Biology Now Chapter 3

From what type of organism did animals evolve?

Invertebrates

what was the the earliest types of animals invertebrates or vertebrates?

Invertebrates

Marsupials

Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch.

Birds

May or may not fly, with vertebra, lay eggs, have feathers

Fungal spores

Most fungal spores are asexual. Both coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are transmitted by inhalation of asexual spores. Conidia = asexual fungal spores (e.g., blastoconidia, athroconidia)

What are key evolutionary adaptations of eukaryotes, and how are they Important?

Organelles are Compartments that allow eukaryotes to function with greater efficiency

Algae

Photosynthetic producers (Photoautotrophs) that have chloroplasts that use energy from sunlight, and CO2 and H2O to make sugar and other nutrients.

1. Are plants prokaryotic or eukaryotic? What Domain are they classified in?

Plants are eukaryotic, making the domain a Eukaryote

What type of symmetry evolved first and in what group of animals?

Radial symmetry evolved first in sponges

Therapsids

Reptile order that had some small members that evolved into little nocturnal mammals in the Triassic

What is meant by "symbiosis" and "mutualistic associations"?

Some symbiotic fungi are mutualistic, living in a mutually beneficial relationship with another organism.

What was the first major group (phylum) of animals to evolve and did they have true tissues?

Sponges, and sponges had no true tissues and evolved in the ocean, sponges also are asymmetrical

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

a. Be able to interpret an evolutionary tree of life in terms of common ancestry.

The evolutionary tree shows the hypothesized relationships among the six kingdoms, as well as the three domains. Each group branching off the tree can be thought of as a cluster of close relatives, or clade.

How do fungi get their nutrients? What fungal structure is involved in getting nutrients?

The hyphae that make up the mycelium absorb nutrients from the soil, wood or food that the fungus is growing in

a. Why is the Kingdom Protista considered to be an "artificial" kingdom or a kingdom that is not a natural taxonomic grouping?

The kingdom Protista is considered to be an "artificial kingdom" because, other than being eukaryotic organisms within the Protista kingdom make them similar

Carnivore

a flesh-eating animal

mushroom

a fleshy spore-producing growth of certain fungi

dinosaur

a fossil reptile of the Mesozoic era, often reaching an enormous size Originmid 19th century: from modern Latin dinosaurus, from Greek deinos 'terrible' + sauros 'lizard.

What is a tetrapod

a four-footed animal, especially a member of a group that includes all vertebrates higher than fishes.

Amoeba

a kind of single-celled organism in kingdom Protista able to move by itself

Molds

a type of fungus that consists of chains of cells and appears as a fuzzy mass of thin filaments in culture

Yeasts

a unicellular (Single-Celled) fungus that lives in liquid or moist habitats.

amphibian

able to live both on land and in water Ex.) Frogs, salamanders etc...

parasite

an organism that lives in or on another organism; one who lives off another person

cell wall of fungi

composed of chitin

Angiosperms

flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit

shelf fungi

found near the surface of dead & decaying trees

Family Hominidae

great apes and humans

Hominins

hominids excluding the African apes; all the human species that ever have existed

Order Primates

monkeys, apes, and humans

Fruiting body of fungi

mushroom

slime molds

protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle

Parts of a flower

stigma, style, ovary, sepal, stem, anther, filament

Bipedalism

the ability to walk upright on two legs

club mosses

the earliest group of seedless vascular plants

mycellium

the mass of fungal filaments, or hyphae, that forms the body of a fungus

What is taxonomy?

the science of naming and classifying organisms from more general to more specific Ex.) Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Subphylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus species

Tiktaalik

transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods

What is bilateral symmetry?

two-sided symmetry

Reptiles

vertebrates that live on land, scales cover body, lay eggs, cold blooded

What is radial symmetry?

when many lines of symmetry all go through a central point

1. What are lichens?

•A lichen is a mutualistic association between a photosynthetic microbe and a fungus.

Lichens are a "composite" organism. What two organisms make up this composite organism (the lichen)?

•Lichen consists of algae or cyanobacteria embedded on a fungal mat consisting of packed hyphae.

Evolution of plants: How long ago did plants evolve?

•Plants evolved about 470 million years ago from ancestral multicellular green algae (in the Kingdom Protista).

1. What is meant by "symbiosis"? Some fungi are parasites (a symbiotic relationship in which the fungus benefits, but its host does not).

•Symbiosis refers to two organisms living and functioning together in close association.

Are eukaryotic algae considered to be plants? Are seaweeds plants? If not, what are they?

-Eukaryotic algae are not considered to be plants, algae is eukaryotic but are considered protists -Seaweed doesn't have the complex system of roots, specialized tissues and leaves that help plants move water and nutrients in their body, They are also Protists.

How long ago did the first animals evolve, based on fossil evidence?

-Fossil evidence shows early animals, such as the sponges, jellyfish, corals and sea anemones, dating back to 500-580 million years ago (mya), during the late Pre-Cambrian period.

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. Making them small and live in moist environments

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

Placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

Morels

A widely distributed edible fungus that has a brown oval or pointed fruiting body with an irregular honeycombed surface bearing the spores.

Omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals

Protozoan

An animal-like protist

With what other kingdom do fungi share a common ancestor?

Animals

Are animals prokaryotic or eukaryotic? What Domain are they classified in?

Animals are Eukaryotic, meaning their domain is eukaryotic

What are the characteristics of animals?

Animals are multicellular. Animals are heterotrophic, obtaining their energy by consuming energy-releasing food substances. Animals typically reproduce sexually. Animals are made up of cells that do not have cell walls.

Clas Mammalia

Animals that are warm blooded, have body hair, produce milk

Ferns

Any of numerous flowerless, seedless vascular plants having roots, stems, and fronds and reproducing by spores.

How do the two organisms benefit in this mutualistic association?

Both benefit from the nutrients that each provides to the "composite Organisms"

How do the different plant groups reproduce? Which plant groups make reproductive

Bryophytes- Reproduce through reproductive spores Ferns- Reproduce through reproductive spores Gymnosperms- reproduce through pollen ,activating an embryo Angiosperms- The Stamen contains pollen which has sperm, activating the egg and forming fruit containing seeds

What characteristics make an animal a Chordate?

Chordates are animals that have a dorsal nerve cord or spinal cord, and a "notochord", at least during the embryonic stage.

What group of animals first developed tissue?

Cnidarians

What was the second major group (phylum) of animals to evolve and does it have true tissues, live in the ocean and what kind of symmetry does it have?

Cnidarians. Cnidarians do have true tissues to preform specific functions, originated in the oceans and have radial symmetry

Monotremes

Egg laying mammals

Archeopteryx

Famous bird-like fossil that links birds and reptiles

Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic? What Domain are they classified in?

Fungi are Eukaryotic, meaning Eukaryotic in Domain

what is a fruit and what does it do for the plant?

Helps spread seeds throughout the environment to create new plants

what characteristics make an animal a vertebrate?

-A strong internal skeleton -A vertebral column (backbone), that protects the spinal cord. -A brain-case or cranium (skull), which protects the brain. -A closed circulatory system with a pumping heart and blood vessels (veins and arteries).

Animals are heterotrophs. What does that mean?

-Animals are heterotrophs (consumers) that obtain energy and raw materials by ingesting food.

a. Which are larger - prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells? How is size important for eukaryotes?

-As a result of organelles, eukaryotic cells are a thousand times larger in volume than prokaryotic cells. -Large predatory eukaryotic cells can consume and digest smaller cells, such as bacteria.

1. What organelles do plants have that other organisms (like animals) do not.

-Cell wall -Central Vacuole -Chloroplasts

Theropods

A group of relatively small, bipedal, carnivorous dinosaurs.

a. How has compartmentalization (formation of organelles) affected the evolution of eukaryotes?

-Each organelle Performs a specific function (job) -There is efficiency in the division of labor -Organelles allow the eukaryotic cell to be larger than prokaryotic cells

mildews

Type of fungus that affects plants or grows on in animate objects but does not cause human infections in the salon setting.

How are fungi beneficial to the environment and to humans?

-Fungi are decomposers responsible for recycling nutrients by breaking down dead organic matter in leaf litter, wood, nutrients in foods (like bread and cheese), and dead organisms into inorganic chemicals, which are taken up by plants. - Fungi provide humans with antibiotics, such as penicillin, that kill bacterial infections. Yeasts are essential fungi in the baking and alcohol industries

Characteristics of plants

-Multi-Cellular -Photo-autotrophs -Have Chloroplasts for Photosynthesis - Have a cell wall made of cellulose -Central vacuole to keep plant upright

1. What benefits do plants give to the environment and humans? Which taxonomic group of plants do we rely on the most for food, clothing and medicine?

-Nearly all organisms on land depend on plants for food - they are the primary producers of land-based and freshwater food chains. -During photosynthesis, plants produce oxygen for aerobic (O2-using) organisms. -Plants remove carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) from the atmosphere. -Plants absorb rainwater and prevent runoff, flooding and soil erosion. -We depend on Flowering Plants the most

1. What adaptations allow plants to live on land?

-Photosynthesis gives the plants energy through the sun -Roots absorb nutrients, minerals, and water through the soil -Roots act as an anchor for the plant -Lignin and vascular tissues allow support above ground -The waxy cuticle allows moisture to keep plant tissues from drying out

1. What is the cell wall made of in plants? Why do plant cells have a cell wall?

-Plant cells have a strong but flexible cell wall composed of the fibrous complex carbohydrate called cellulose. -The cell wall strengthens the cell. -The cell wall protects the plant cell from bursting when water moves into the cell.

Know the roles that protists play in the environment

-Protists are Decomposers. Decomposers are consumers that break down waste or dead material, recycling nutrients back into the environment.

a. Know the physical characteristics of Protists

-Protists can either be multi-cellular or Uni-cellular -Protists move about by means of flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia ("amoeboid motion"). -Traditionally, Protists have been described as "animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like".

What Diseases are caused by Protists?

-Red Tide -Giardia: Painful Explosive Diarrhea -Malaria -Amoebic Dysentery -Trichomoniasis (STD)

What was the first Kingdom of eukaryotes to evolve?

-The Kingdom Protista were the first eukaryotic organisms on the planet

1. How do fungi reproduce? How are fruiting bodies involved in reproduction?

-The mycelium of a mushroom can break off and grow (asexual) - Mycelium can belong to one of two (or more!) mating types. -Each mating type can mate successfully with only one of the other mating types. -After mating, fruiting bodies are formed and release offspring as sexual spores. (asexual)

In what order did plants evolve the adaptations that plants have, such as flowers, fruit, vascular tissue, seeds, pollen, etc.?

1. Mosses 2. Ferns 3. Gymnosperms 4. Angiosperms

Herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.