heritable traits of a population are selected for (or against) by environmental conditions.

C. some heritable traits of a population are selected for (or against) by environmental conditions.

hese two snakes look remarkably similar to each other. The coral snake(right) is very poisonous to vertebrates. Alternative hypotheses: H1: The coral snake's bright color pattern serves to warn off potential predators. H2: The king snake suffers less predation because it mimics or looks like the coral snake. H3: The protection that king snakes receive by mimicking coral snakes will depend on the presence of coral snakes.

These are just hypothesizes to refer to the next questions

This is the general equation for photosynthesis—the process of capturing energy from sunlight and converting it to chemical energy. Which of the following are the reactants of this reaction? a. C6H12O6 and O2 b. CO2 and H2O

a. C6H12O6 and O2

Cells are small, but molecules are even smaller. Compared to a water molecule, about how many times larger is a typical animal or plant cell(about 100 μm in diameter)? a. Cells are 1 million times larger(in diameter) than a water molecule. b. Cells are 100,000 times larger(in diameter) than a water molecule. c. Cells are 10,000 times larger(in diameter) than a water molecule. d. Cells are 1,000 times larger(in diameter) than a water molecule.

a. Cells are 1 million times larger(in diameter) than a water molecule.

Diurnal temperature variation is a terms that describes the difference between a location's daytime high temperature and nighttime low temperature. Given what you know about how water moderates temperature, which of the following locations would you expect to have the greatest diurnal temperature variation? a. Phoenix, Arizona, with an average humidity of 37% b. Washington, DC, with an average humidity of 61% c. Hong Kong, with an average humidity of 80%

a. Phoenix, Arizona, with an average humidity of 37%

Which of the following represents the energy of activation in the presence of an enzyme? a. a b. b c. c

a. a

Scientists plan an experiment to test hypothesis 3: The protection that king snakes receive by mimicking coral snakes will depend on the presence of coral snakes. They place artificial king snakes in one area where coral snakes live and in a second area where coral snakes do not live. The artificial snakes in area one experience a 65% attack rate, while the artificial snakes in area two experience a 7% attack rate. This data _______ hypothesis 3. a. supports b. does not support c. is irrelevant to

a. supports

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds because a. the water molecule is polar. b. the oxygen molecule is positively charged. c. the water molecule forms a tetrahedron. d. the hydrogen atoms are negatively charged.

a. the water molecule is polar.

How is it possible for an antibiotic medicine to target the infecting bacterial cells but not the human cells of the patient's body? a. Antibiotic medicines are too large to be taken up by human cells. b. Antibiotic medicines target structures, such as cell walls, that bacteria have but human cells do not. c. Antibiotic medicines target eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells.

b. Antibiotic medicines target structures, such as cell walls, that bacteria have but human cells do not.

Earth's oceans are immense. Small floating plants called phytoplankton contribute to ocean productivity (the rate of photosynthesis). If ocean productivity were to increase, what would you predict would happen to global carbon dioxide levels? a. CO2 levels should also go up. b. CO2 levels should go down. c. CO2 levels should remain constant

b. CO2 levels should go down.

Examine the data from the previous experiment again: The artificial snakes in area one experience a 65% attack rate, while the artificial snakes in area two experience a 7% attack rate. Which of the following predictions is most logical? a. King snakes will resemble coral snakes regardless of the presence of coral snakes in their range. b. King snakes inside the range of coral snakes will more closely resemble coral snakes than king snakes that live outside the range of coral snakes. c. King snakes inside the range of coral snakes will not resemble coral snakes as closely as king snakes that live outside the range of coral snakes.

b. King snakes inside the range of coral snakes will more closely resemble coral snakes than king snakes that live outside the range of coral snakes

Based on these data, which of the following is a logical prediction? a. King snakes outside of the range of coral snakes will more closely resemble coral snakes than populations of kingsnakes living within the range of coral snakes. b. King snakes outside of the range of coral snakes will not resemble coral snakes as closely as populations of king snakes that live within the range of coral snakes. c. Neither prediction is valid (can't add an image I don't have access... just imagine a graph or refer to PowerPoint)

b. King snakes outside of the range of coral snakes will not resemble coral snakes as closely as populations of king snakes that live within the range of coral snakes.

Enzymes catalyze the many reactions in a cell. There are hundreds of different enzymes in a cell—each with a unique three-dimensional shape. Why do cells have so many different enzymes? a. Each enzyme molecule can be used only once. b. The shape of the enzyme's active site generally fits a specific substrate. c. The substrate molecules react with enzymes to create new enzymes. d. Enzymes are randomly produced. With thousands of different shapes, one is likely to work.

b. The shape of the enzyme's active site generally fits a specific substrate.

This graph illustrates how an enzyme catalyzes reactions in biological systems. To start a reaction, a certain amount of energy must be absorbed by the reactants. This is called the energy of activation. Which of the following is the normal energy of activation? a. a b. b c. c

b. b

A person with lactose intolerance will suffer from digestive discomfort if milk is consumed. This occurs because a. the lactose molecules are being hydrolyzed. b. the lactose molecules are not being hydrolyzed. c. dehydration synthesis of lactose does not occur a sit should. d. dehydration synthesis of lactose occurs too rapidly.

b. the lactose molecules are not being hydrolyzed.

This diagram represents osmosis of water across a semipermeable membrane. The U tube on the right shows the results of the osmosis. What could you do to level the solutions in the two sides of the right-hand Utube? a. Add more water to the left-hand side. b. Add more water to the right-hand side. c. Add more solute to the left-hand side. d. Add more solute to the right-hand side.

c. Add more solute to the left-hand side.

Within all living organisms, a series of chemical reactions known as metabolism allows these organisms to a. convert energy from one form to another. b. recycle matter from one form to another. c. both a and b.

c. Both a and b

The three domains of life described by biologists today are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. What is the principal difference between eukaryotes (domain Eukarya) and prokaryotes (domains Archaea and Bacteria)? a. Prokaryotes do not have a plasma membrane surrounding the cell. b. Prokaryotes use RNA and not DNA to pass on the genetic message. c. In eukaryotes, the interior of the cell is divided by internal membranes into specialized compartments d. Eukaryotes engage in cellular metabolism, whereas prokaryotes do not.

c. In eukaryotes, the interior of the cell is divided by internal membranes into specialized compartments

A cell's cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers a cell keep its shape. What other important function does the cytoskeleton serve? a. The cytoskeleton contains and protects the cell's DNA. b. The cytoskeleton is the location where microtubules are constructed. c. The cytoskeleton guides organelles that must move from place to place within the cell. d. The cytoskeleton allows the cell to regulate what material enters and leaves the cell

c. The cytoskeleton guides organelles that must move from place to place within the cell.

The scale of life at the cellular level can be difficult to understand. The scale on this chart is logarithmic. Each line represents a factor of 10. Compared to a typical animal or plant cell (about100 μm in diameter), how much smaller is a mitochondrion? a. Mitochondrion and animal cells are essentially the same size b. The length of a mitochondrion is about1/10 the diameter of an animal cell c. The length of a mitochondrion is about1/100 the diameter of an animal cell. d. The length of a mitochondrion is about1/1,000 the diameter of an animal cell.

c. The length of a mitochondrion is about1/100 the diameter of an animal cell

When proteins are heated, they usually denature. If moderate heat were applied to this molecule of DNA, what part of the molecule would break down or break apart first? Use your knowledge of chemical bonds. a. The nucleotides along each side would break apart. b. The sugar-phosphate backbone would separate from the nitrogen bases. c. The nitrogen base pairs would separate in the interior of the molecule.

c. The nitrogen base pairs would separate in the interior of the molecule.

The reactive properties (chemical behavior) of an atom mostly depend on the number of a. neutrons found in the nucleus. b. filled electron shells. c. electrons in the outer electron shell of the atom. d. protons in the nucleus

c. electrons in the outer electron shell of the atom.

At an acidic pH of 2.5, which of the following amino acids carries a charge on its "R" group? Acidic(pH 2.5) Neutral(pH 7) Basic(pH 10.5) Aspartic Acid —COOH —COO— —COO— Glutamic Acid —COOH —COO— —COO— Lysine —NH3+ —NH3+ NH2 a. aspartic acid b. glutamic acid c. lysin d. all of the above

c. lysin

Consider the radioactive isotope fluorine-18. Fluorine-18 differs from fluorine-19 in a. its atomic mass. b. the number of neutrons found in the nucleus. c. the stability of its nucleus. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above

The cell is sometimes described as a protein factory. Using the cell-as-factory analogy, which of the following accurately describes the functions of the endomembrane system? a. The ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are analogous to a production line in a factory. b. The Golgi apparatus is analogous to the packaging and shipping department. c. The nucleus is analogous to management offices. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

This table indicates how the charge on an amino acid "R" group can be altered by the pH of a solution. At neutral pH, which of the following amino acids carries a charge on its "R" group? Acidic(pH 2.5) Neutral(pH 7) Basic(pH 10.5) Aspartic Acid —COOH —COO— —COO— Glutamic Acid —COOH —COO— —COO— Lysine —NH3+ —NH3+ NH2 a. aspartic acid b. glutamic acid c. lysin d. all of the above

d. all of the above

At a basic pH of 10.5, which of the following amino acids carries a charge on its "R" group? Acidic(pH 2.5) Neutral(pH 7) Basic(pH 10.5) Aspartic Acid —COOH —COO— —COO— Glutamic Acid —COOH —COO— —COO— Lysine —NH3+ —NH3+ NH2 a. aspartic acid b. glutamic acid c. lysin d. both a and b

d. both a and b

Scientists plan an experiment to test hypothesis 1: The coral snake's bright color pattern serves to warn off potential predators. They place artificial snakes in an area where coral snakes live to determine which ones are attacked the least. Which colors of artificial snakes should the scientists compare to best test hypothesis 1? a. brown artificial snakes and yellow artificial snakes b. red artificial snakes, yellow artificial snakes, and black artificial snakes. c. artificial snakes with yellow heads and black bodies, and artificial snakes with yellow heads and red bodies. d. brown artificial snakes and artificial snakes with red, yellow, and black rings

d. brown artificial snakes and artificial snakes with red, yellow, and black rings